Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial agents that can enter the human body through the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and other pathways. More and more studies have found that exposure to TCS and TCC can affect human health, but currently, review reports on the health effects of human exposure to TCS and TCC are limited. Therefore, this study reviewed population studies on the relationship between TCS and TCC exposure and health effects by searching the PubMed database, summarized the associated health outcomes, and elucidated the biological mechanisms. A total of 56 studies were retrieved, among which cross-sectional studies (25 studies, 44.64%) and cohort studies (25 studies, 44.64%) accounted for a relatively large proportion, while case-control studies (6 studies, 10.72%) were relatively few. Studies on TCS exposure (48 studies, 85.71%) were far more prevalent than those on TCC exposure (2 studies, 3.57%). The remaining 6 studies involved both TCS and TCC exposure. The research results revealed that TCS exposure was associated with male and female abnormal reproductive functions, fetal growth restriction, abnormal behavior development in children, obesity, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and immune-related diseases. Although the results of different studies show significant differences, they have indicated that exposure to TCS is a potential risk factor for these health problems. Due to the limited number of studies, the evidence for the relationship between TCC exposure and most of the aforementioned health effects is insufficient. Population studies and in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that exposure to TCS and TCC can interfere with the microbial homeostasis, the endocrine system, oxidative stress and immune function of the body, which are potential mechanisms causing adverse health effects. In the future, large-scale prospective cohort studies, as well as in vivo and in vitro studies, are still needed to further clarify the associations between TCS and TCC exposure and health effects, and to deeply explore its mechanism of action. These efforts will provide references for clarifying the human health hazards of TCS and TCC exposure and formulating targeted prevention and control strategies.

The disease-syndrome combination model of spleen deficiency with dampness pattern in ulcerative colitis（SDDP-UC） is an important experimental carrier for traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） research on the prevention and treatment of ulcerative colitis （UC）， and the quality of model construction and evaluation directly influences the scientific rigor and translational value of related research conclusions. However， this field still lacks methodological synthesis and a standardized consensus. Based on a comprehensive review of existing literature， this paper summarized isomorphic cues between the spleen deficiency with dampness pattern and UC across four dimensions， including energy metabolism， immune homeostasis， mucosal barrier， and intestinal microecology. The cues were mainly involved in impaired mitochondrial energy supply and glucose metabolic reprogramming， a lowered pro-inflammatory threshold of innate immunity with insufficient adaptive immune regulation， disruption of epithelial barrier gating accompanied by compromised repair capacity， and attenuation of the luminal hypoxia barrier with accumulation of toxic metabolites. A mutually reinforcing process between local "form damage" and systemic "Qi depletion" was further interpreted from a holistic perspective. Regarding modeling strategies， existing studies predominantly use rats as the carrier， apply combined interventions such as improper diet， external damp exposure， and fatigue-related dysregulation to establish the spleen deficiency with dampness pattern background， and subsequently superimpose chemical stimulation to induce UC-like colonic damage， with a total modeling period generally spanning three to four weeks. In terms of the evaluation system， a multidimensional framework integrating syndrome assessment， histopathology， mechanistic indices， and pharmacodynamic counter-verification was outlined. On this basis， current methodological bottlenecks of models were systematically identified， including syndrome drift risk and compounded stress dilemma in temporal sequencing， syndrome confounding from etiological simulation， cross-sectional evaluation bias related to modeling duration， inadequate disease-syndrome linkage and control design within the evaluation system， and limited controls with overly single-track decision logic in formula-based syndrome verification. To address the above issues， a construction and evaluation strategy emphasizing streamlining of core etiological factors， multi-node dynamic monitoring， integration of core disease-syndrome indicator clusters， and establishment of a formula-based syndrome verification system was proposed， providing a reference for the standardized construction and scientific evaluation of the SDDP-UC model.

Breast cancer prevention and treatment have become major issues that urgently need to be addressed in the field of global public health. As a key pathological transitional stage in the progression of breast cancer， preneoplastic breast cancer （PBC） carries a significant risk of clinical transformation. Effective intervention in the progression of PBC is of great clinical significance in preventing the occurrence of breast cancer. Pathological studies have shown that abnormal angiogenesis is a key mechanism driving the transformation of PBC into breast cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）， as a core regulatory molecule that promotes angiogenesis， plays a pivotal role in this process. The malignant transformation of PBC is closely associated with the abnormal activation of the VEGF-mediated pro-angiogenic network. Although modern medicine has achieved certain therapeutic effects through surgery and endocrine therapy， clinical limitations such as invasiveness， drug resistance， and adverse reactions still exist. Recent studies have demonstrated that the VEGF signaling system mediates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt） signaling pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） pathway. In addition， the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）/VEGF signaling pathway and the delta-like ligand 4 （DLL4）/Notch receptor 1 （Notch1） signaling pathway， together with other pathways， form a complex regulatory network that plays a central role in angiogenesis during PBC. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， characterized by multi-component synergy， multi-pathway regulation， and high safety， demonstrates significant advantages in inhibiting pathological angiogenesis and blocking PBC progression by targeting the VEGF signaling pathway. From the perspective of VEGF pathway regulation， this paper systematically reviews the latest research progress on TCM in inhibiting angiogenesis and intervening in PBC， and discusses its mechanisms and application value in the early prevention and treatment of PBC， with the aim of providing references for optimizing clinical intervention strategies for PBC.

