1.Research progress on biosynthesis of triterpenoids in Centella asiatica.
Pei-Na ZHOU ; Bin CHEN ; Cheng-Jie SHU ; Zhuo-Hang LI ; Peng CHEN ; Cheng-Hao FEI
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2025;50(3):609-619
The triterpenoid saponins of Centella asiatica, including asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid, are pivotal bioactive compounds of the plant. These constituents exhibit a spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, antitumor, and antidepressant effects, promotion of wound healing, and enhancement of microcirculation. Owing to these therapeutic properties, C. asiatica is widely employed in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. However, the escalating global demand for its extracts has led to potential supply shortages, prompting researchers to use multiple strategies such as multi-omics, molecular biology, and synthetic biology to conduct extensive studies. These studies encompass the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoid saponins in C. asiatica, metabolic regulation, the hormonal induction of secondary metabolite synthesis, and the application of biotechnological strategies for natural product production to increase the yield of secondary metabolites in C. asiatica, or to produce active components via microbial chassis, thus satisfying market demands and promoting the sustainable exploitation of wild C. asiatica resources. This article first introduced the triterpenoid saponins of C. asiatica and their biological activities, then summarized the latest research advancements in their biosynthetic pathways, metabolic regulation, and heterologous biosynthesis, and provided an outlook on future development directions, with the aim of providing reference for comprehensive resource development and biotechnological synthesis of active components from C. asiatica.
Centella/genetics*
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Triterpenes/chemistry*
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Biosynthetic Pathways
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Humans
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Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry*
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Plant Extracts
2.Analysis of Risk Factors for Mortality of Children with Severe Aplastic Anemia after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.
Yan CHEN ; Hao XIONG ; Zhi CHEN ; Na SONG ; Li YANG ; Fang TAO ; Li YANG ; Zhuo WANG ; Yu DU ; Ming SUN
Journal of Experimental Hematology 2025;33(3):886-891
OBJECTIVE:
To analyze the factors associated with mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in children with severe aplastic anemia (SAA).
METHODS:
The clinical data of 90 children with SAA who received allo-HSCT in the Department of Hematology, Wuhan Children's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from August 2016 to July 2023 were collected. The clinical features and causes of death were analyzed retrospectively. Cox proportional hazards model was used to screen the risk factors of death.
RESULTS:
Only 9 children died with a median time of 6.3(2.6, 8.3) months among the 90 children with SAA after allo-HSCT. Among the 5 deaths due to infection, 3 were pulmonary infection, including 2 cases of cytomegalovirus pneumonia. One case developed septic shock due to gastrointestinal infection. One case experienced graft failure, which was complicated by bloodstream infection, and developed septic shock. Three cases died of transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA). One case died of gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The results of multivariate analysis showed that post-transplant +60 d PLT≤30×109/L (HR=7.478, 95%CI : 1.177-47.527, P =0.033), aGVHD Ⅲ-Ⅳ (HR=7.991, 95%CI : 1.086-58.810, P =0.041), and TA-TMA occurrence (HR=13.699, 95%CI : 2.146-87.457, P =0.006) were independent risk factors for post-transplant mortality.
