Purpose: This study investigated whether music affected pain, embarrassment, and urodynamic outcomes during invasive urodynamic testing. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 94 patients were assigned to a music group (n=49) or a control group (n=45). Patients in the music group listened to slow-tempo classical instrumental music at 40–60 dB, whereas those in the control group received standard care. The primary outcome was procedural pain, which was measured using a visual analogue scale at 3 stages: uroflowmetry, positioning on the examination table, and catheter insertion. Secondary outcomes included embarrassment and objective urodynamic parameters. Nonparametric methods were used because of the data distribution. Results: The music group reported lower pain during uroflowmetry (T1; P=0.022) and positioning on the examination table (T2; P=0.041), although the absolute reductions were small. Pain did not differ significantly between groups during catheter insertion (T3). No significant between-group differences were found in embarrassment or urodynamic parameters (P>0.05). Conclusions Music may modestly reduce pain during some stages of invasive urodynamic testing, but it did not affect embarrassment or urodynamic outcomes. Because it is simple, safe, and low cost, music may be a useful supportive nursing intervention to improve patient comfort, although its clinical effect appears limited.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) in healthy postmenopausal women to BMD in type 2 diabetic hypertensive postmenopausal women with hyperlipidemia. METHODS: Fifty type 2 diabetic and hypertensive postmenopausal women with hyperlipidemia and 51 age and body mass index (BMI) matched healthy postmenopausal women were included. Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were noted in both groups. BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium and phosphorous were also measured. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to establish the relationship between various clinical characteristics. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between two groups in respect to lumbar and vertebral BMD values, age, BMI, gravidity, parity. Serum cholesterol and fasting glucose levels were significantly different between each groups (P = 0.0001, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: We found that, accompanying chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia don't affect the BMD measurements at postmenopausal period. So these postmenopausal women don't have excess risk regarding osteoporosis.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Density* ; Calcium ; Cholesterol ; Chronic Disease ; Fasting ; Female ; Femur Neck ; Glucose ; Gravidity ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias* ; Hypertension* ; Osteoporosis ; Parity ; Postmenopause ; Spine