ObjectiveTo analyze the incidence and spatiotemporal distribution of typhus fever in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2023, to identify high-risk populations and regions, so as to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the allocation of local prevention and control resources and developing targeted intervention measures. MethodsData of typhus fever cases in Baoshan City from 2005 to 2023 were obtained from the Infectious Disease Information Management System of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal, spatial and demographic distribution of typhus fever cases. Spatial clustering was assessed using spatial dynamic window scan statistics (circular and elliptical windows), flexible spatial scan statistics, and local spatial autocorrelation methods (including local Moran’s I, local Geary’s C, and Getis-Ord G_i*). Retrospective spatiotemporal scan statistics were employed to detect spatiotemporal clusters. ResultsA total of 1 099 typhus fever cases were reported in Baoshan City from 2005 to 2023. The incidence rate peaked at 6.31/ 100 000 in 2007, followed by a decline until reaching its lowest level at 0.21/100 000 in 2015 , and subsequently rebounded during 2016‒2023. The highest proportion of cases was among children under 10 years of age (31.12%), and the top three occupations of cases were farmers, students, and children, accounting for 88.62% of all cases. Cases occurred predominantly between June and September each year. The incidence was relatively high in Jiucheng Town (62.58/100 000), Yaoguan Town (57.15/100 000), and Dianyang Town (46.81/100 000) of Shidian County. Spatial clustering analyses indicated that high-risk areas were mainly located in the southern part of Baoshan City, showing a south-to-north trend. Spatiotemporal scan analyses identified five clusters, with the most likely cluster centered around Yaoguan Town, covering ten towns (subdistricts) during the period 2007‒2010. ConclusionThe incidence of typhus fever in Baoshan City exhibits a clear seasonal and spatial clustering pattern, with peak incidence occurring in summer and autumn. Spatially, cases are primarily distributed in the southern part of Baoshan City, and high-risk clusters exhibit a south-to-north trend. Farmers, students, and children are the high-risk groups.

Compared with traditional therapies for chronic liver disease （CLD）， Bifidobacterium has the characteristics of multi-target intervention， high biosafety， and good host compatibility and provides new strategies for intervention of CLD progression in terms of microecological regulation. Various studies have shown that Bifidobacterium regulates liver homeostasis and exerts a therapeutic effect on CLD by regulating intestinal flora， maintaining antioxidation， promoting energy consumption， alleviating inflammation， improving glycolipid metabolism， and exerting an antitumor effect. This article systematically reviews the studies on Bifidobacterium in the treatment of CLD in China and globally， explores their different mechanisms， and elaborates on the interaction between related signaling pathways （such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway and the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway） and the liver， in order to provide a basis for probiotic intervention in liver pathology， as well as new ideas for the comprehensive treatment of CLD.