CONCLUSION
Allo-HSCT is an effective therapy for SAA in children. Post-transplant +60 d PLT≤30×109/L, aGVHD Ⅲ-Ⅳ, and TA-TMA occurrence are independently associated with post-transplant mortality, which may be helpful for early detection of potential high-risk children and optimization of clinical diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Humans
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Anemia, Aplastic/therapy*
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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects*
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Risk Factors
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Retrospective Studies
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Child
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Transplantation, Homologous
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Male
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Female
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Graft vs Host Disease
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Child, Preschool
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Proportional Hazards Models
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Adolescent
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Infant
3.Alleviatory effect of curcumin on cardiomyocyte toxicity induced by doxorubicin by regulating SIRT3/SOD2 signaling pathway
Fengmei XIONG ; Yuxiang CAI ; Zhuo LIU ; Na SUN ; Yang LI
Journal of Jilin University(Medicine Edition) 2024;50(5):1339-1347
Objective:To discuss the effect of curcumin on ameliorating doxorubicin(DOX)-induced cytotoxicity in the H9c2 cardiomyocytes,and to clarify its mechanism.Methods:The H9c2 cardiomyocytes were treated with DOX to establish the cardiotoxicity model.The H9c2 cells were divided into normal group,DOX group,DOX+curcumin group,and DOX+curcumin+silent information regulator 3(SIRT3)inhibitor-3(3-TYP)group.After 24 h,the morphology of the cells in various groups were observed;CCK-8 method was used to detect the viabilities of the cells in various groups;TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptotic rates of the cells in various groups;enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)method was used to detect the activities of catalase(CAT)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)and the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)in the cells in various groups;2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate(DCFH-DA)staining was used to detect the levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the cells in various groups;Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax),nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)oxidase 2(NOX2),NADPH oxidase 4(NOX4),SIRT3,acetylated superoxide dismutase 2(Ac-SOD2),and superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2)proteins in the cells in various groups.Results:Compared with normal group,the H9c2 cells in DOX group exhibited swelling,the activity of the cells was decreased(P<0.05),the CAT and SOD activities were decreased(P<0.05),the MDA and ROS levels were increased(P<0.05),the expression levels of NOX2,and NOX4 proteins were increased(P<0.05),the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and the expression level of SIRT3 protein were decreased(P<0.05),and the expression levels of SOD2 and Ac-SOD2 proteins were increased(P<0.05).Compared with DOX group,the H9c2 cells in DOX+curcumin group showed improved morphology,the activity of the cells was increased(P<0.05),the CAT and SOD activities were increased(P<0.05),the MDA and ROS levels were decreased(P<0.05),the expression levels of NOX2,and NOX4 proteins were decreased(P<0.05),the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and the expression level of SIRT3 protein were increased(P<0.05),and the expression levels of SOD2 and Ac-SOD2 proteins were decreased(P<0.05).Compared with DOX+curcumin group,the cells in DOX+curcumin+3-TYP group exhibited swelling,the activity of the cells was decreased(P<0.05),the apoptotic rate of the cells was significantly increased(P<0.05),the CAT and SOD activities were decreased(P<0.05),the MDA and ROS levels were significantly increased(P<0.05),the expression levels of NOX2 and NOX4 proteins were increased(P<0.05),the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and the expression level of SIRT3 protein were decreased(P<0.05),and the expression levels of SOD2 and Ac-SOD2 proteins were increased(P<0.05).Conclusion:Curcumin suppresses the oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating the SIRT3/SOD2 signaling pathway,improving the cell activity and alleviating the DOX-induced cytotoxicity in the H9c2 cells.
4.Research progress of direct thrombectomy and bridging therapy for acute ischemic stroke
Na ZHUO ; Yu FAN ; Jianqi WEI
Journal of Clinical Neurology 2024;37(5):375-379
Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy is an important progress in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke,and early and timely endovascular mechanical thrombectomy can provide significant clinical benefits.The treatment mode of endovascular therapy after intravenous thrombolysis is bridging therapy,while the traditional bridging therapy may have limitations such as time delay and increased bleeding risk.In recent years,with the completion of several large scale randomized controlled trial,whether to bypass intravenous thrombolysis and directly perform mechanical thrombectomy has become a hot topic in the field of stroke treatment.In addition,the third generation of thrombolytic drug Tenecteplase has a more convenient way of administration,it also provides new ideas for bridging therapy.This article compares and analyzes the benefits and risks of direct mechanical thrombectomy therapy and bridging therapy based on relevant research that has been completed,aiming to provide reference for the correct selection of treatment methods for acute ischemic stroke patients.
