Objective:To investigate and explore the expressional condition and therapeutic role of PD-1 and CD161 in the peripheral blood of patients treated with PEG-IFN-α for chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and their correlation with the degree of decrease in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. CHB patients who visited the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from July 2022 to December 2023 and healthy controls during the same period were included. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the IFN treatment group (31 cases), the non-IFN treatment group (30 cases), and the healthy control group (30 cases). Flow cytometry was used to detect the CD8, + PD-1, + CD161 + T lymphocytes and their subpopulations among the three groups. The proportions of cellular subpopulations were compared to analyze intergroup differences using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The patients in the IFN treatment group were divided into two subgroups, high-and low-level, according to the median levels of PD-1 + lymphocytes, CD8 +PD-1 +T cells, and CD161 + lymphocytes. The magnitude of HBsAg decline was compared between the two groups. Results:The proportions of PD-1 + lymphocytes and CD8 +PD-1 +T cells in the IFN treatment group were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group and the non-IFN treatment group ( P<0.001). Moreover, the proportions of PD-1 + lymphocytes [IFN treatment group 48 weeks: 24.3 (23.7, 28.0)%, non-IFN treatment group: 12.7 (10.0, 18.5)%, P<0.01] and CD8 +PD-1 +T cells [IFN treatment group 48 weeks: 29.29 (26.73, 32.98)%, non-IFN treatment group: 17.69 (9.62, 20.68)%, P<0.05] were higher in the IFN treatment group than those in the non-IFN treatment group at 48 weeks. The proportion of CD8 +CD161 +T cells was significantly lower in patients treated with IFN than in the non-IFN treatment group ( P<0.05) at 24 and 48 weeks, with no statistically significant difference with the healthy control group ( P>0.05). In the IFN treatment group, patients with high levels of PD-1 + and CD8 + PD1 lymphocytes had a significantly lower HBsAg decline compared to low-level patients, whereas no significant correlation was found between CD161 levels and HBsAg decline [PD-1 + lymphocytes: 0.15 (0.02, 0.18) log 10 IU/mL vs. 0.32 (0.13, 0.42) log 10 IU/mL, P<0.01; CD8 +PD-1 +T cells: 0.16 (0.03, 0.17) log 10 IU/mL vs. 0.34 (0.13, 0.44) log 10 IU/mL, P<0.05]. Conclusion:The proportions of CD8 +PD-1 +T cells and CD8 +CD161 +T cells were significantly regulated by PEG-IFN-α therapy in the peripheral blood of patients with CHB, revealing the important role of T cell immune activation status during antiviral treatment. The gradual decline of HBsAg is closely related to the high expression of PD-1, suggesting that PD-1 may be negatively regulated during the process of T cell exhaustion and immunological evasion.

Objective To explore the expression of serum lipocalin-2(LCN2)and latent transforming growth factor-β binding protein 2(LTBP2)in ovarian cancer patients and their relationship with clinicopathological features and prognosis.Methods A total of 108 ovarian cancer patients treated in Baoji Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Medical College from February 2020 to December 2021 were included in the ovarian cancer group.Another 108 patients with benign ovarian lesions during the same period were included and labeled as the lesion group,and 108 healthy female volunteers undergoing physical examination were assigned to the control group.ELISA method was used to detect serum LCN2 and LTBP2 levels.The relationship between serum LCN2 and LTBP2 levels and prognosis survival rate in ovarian cancer patients was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method.Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors affecting the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients.Results Serum LCN2 and LTBP2 levels increased in the control group,lesion group,and ovarian cancer group in sequence(P<0.05).Among patients with high expression of serum LCN2 and LTBP2,the proportions of FIGO stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ,tumor maximum diameter>3 cm,and postoperative lymph node metastasis were higher than those of FIGO stages Ⅰ-Ⅱ,tumor maximum diameter≤3 cm,and non lymph node metastasis(P<0.05).The median survival time of ovarian cancer patients with high serum LCN2 and LTBP2 expression was lower than that of patients with low expression(Log-rank χ2=5.367、6.305,P<0.05).The survival rate of patients with FIGO stage Ⅲ～Ⅳ,maximum tumor diameter>3 cm,postoperative lymph node metastasis,LCN2 and LTBP2 high expression was lower than that of patients with FIGO stage Ⅰ～Ⅱ,tumor maximum diameter≤3 cm,no postoperative lymph node metastasis,and low LCN2 and LTBP2 expression(P<0.05).FIGO stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ,maximum tumor diameter>3 cm,postoperative lymph node metastasis,high LCN2,and high LTBP2 were independent risk factors affecting the 3-year survival rate of ovarian cancer patients(P<0.05).Conclusion Serum LCN2 and LTBP2 are upregulated in ovarian cancer patients,and are closely related to FIGO staging,tumor maximum diameter,and postoperative lymph node metastasis.They are important factors affecting prognosis and may serve as biomarkers for evaluating prognosis.