Objective The study aimed to elucidate the population composition and seasonal distribution characteristics of mosquitoes in Laoshan District, Qingdao City, providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne infectious diseases. Methods Mosquito surveillance was conducted in Laoshan District in Qingdao City using light traps from April to November 2020-2022. Dominant mosquito species were identified using the Berger-Parker dominance index(I)and mosquito density was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. The seasonal distribution characteristics of adult mosquitoes were analyzed using concentration and circular distribution method. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to study the relationship between mosquito populations and meteorological factors with mean monthly temperature, mean monthly relative humidity, and mean monthly rainfall. Results The mean mosquito density for the trapping period was 9.771 females/(trap·night)in 2020,9.771 in 2021, and 9.427 in 2022. There was no statistically significant difference in mosquito density between different years(H = 0.095, P = 0.954). In total, 2 781 adult female mosquitoes comprising five species from four genera were captured over three years. Culex pipiens(I = 0.654), Aedes albopictus(I = 0.202), and Aedes aegypti(I = 0.118)were identified as dominant species. Seasonal fluctuations in the adult mosquitoes were unimodal, and primarily concentrated from June to September. The peak period of adult mosquito varied between years with statistical significance. (F = 3.838, P ＜ 0.05). Mosquito density was highly correlated with mean monthly temperature, mean monthly relative humidity and mean monthly precipitation(P＜ 0.05). Conclusions Cx. pipiens pallens, Ae. albopictus, and Ar. inamoratus are the dominant mosquito species in the Laoshan District of Qingdao City. The activity of adult mosquitoes is seasonal, and primarily concentrated in summer and autumn, during which the risk of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever is increased.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of newly reported occupational diseases in Huangpu District, Guangzhou City, from 2010 to 2024. Methods Data on newly reported occupational diseases in Huangpu District, Guangzhou City, from 2010 to 2024 were collected from the Occupational Diseases and Health Hazard Factors Monitoring Information System, a subsystem of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The spectrum composition and distribution characteristics of diseases were analyzed by year, enterprise and industry. Results A total of 501 newly diagnosed occupational disease cases involving seven categories and 21 specific disease types were reported in Huangpu District from 2010 to 2024. The overall trend showed a pattern of rapid increase, decline after peaking, and low-level fluctuation. The top four occupational disease categories by case count were occupational pneumoconiosis and other respiratory diseases (32.53%), occupational ear, nose, and throat diseases (30.14%), occupational diseases caused by physical factors (21.96%), and occupational chemical poisoning (12.18%). The predominant specific diseases type within these four categories were occupational pneumoconiosis, occupational noise-induced deafness, occupational hand-arm vibration disease, and occupational benzene poisoning. Cases were mainly distributed in enterprises invested by Hong Kong-, Macao-, and Taiwan, in private enterprises, and in foreign-invested enterprises, accounting for 82.44% of all cases. Medium- and small-sized enterprises were predominant in terms of enterprise scale, accounting for 46.71% and 34.33%, respectively. Cases were predominantly distributed across four industries: manufacturing of railway, ship, aerospace, and other transport equipment; manufacture of articles for culture, education, arts and crafts, sport, and entertainment; manufacturing of general-purpose machinery; and manufacture of chemicals and chemical products. Collectively, these sectors accounted for 56.09% of all cases. Conclusion Future occupational health work in Huangpu District should focus on key diseases including occupational pneumoconiosis, occupational noise-induced deafness, and occupational benzene poisoning. Prevention and control measures should target small- and medium-sized enterprises in high-risk industries such as shipbuilding and automobile manufacturing.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of second-line treatment regimens for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 （HER2）-positive advanced gastric cancer.METHODS Phase Ⅲ randomized controlled trials（RCTs） about second-line treatment regimens for HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer patients were retrieved from PubMed， CNKI， and other Chinese and English databases. The search period spanned from the inception to April 1， 2026. After screening the literature， extracting data， and assessing the quality of the included studies， a network meta-analysis was conducted using R 4.3.2 software. Descriptive comparisons of characteristic adverse events （AEs） for each intervention were performed， followed by sensitivity analyses using different effect models to evaluate the robustness of the results.RESULTS A total of 5 RCTs involving 6 intervention regimens were included. Regarding efficacy， compared with trastuzumab emtansine， chemotherapy alone， and lapatinib+paclitaxel， anbenitamab+chemotherapy significantly prolonged patients’ median overall survival （OS） and median progression-free survival （PFS） （ P ＜0.05）. Compared with ramucirumab+paclitaxel and trastuzumab emtansine， trastuzumab deruxtecan also significantly prolonged patients’ median OS and median PFS （ P ＜0.05）. The top two treatment regimens in terms of surface under the cumulative ranking curve （SUCRA） were both anbenitamab+chemotherapy and trastuzumab deruxtecan. In terms of safety， the SUCRA for the incidence of adverse events （AEs） of any grade （41.6%-57.1%） was generally similar across treatments. The SUCRA for the incidence of grade≥3 AEs and serious AEs was lowest for trastuzumab emtansine （19.3%） and chemotherapy alone （25.9%）， respectively. The SUCRA for treatment-related mortality was lowest for anbenitamab+chemotherapy （3.7%）， while the SUCRA for treatment discontinuation due to AEs was lowest for trastuzumab deruxtecan （4.3%）； for both， the SUCRA was highest for lapatinib+paclitaxel （78.3% and 85.6%， respectively）. Regarding characteristic AEs， the incidence of interstitial lung disease/pneumonitis was highest in the trastuzumab deruxtecan group （13.93%）， the incidence of diarrhea was highest in the lapatinib+paclitaxel group （77.10%）， and hypertension was primarily observed in the ramucirumab+paclitaxel group （23.85%）. The results of the sensitivity analysis were consistent with those of the main analysis.CONCLUSIONS For second-line treatment regimens of patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer， both anbenitamab+chemotherapy and trastuzumab deruxtecan demonstrate a trend toward superior OS and PFS benefits； in terms of safety， the incidence rates of AEs of any grade are similar across the intervention groups， but the characteristic profiles of AEs differ significantly among the regimens， requiring close clinical monitoring and comprehensive management throughout treatment.