5.Effects of radiation on pharmacokinetics
Jie ZONG ; Hai-Hui ZHANG ; Gui-Fang DOU ; Zhi-Yun MENG ; Ruo-Lan GU ; Zhuo-Na WU ; Xiao-Xia ZHU ; Xuan HU ; Hui GAN
The Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2024;40(13):1996-2000
Radiation mainly comes from medical radiation,industrial radiation,nuclear waste and atmospheric ultraviolet radiation,etc.,radiation is divided into ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.Studying the effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on drug metabolism,understanding the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body after radiation and the speed of elimination under radiation conditions can provide reasonable guidance for clinical medication.This article reviews the effects of radiation on the pharmacokinetics of different drugs,elaborates the changes of different pharmacokinetics under radiation state,and discusses the reasons for the changes.
6.Clinical analysis on the impact of pretransplant iron overload on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with acquired severe aplastic anemia in pediatric
Li YAN ; Hao XIONG ; Fei LONG ; Zhi CHEN ; Zhuo WANG ; Li YANG ; Fang TAO ; Yan CHEN ; Na SONG ; Ming WU
Chinese Journal of Hematology 2024;45(6):586-590
This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron overload on the transplant outcomes of pediatric patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 74 children with SAA who received allo-HSCT at the Hematology Department of Wuhan Children’s Hospital between January 2018 and August 2022. Children with iron overload (serum ferritin >1 000 μg/L) before transplantation had a longer disease course, received more red blood cell transfusions, and had a higher number of CD34 + cells infused. Moreover, iron overload significantly delayed the reconstitution of regulatory T cells after transplantation, increasing the incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis and grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ acute graft-versus-host disease after transplantation. However, iron overload did not significantly affect the overall survival and failure-free survival rates of the children.
7.Changing resistance profiles of Enterococcus in hospitals across China:results from the CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program,2015-2021
Na CHEN ; Ping JI ; Yang YANG ; Fupin HU ; Demei ZHU ; Yingchun XU ; Xiaojiang ZHANG ; Yi XIE ; Mei KANG ; Chuanqing WANG ; Pan FU ; Yuanhong XU ; Ying HUANG ; Ziyong SUN ; Zhongju CHEN ; Yuxing NI ; Jingyong SUN ; Yunzhuo CHU ; Sufei TIAN ; Zhidong HU ; Jin LI ; Yunsong YU ; Jie LIN ; Bin SHAN ; Yan DU ; Sufang GUO ; Lianhua WEI ; Fengmei ZOU ; Hong ZHANG ; Chun WANG ; Yunjian HU ; Xiaoman AI ; Chao ZHUO ; Danhong SU ; Dawen GUO ; Jinying ZHAO ; Hua YU ; Xiangning HUANG ; Wen'en LIU ; Yanming LI ; Yan JIN ; Chunhong SHAO ; Xuesong XU ; Chao YAN ; Shanmei WANG ; Yafei CHU ; Lixia ZHANG ; Juan MA ; Shuping ZHOU ; Yan ZHOU ; Lei ZHU ; Jinhua MENG ; Fang DONG ; Zhiyong LÜ ; Fangfang HU ; Han SHEN ; Wanqing ZHOU ; Wei JIA ; Gang LI ; Jinsong WU ; Yuemei LU ; Jihong LI ; Jinju DUAN ; Jianbang KANG ; Xiaobo MA ; Yanping ZHENG ; Ruyi GUO ; Yan ZHU ; Yunsheng CHEN ; Qing MENG ; Shifu WANG ; Xuefei HU ; Jilu SHEN ; Ruizhong WANG ; Hua FANG ; Bixia YU ; Yong ZHAO ; Ping GONG ; Kaizhen WEN ; Yirong ZHANG ; Jiangshan LIU ; Longfeng LIAO ; Hongqin GU ; Lin JIANG ; Wen HE ; Shunhong XUE ; Jiao FENG ; Chunlei YUE
Chinese Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2024;24(3):300-308
Objective To understand the distribution and changing resistance profiles of clinical isolates of Enterococcus in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021.Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted for the clinical isolates of Enterococcus according to the unified protocol of CHINET program by automated systems,Kirby-Bauer method,or E-test strip.The results were interpreted according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)breakpoints in 2021.WHONET 5.6 software was used for statistical analysis.Results A total of 124 565 strains of Enterococcus were isolated during the 7-year period,mainly including Enterococcus faecalis(50.7%)and Enterococcus faecalis(41.5%).The strains were mainly isolated from urinary tract specimens(46.9%±2.6%),and primarily from the patients in the department of internal medicine,surgery and ICU.E.faecium and E.faecalis strains showed low level resistance rate to vancomycin,teicoplanin and linezolid(≤3.6%).The prevalence of vancomycin-resistant E.faecalis and E.faecium was 0.1%and 1.3%,respectively.The prevalence of linezolid-resistant E.faecalis increased from 0.7%in 2015 to 3.4%in 2021,while the prevalence of linezolid-resistant E.faecium was 0.3%.Conclusions The clinical isolates of Enterococcus were still highly susceptible to vancomycin,teicoplanin,and linezolid,evidenced by a low resistance rate.However,the prevalence of linezolid-resistant E.faecalis was increasing during the 7-year period.It is necessary to strengthen antimicrobial resistance surveillance to effectively identify the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and curb the spread of resistant pathogens.