Objective:To systematically evaluate the impact of common disinfection methods on key human milk bioactive components [lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A (IgA), lipase, milk fat globule structure] and their sterilization efficacy.Methods:We searched eight databases (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Yiigle, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL) from inception to January 22, 2024, including 25 controlled studies. Network meta-analysis was performed using Stata 17.0, with surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values ranking seven methods: holder pasteurization (HoP), high-temperature short-time pasteurization (HTST), freezing, high-pressure processing (HPP), high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), ultraviolet-C (UV-C), and thermal ultrasound (TUS). Primary outcomes included bioactive component retention rates, milk fat globule integrity, and sterilization efficacy against representative pathogens [ Staphylococcus aureus, cytomegalovirus (CMV)]. Results:Bioactive component retention varied significantly: HPP demonstrated optimal lactoferrin preservation (SUCRA=98.2%, retention rate=92.4%±3.1%); HHP showed superior lysozyme retention (SUCRA=91.0%, retention rate=88.6%±2.5%); HTST maximized IgA preservation (SUCRA=75.5%, retention rate=72.3%±4.2%); UV-C achieved highest lipase retention (SUCRA=92.7%, retention rate=90.1%±1.9%). HPP maintained larger milk fat globules versus HoP. All methods achieved≥6-log pathogen reduction. HPP surpassed HoP/HTST in eliminating S. aureus (6-log vs. 4-log at 5-6 log CFU/ml initial load); HHP reduced CMV from 5.0 to 3.7 log PFU/ml (30 min), outperforming HoP (4.1 log). Non-thermal techniques (HPP/HHP/UV-C) better suppressed pathogen versus HoP. Conclusions:Bioactive component preservation is method-specific clinical protocols should therefore be optimized according to target component: HPP is recommended for lactoferrin/milk fat globule integrity; HHP for lysozyme; HTST for IgA; UV-C for lipase. While all methods meet safety standards, non-thermal technologies offer superior long-term pathogen suppression, providing optimized options for milk banks and clinical breastfeeding support.

Objective:To investigate and explore the expressional condition and therapeutic role of PD-1 and CD161 in the peripheral blood of patients treated with PEG-IFN-α for chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and their correlation with the degree of decrease in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. CHB patients who visited the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from July 2022 to December 2023 and healthy controls during the same period were included. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the IFN treatment group (31 cases), the non-IFN treatment group (30 cases), and the healthy control group (30 cases). Flow cytometry was used to detect the CD8, + PD-1, + CD161 + T lymphocytes and their subpopulations among the three groups. The proportions of cellular subpopulations were compared to analyze intergroup differences using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The patients in the IFN treatment group were divided into two subgroups, high-and low-level, according to the median levels of PD-1 + lymphocytes, CD8 +PD-1 +T cells, and CD161 + lymphocytes. The magnitude of HBsAg decline was compared between the two groups. Results:The proportions of PD-1 + lymphocytes and CD8 +PD-1 +T cells in the IFN treatment group were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group and the non-IFN treatment group ( P<0.001). Moreover, the proportions of PD-1 + lymphocytes [IFN treatment group 48 weeks: 24.3 (23.7, 28.0)%, non-IFN treatment group: 12.7 (10.0, 18.5)%, P<0.01] and CD8 +PD-1 +T cells [IFN treatment group 48 weeks: 29.29 (26.73, 32.98)%, non-IFN treatment group: 17.69 (9.62, 20.68)%, P<0.05] were higher in the IFN treatment group than those in the non-IFN treatment group at 48 weeks. The proportion of CD8 +CD161 +T cells was significantly lower in patients treated with IFN than in the non-IFN treatment group ( P<0.05) at 24 and 48 weeks, with no statistically significant difference with the healthy control group ( P>0.05). In the IFN treatment group, patients with high levels of PD-1 + and CD8 + PD1 lymphocytes had a significantly lower HBsAg decline compared to low-level patients, whereas no significant correlation was found between CD161 levels and HBsAg decline [PD-1 + lymphocytes: 0.15 (0.02, 0.18) log 10 IU/mL vs. 0.32 (0.13, 0.42) log 10 IU/mL, P<0.01; CD8 +PD-1 +T cells: 0.16 (0.03, 0.17) log 10 IU/mL vs. 0.34 (0.13, 0.44) log 10 IU/mL, P<0.05]. Conclusion:The proportions of CD8 +PD-1 +T cells and CD8 +CD161 +T cells were significantly regulated by PEG-IFN-α therapy in the peripheral blood of patients with CHB, revealing the important role of T cell immune activation status during antiviral treatment. The gradual decline of HBsAg is closely related to the high expression of PD-1, suggesting that PD-1 may be negatively regulated during the process of T cell exhaustion and immunological evasion.