ObjectiveTo investigate the trends in the disease burden of falls among Chinese children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021, and to inform the development of targeted prevention and control strategies. MethodsData on age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized mortality rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate for falls among Chinese children and adolescents under 20 years of age from 1990 to 2021 were systematically extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 database. The annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) were calculated to evaluate temporal trends in fall-related disease burden across different age groups and sexes. ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate of falls among Chinese children and adolescents showed a non-linear fluctuation (AAPC=0.08%, P=0.040), while both the age-standardized mortality rate and age-standardized DALYs rate declined (AAPC=-3.66% and -3.09%, both P<0.001). The crude incidence rate decreased in the <5 years old and 5 ‒ <10 years old groups (AAPC=-1.38% and -0.29%, both P<0.001), but increased annually in the 10 ‒ <15 years old and 15 ‒ <20 years old groups (AAPC=0.27% and 0.81%, both P<0.001). The crude mortality rate and crude DALYs rate declined across all four age groups, with the most significant reduction observed in the <5 years old group (AAPC=-5.21%, 95%CI:-5.55%‒ -5.00%; AAPC=-4.98%, 95%CI: -5.20%‒ -4.79%, both P<0.001). For both males and females, the age-standardized incidence rate of falls showed a V-shaped trend (initial decline followed by a subsequent rise). In contrast, the age-standardized mortality rate and age-standardized DALY rate declined in both sexes, with an AAPC of -3.40% and -2.94% for males, and -4.50% and -3.49% for females, respectively (all P<0.001). ConclusionThe overall disease burden of falls among Chinese children and adolescents has been substantially improved; however, the incidence burden remains considerable. Future prevention efforts should be tailored to age- and sex-specific characteristics, with the family as the fundamental care unit in conjunction with high-quality nursing extension services, to establish a closed-loop management model encompassing “early identification, immediate intervention, and continuous follow-up.”

ObjectiveIn response to the policy promoting the "three-combination" evidence framework for the regulatory review of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy evidence of commonly used Chinese patent medicines for ulcerative colitis （UC） by applying the Integrated Evidence Chain-Based Effectiveness Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine （iEC-Eff） method and the Grading of Recommendations， Assessment， Development and Evaluation （GRADE） system in parallel， compare their grading results and assessment characteristics， and explore the applicability of the iEC-Eff method. MethodsUC-related guidelines and consensus statements were systematically retrieved， and commonly used Chinese patent medicines were selected using a modified formula based on Zipf's law. Evidence from clinical experience， experimental research， and clinical trials was retrieved separately. The iEC-Eff method and GRADE system were applied in parallel to assess evidence quality. The two methods were compared in terms of evidence sources， grading criteria， and grade assignments. The historical origins， composition， and related pharmacological studies of the medicines were also examined. ResultsSix guidelines and seven consensus statements were included， and five commonly used Chinese patent medicines were identified. Under the GRADE system， the evidence for Xilei powder， Kangfuxin liquid， Shenling Baizhu preparations， and Hudi Enteric-Coated Capsules was rated as grade C， indicating low-certainty evidence. Bupi Yichang Wan was not graded due to the lack of high-quality randomized controlled trials （RCTs）. Under the iEC-Eff method， Xilei powder （AAB）， Kangfuxin liquid （AAB）， and Shenling Baizhu preparations （A⁺A⁺⁺B） were classified as having high-level evidence， while Hudi Enteric-Coated Capsules （CC⁺A⁺） was classified as having moderate-level evidence. Bupi Yichang Wan remained ungraded because of an incomplete evidence chain. The two methods yielded different grading results and showed some complementarity in evidence sources and assessment dimensions. ConclusionThe parallel application of the iEC-Eff method and GRADE system may help present the available evidence for Chinese patent medicines in the treatment of UC from two perspectives： integration of evidence from multiple sources and assessment of evidence certainty. This approach may provide a reference for efficacy evidence evaluation and clinical use of Chinese patent medicines. The iEC-Eff method shows potential for the separate appraisal and integrated grading of evidence from clinical experience， experimental research， and clinical trials. However， its evaluation criteria and applicability require further validation and refinement.