8.Mechanism of artesunate on bone destruction in experimental rheumatoid arthritis based on transcriptomics and network pharmacology.
Feng-Yu HUANG ; Xue-Ying TAO ; Pan-Pan ZHU ; Xin-Zhuo ZHANG ; Xiang-Ying KONG ; Na LIN ; Xiao-Hui SU
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2023;48(5):1343-1351
The present study investigated the mechanism of artesunate in the treatment of bone destruction in experimental rheumatoid arthritis(RA) based on transcriptomics and network pharmacology. The transcriptome sequencing data of artesunate in the inhibition of osteoclast differentiation were analyzed to obtain differentially expressed genes(DEGs). GraphPad Prism 8 software was used to plot volcano maps and heat maps were plotted through the website of bioinformatics. GeneCards and OMIM were used to collect information on key targets of bone destruction in RA. The DEGs of artesunate in inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and key target genes of bone destruction in RA were intersected by the Venny 2.1.0 platform, and the intersection target genes were analyzed by Gene Ontology(GO)/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) enrichment. Finally, the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB(RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation model and collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) model were established. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction(q-PCR), immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry were used to verify the pharmacological effect and molecular mechanism of artesunate in the treatment of bone destruction in RA. In this study, the RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation model in vitro was established and intervened with artesunate, and transcriptome sequencing data were analyzed to obtain 744 DEGs of artesunate in inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. A total of 1 291 major target genes of bone destruction in RA were obtained from GeneCards and OMIM. The target genes of artesunate in inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and the target genes of bone destruction in RA were intersected to obtain 61 target genes of artesunate against bone destruction in RA. The intersected target genes were analyzed by GO/KEGG enrichment. According to the results previously reported, the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway was selected for experimental verification. Artesunate intervention in the RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation model showed that artesunate inhibited CC chemokine receptor 3(CCR3), CC chemokine receptor 1(CCR1) and leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF) mRNA expression in osteoclasts in a dose-dependent manner compared with the RANKL-induced group. Meanwhile, the results of immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry showed that artesunate could dose-dependently reduce the expression of CCR3 in osteoclasts and joint tissues of the CIA rat model in vitro. This study indicated that artesunate regulated the CCR3 in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway in the treatment of bone destruction in RA and provided a new target gene for the treatment of bone destruction in RA.
Rats
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Animals
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Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy*
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Artesunate/therapeutic use*
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Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics*
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Transcriptome
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Network Pharmacology
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Osteoclasts
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Receptors, Cytokine/therapeutic use*
9.Clinical Study on the Relationship between Gene Mutation Profile and Prognosis in Pediatric Acute Lymphocyte Leukemia.