Objective:To systematically evaluate the impact of common disinfection methods on key human milk bioactive components [lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A (IgA), lipase, milk fat globule structure] and their sterilization efficacy.Methods:We searched eight databases (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Yiigle, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL) from inception to January 22, 2024, including 25 controlled studies. Network meta-analysis was performed using Stata 17.0, with surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values ranking seven methods: holder pasteurization (HoP), high-temperature short-time pasteurization (HTST), freezing, high-pressure processing (HPP), high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), ultraviolet-C (UV-C), and thermal ultrasound (TUS). Primary outcomes included bioactive component retention rates, milk fat globule integrity, and sterilization efficacy against representative pathogens [ Staphylococcus aureus, cytomegalovirus (CMV)]. Results:Bioactive component retention varied significantly: HPP demonstrated optimal lactoferrin preservation (SUCRA=98.2%, retention rate=92.4%±3.1%); HHP showed superior lysozyme retention (SUCRA=91.0%, retention rate=88.6%±2.5%); HTST maximized IgA preservation (SUCRA=75.5%, retention rate=72.3%±4.2%); UV-C achieved highest lipase retention (SUCRA=92.7%, retention rate=90.1%±1.9%). HPP maintained larger milk fat globules versus HoP. All methods achieved≥6-log pathogen reduction. HPP surpassed HoP/HTST in eliminating S. aureus (6-log vs. 4-log at 5-6 log CFU/ml initial load); HHP reduced CMV from 5.0 to 3.7 log PFU/ml (30 min), outperforming HoP (4.1 log). Non-thermal techniques (HPP/HHP/UV-C) better suppressed pathogen versus HoP. Conclusions:Bioactive component preservation is method-specific clinical protocols should therefore be optimized according to target component: HPP is recommended for lactoferrin/milk fat globule integrity; HHP for lysozyme; HTST for IgA; UV-C for lipase. While all methods meet safety standards, non-thermal technologies offer superior long-term pathogen suppression, providing optimized options for milk banks and clinical breastfeeding support.