Yan CHEN ; Shan-Shan QI ; Li-Li DING ; Yu DU ; Na SONG ; Zhuo WANG ; Li YANG ; Ming SUN ; Hao XIONG
Journal of Experimental Hematology 2023;31(1):17-24
OBJECTIVE:
To analyze the gene mutation profile in children with acute lymphocyte leukemia (ALL) and to explore its prognostic significance.
METHODS:
Clinical data of 249 primary pediatric ALL patients diagnosed and treated in the Department of Hematological Oncology of Wuhan Children's Hospital from January 2018 to December 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to obtain gene mutation data and analyze the correlation between it and the prognosis of children with ALL.
RESULTS:
227 (91.2%) were B-ALL, 22 (8.8%) were T-ALL among the 249 cases, and 178 (71.5%) were found to have gene mutations, of which 85 (34.1%) had ≥3 gene mutations. NRAS(23.7%), KRAS (22.9%),FLT3(11.2%), PTPN11(8.8%), CREBBP (7.2%), NOTCH1(6.4%) were the most frequently mutated genes, the mutations of KRAS, FLT3, PTPN11, CREBBP were mainly found in B-ALL, the mutations of NOTCH1 and FBXW7 were mainly found in T-ALL. The gene mutation incidence of T-ALL was significantly higher than that of B-ALL (χ2= 5.573,P<0.05) and were more likely to have co-mutations (P<0.05). The predicted 4-year EFS rate (47.9% vs 88.5%, P<0.001) and OS rate (53.8% vs 94.1%, P<0.001) in children with tp53 mutations were significantly lower than those of patients without tp53 mutations. Patients with NOTCH1 mutations had higher initial white blood cell count (128.64×109/L vs 8.23×109/L,P<0.001), and children with NOTCH1 mutations had a lower 4-year EFS rate than those of without mutations (71.5% vs 87.2%, P=0.037).
CONCLUSION
Genetic mutations are prevalent in childhood ALL and mutations in tp53 and NOTCH1 are strong predictors of adverse outcomes in childhood ALL, with NGS contributing to the discovery of genetic mutations and timely adjustment of treatment regimens.
Child
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Humans
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Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics*
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Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics*
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics*
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Retrospective Studies
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Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics*
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Prognosis
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Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics*
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Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
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Mutation
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Lymphocytes
10.Investigation on the current situation of the development of intensive care units in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2022.
Chendong MA ; Lihua ZHOU ; Fei YANG ; Bin LI ; Caixia LI ; Aili YU ; Liankui WU ; Haibo YIN ; Junyan WANG ; Lixia GENG ; Xiulian WANG ; Jun ZHANG ; Na ZHUO ; Kaiquan WANG ; Yun SU ; Fei WANG ; Yujun LI ; Lipeng ZHANG
Chinese Critical Care Medicine 2023;35(9):984-990
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the development present situation of the department of critical care medicine in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (hereinafter referred to as Inner Mongolia), in order to promote the standardized and homogeneous development of critical care medicine in Inner Mongolia, and also provide a reference for discipline construction and resource allocation.
METHODS:
A survey study was conducted in comprehensive intensive care unit (ICU) of tertiary and secondary hospitals in Inner Mongolia by online questionnaire survey and telephone data verification. The questionnaire was based on the Guidelines for the Construction and Management of Intensive Care Units (Trial) (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines) issued by the National Health Commission in 2009 and the development trend of the discipline. The questionnaire covered six aspects, including hospital basic information, ICU basic information, personnel allocation, medical quality management, technical skill and equipment configuration. The questionnaire was distributed in September 2022, and it was filled out by the discipline leaders or department heads of each hospital.
RESULTS:
As of October 24, 2022, a total of 101 questionnaires had been distributed, 85 questionnaires had been recovered, and the questionnaire recovery rate had reached 84.16%, of which 71 valid questionnaires had been collected in a total of 71 comprehensive ICU. (1) There were noticeable regional differences in the distribution of comprehensive ICU in Inner Mongolia, with a relatively weak distribution in the east and west, and the overall distribution was uneven. The development of critical care medicine in Inner Mongolia was still lacking. (2) Basic information of hospitals: the population and economy restricted the development of ICU. The average number of comprehensive ICU beds in the western region was only half of that in the central region (beds: 39.0 vs. 86.0), and the average number of ICU beds in the eastern region was in the middle (83.6 beds), which was relatively uneven. (3) Basic information of ICU: among the 71 comprehensive ICU surveyed, there were 44 tertiary hospitals and 27 secondary hospitals. The ratio of ICU beds to total beds in tertiary hospitals was significantly lower than that in secondary hospitals [(1.59±0.81)% vs. (2.11±1.07)%, P < 0.05], which were significantly lower than the requirements of the Guidelines of 2%-8%. The utilization rate of ICU in tertiary and secondary hospitals [(63.63±22.40)% and (44.65±20.66)%, P < 0.01] were both lower than the bed utilization rate required by the Guidelines (75% should be appropriate). (4) Staffing of ICU: there were 376 doctors and 1 117 nurses in tertiary hospitals, while secondary hospitals had 122 doctors and 331 nurses. There were significant differences in the composition ratio of the titles of doctors, the degree of doctors, and the titles of nurses between tertiary and secondary hospitals (all P < 0.05). Most of the doctors in tertiary hospitals had intermediate titles (attending physicians accounted for 41.49%), while most of the doctors in secondary hospitals had junior titles (resident physicians accounted for 43.44%). The education level of doctors in tertiary hospitals was generally higher than that in secondary hospitals (doctors: 2.13% vs. 0, masters: 37.24% vs. 8.20%). The proportion of nurses in tertiary hospitals was significantly lower than that in secondary hospitals (17.01% vs. 24.47%). The ratio of ICU doctors/ICU beds [(0.64±0.27)%, (0.59±0.34)%] and ICU nurses/ICU beds [(1.76±0.56)%, (1.51±0.48)%] in tertiary and secondary hospitals all failed to meet the requirements above 0.8 : 1 and 3 : 1 of the Guidelines. (5) Medical quality management of ICU: compared with secondary hospitals, the proportion of one-to-one drug-resistant bacteria care in tertiary hospitals (65.91% vs. 40.74%), multimodal analgesia and sedation (90.91% vs. 66.67%), and personal digital assistant (PDA) barcode scanning (43.18% vs. 14.81%) were significantly higher (all P < 0.05). (6) Technical skills of ICU: in terms of technical skills, the proportion of bronchoscopy, blood purification, jejunal nutrition tube placement and bedside ultrasound projects carried out in tertiary hospitals were higher than those in secondary hospitals (84.09% vs. 48.15%, 88.64% vs. 48.15%, 61.36% vs. 55.56%, 88.64% vs. 70.37%, all P < 0.05). Among them, the placement of jejunal nutrition tube, bedside ultrasound and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were mainly completed independently in tertiary hospitals, while those in secondary hospitals tended to be completed in cooperation. (7) Equipment configuration of ICU: in terms of basic equipment, the ratio of the total number of ventilators/ICU beds in tertiary and secondary hospitals [0.77% (0.53%, 1.07%), 0.88% (0.63%, 1.38%)], and the ratio of injection pump/ICU beds [1.70% (1.00%, 2.56%), 1.25% (0.75%, 1.88%)] didn't meet the requirements of the Guidelines. The equipment ratio was insuffcient, which means that the basic needs of development had not been met yet.
CONCLUSIONS
The development of comprehensive ICU in Inner Mongolia has tended to mature, but there is still a certain gap in the development scale, personnel ratio and instruments and equipment compared with the Guidelines. Moreover, the comprehensive ICU appears the characteristics of relatively weak eastern and western regions, and the overall distribution is uneven. Therefore, it is necessary to increase efforts to invest in the construction of the department of critical care medicine.
Humans
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Intensive Care Units
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Critical Care
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Surveys and Questionnaires
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Tertiary Care Centers
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China

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