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value and imaging characteristics of MRI combined with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET)/CT in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) complicated with refractory epilepsy. Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 42 patients with FCD complicated with refractory epilepsy who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from January 2017 to December 2022. All patients underwent preoperative MRI and 18F-FDG PET/CT, and PET/MRI fusion was performed on the images. Chi-square test and Kappa consistency test were used to compare the localization diagnostic efficacy of PET/CT, MRI and PET/MRI fusion for epileptic foci. The patients were categorized based on gender, lesion location, pathological type, seizure type, and efficacy. Independent sample t-test and analysis of variance were used to compare maximum standardized uptake (SUVmax) values and asymmetry index (AI) of the patients between different groups. Results:Among the 42 patients, the positive rates of MRI, PET/CT, PET/MRI fusion examinations were 85.7%(36/42), 95.2%(40/42), 100.0%(42/42), the lateral localization rates were 71.4%(30/42), 92.9%(39/42), 95.2%(40/42), and the localization rates were 57.1%(24/42), 81.0%(34/42), 88.1%(37/42), respectively. There were significant differences in the lateral localization rates and localization rates of epileptogenic foci between MRI and PET/CT (χ 2=6.574, P=0.010; χ 2=5.570, P=0.018). There were significant differences in the positive rates of lesions, the lateral localization rates and the localization rates of epileptogenic foci between MRI and PET/MRI fusion (χ 2=6.385, P=0.012; χ 2=8.571, P=0.003; χ 2=10.118, P=0.001). There were no significant differences in the positive rates of lesions between MRI and PET/CT, and in the positive rates of lesions, the lateral localization rates and localization rates of epileptogenic foci between PET/CT and PET/MRI fusion (χ 2=2.184, P=0.139; χ 2=2.024, P=0.155; χ 2=0.210, P=0.647; χ 2=0.819, P=0.365). The Kappa consistency test of PET/CT and PET/MRI fusion imaging was performed for the location of epileptogenic foci, and the Kappa=0.721 was obtained, indicating that they were consistent in the location of epileptogenic foci. The SUVmax values of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy were lower, and the AI values were higher than that of patients with extra temporal lobe epilepsy (7.4±1.3 vs 9.6±1.6, 15.5±2.6 vs 12.9±2.4; t=5.154, 6.083; P=0.001, 0.001). The SUVmax values of patients with good efficacy (according to the Engel efficacy grading system, grades Ⅰ-Ⅱ indicating good efficacy) were higher, and the AI values were lower than that of patients with poor efficacy (according to the Engel efficacy grading system, grades Ⅲ-Ⅳ indicating poor efficacy; 9.5±1.9 vs 7.9±2.1, 13.5±3.3 vs 14.8±3.0; t=2.789, 3.722; P=0.042, 0.029). There were no significant differences in SUVmax and AI values among different genders, pathological types and seizure types (all P>0.05). Conclusions:The imaging characteristics of patients with different types of FCD complicated with refractory epilepsy are different. PET/MRI fusion is better than MRI in the diagnosis of FCD complicated with refractory epilepsy, and is consistent with PET/CT in the location of epileptogenic foci.

Objective:To investigate the effect of behavioral lifestyle on the CT values of urinary tract stones, as well as the relationship between behavioral lifestyle and the therapeutic effect of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).Methods:A total of 265 patients with urinary tract stones who underwent ESWL treatment at Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from January 2019 to June 2023 were selected. According to the CT values of the stones, the subjects were divided into high CT value group (CT value > 1 000 HU, n=106) and low CT value group (CT value ≤ 1 000 HU, n=159). A retrospective survey was conducted to assess the patients' behavioral lifestyles, and general data, CT values, number of lithotripsy sessions, lithotripsy time, lithotripsy efficiency, and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups. SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The χ2 test and t-test were used for group comparisons, and Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between stone CT values and different behavioral lifestyles. Results:The high CT value group had lower average daily water intake((1 242±347)mL vs (1 784±376)mL), average daily fresh fruit intake((135±43)g vs (196±51)g), and average daily exercise time((18±12)min vs (32±14)min) compared with the low CT value group( t=-11.850, -9.926, -8.434, all P<0.01). In contrast, the high CT value group had higher average daily salt intake((8.3±2.2)g vs (6.5±1.7)g) and average daily animal protein intake ((72±18)g vs (54±16)g) compared with the low CT value group ( t=7.495, 8.531, both P<0.01). The high CT value group required more lithotripsy sessions and longer lithotripsy time than the low CT value group ( t=6.192, 7.507, both P<0.05), while lithotripsy efficiency was lower than the low CT value group ( χ2=33.181, P<0.01). The incidence of complications was higher in the high CT value group compared to the low CT value group ( χ2=3.915, P=0.048), with statistically significant differences. Conclusion:Appropriate water intake, diet, and exercise habits are beneficial in reducing stone CT values, improving the efficacy of ESWL treatment, and decreasing the incidence of complications.

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in etiology of patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Methods:Retrospective analysis was performed on 49 patients newly diagnosed as HLH (32 males, 17 females; age 19-61 years) who received 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from January 2017 to January 2023. PET/CT images and clinical parameters were observed and recorded. Based on the pathological examination and clinical follow-up results, diagnostic efficacies for HLH etiology of PET/CT, PET and CT imaging were calculated. χ2 test, independent-sample t test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the differences between hematologic tumors associated HLH and non-hematologic tumor associated HLH. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the predictors of secondary HLH in hematologic tumors. ROC curve analysis was used to calculate AUCs and optimal threshold of lymph node SUV max and soluble CD25 (sCD25) to predict secondary HLH in patients with hematologic tumors. Results:The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of PET/CT, PET and CT in the etiological diagnosis of HLH were 85.7%(30/35), 8/10, 84.4%(38/45), 93.8%(30/32), 8/13; 77.1%(27/35), 6/10, 73.3%(33/45), 87.1%(27/31), 6/14; 62.9%(22/35), 5/10, 60.0%(27/45), 81.5%(22/27), 5/18, respectively. There were differences in lymph node distribution and boundary, liver and spleen and bone lesions, SUV max of lymph node and liver and spleen and bone, gender, age, WBC, neutrophil (ANC), PLT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total bilirubin (TBIL), C-reactive protein (CRP) and sCD25 between different etiology groups ( χ2 values: 3.91-9.66, t values: 3.75-7.90, z values: 3.82-4.01, all P<0.05). SUV max of lymph nodes and sCD25 were predictive factors for secondary HLH of hematological tumors (odds ratio ( OR): 1.28 (95% CI: 1.09-1.72), 1.56 (95% CI: 1.17-2.49), P values: 0.004, 0.013). The optimal thresholds were 12.6 and 40 028 ng/L, with the AUC of 0.87 and 0.76, with the sensitivity and specificity of 88.6%(31/35) and 8/10, 65.7%(23/35) and 7/10, respectively. The combined AUC was 0.83 and the sensitivity and specificity were 74.3% (26/35) and 9/10. Conclusions:18F-FDG PET/CT imaging is of high value for the diagnosis of the cause of HLH. SUV max of lymph node and sCD25 are predictive factors for secondary HLH of hematologic tumors.

Objective To study the bioequivalence of generic and original dapoxetine hydrochloride tablets in Chinese healthy subjects after single dose under fasting and fed conditions.Methods A single-center,random,open,single-dose,two-preparations,double-period,crossover study was adopted.Fasting and fed tests were performed on 36 subjects each.Single oral dose 60 mg of test and reference pre parations were taken under fasting and fed conditions,respectively.Plasma concentration of dapoxetine was determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.The main pharmacokinetic(PK)parameters were calculated by Phoenix WinNonlin 8.0 software.Results The main PK parameters of the test and reference preparations of dapoxetine tablets in the fasting group were as follows:Cmax were(449.36±203.01)and(432.85±199.75)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t were(2 400.96±1 392.58)and(2 251.82±1 225.84)ng·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞ were(2 529.94±1 498.05)and(2 371.06±1 305.22)ng·mL-1·h.The main PK parameters of the test and reference preparations of dapoxetine tablets in the fed group were as follows:Cmax were(651.29±179.38)and(672.83±249.42)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t were(3 391.27±1 358.73)and(3 314.56±1 360.39)ng·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞ were(3 630.79±1 605.89)and(3 549.22±1 526.61)ng·mL-1·h.Under the fasting and fed conditions,the 90％confidence intervals of the main PK parameters of the test and reference preparations of dapoxetine tablets are 80.00％-125.00％.Conclusion Under the fasting and fed conditions,a single oral dose of generic and original dapoxetine hydrochloride tablets in Chinese healthy adult volunteers showed bioequivalence.

Objective To study the bioequivalence of generic and original dapoxetine hydrochloride tablets in Chinese healthy subjects after single dose under fasting and fed conditions.Methods A single-center,random,open,single-dose,two-preparations,double-period,crossover study was adopted.Fasting and fed tests were performed on 36 subjects each.Single oral dose 60 mg of test and reference pre parations were taken under fasting and fed conditions,respectively.Plasma concentration of dapoxetine was determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.The main pharmacokinetic(PK)parameters were calculated by Phoenix WinNonlin 8.0 software.Results The main PK parameters of the test and reference preparations of dapoxetine tablets in the fasting group were as follows:Cmax were(449.36±203.01)and(432.85±199.75)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t were(2 400.96±1 392.58)and(2 251.82±1 225.84)ng·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞ were(2 529.94±1 498.05)and(2 371.06±1 305.22)ng·mL-1·h.The main PK parameters of the test and reference preparations of dapoxetine tablets in the fed group were as follows:Cmax were(651.29±179.38)and(672.83±249.42)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t were(3 391.27±1 358.73)and(3 314.56±1 360.39)ng·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞ were(3 630.79±1 605.89)and(3 549.22±1 526.61)ng·mL-1·h.Under the fasting and fed conditions,the 90％confidence intervals of the main PK parameters of the test and reference preparations of dapoxetine tablets are 80.00％-125.00％.Conclusion Under the fasting and fed conditions,a single oral dose of generic and original dapoxetine hydrochloride tablets in Chinese healthy adult volunteers showed bioequivalence.