Background: Peacekeeping operations (PKOs) demand not only high professional expertise but also immense physical and psychosocial endurance from military personnel. Comprehensively identifying the psychological health challenges and specific risk factors influencing combat stress is of paramount practical significance for maintaining unit combat readiness. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the changes in psychosocial health, personality traits, and underlying risk factors for combat stress among personnel during pre-deployment and active deployment phases. Materials and Methods: A prospective, two-phase longitudinal study was conducted during the pre-deployment training and the subsequent 6-month deployment in UNMISS, South Sudan. Data from 283 personnel who fully completed both phases were analyzed using SPSS via McNemar, Chi-square, Pearson correlation, and multivariable logistic regression. Result: Participants were predominantly male (92.9%) with a mean age of 28.9±5.8 years. During deployment, neurotic symptoms (33.9%), cognitive decline (15.9%), and sleep disturbances (15.2%) were highly prevalent. Female personnel demonstrated statistically significantly higher rates of neurosis, sleep disorders, and anxiety (p<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms significantly increased the risk of developing combat stress by 4.22 times (aOR=4.22, 95% CI: 1.36-13.16, p=0.013). Furthermore, a prior history of exposure to severe life stressors increased the odds of combat stress by 2.68 times (aOR=2.68, 95% CI: 1.01-7.11, p=0.048). Conclusion 1. During peacekeeping operations, service members most frequently encounter environmental and domestic challenges related to health, animals, and insects (44.2–44.5%). Furthermore, high rates of anxiety symptoms (>72.0%) and neurotic symptoms (33.9%, significantly higher in women, p<0.05) were reported. Consequently, personnel highly prioritize psychological resilience (59.0%) and teamwork skills (57.6%) in real-world deployment settings. 2. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the primary independent predictors increasing service members’ risk of exposure to combat stress are a personal history of severe life stressors (aOR = 2.68, p=0.048) and the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (aOR = 4.22, p=0.013).

Background: Depression, anxiety, and stress related to diabetes create psychosocial distress. In Mongolia, although the prevalence of diabetes has been rapidly increasing in recent years, studies on psychosocial and mental health–related clinical factors among people with diabetes are limited. To study some psychosocial and mental health–related changes occurring in people with diabetes in relation to disease complications and control indicators. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using an analytical cross-sectional design, including 172 adults with diabetes. Standard assessment tools such as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and Diabetes Distress Scale questionnaires were used to collect data. Cases that tested positive on two or more instruments were defined as having “composite psychosocial distress.” Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with composite psychosocial distress, and additional statistical models were developed for each outcome. Result: The mean age of participants was 58.3±10.4 years, and 57.6% were female. The mean HbA1c value was 9.0% (IQR 7.5–11.0), and the average duration of diabetes was 10 years (IQR 6–16). Among all participants, 16.9% had composite psychosocial distress. One chronic complication related to diabetes was observed in 47.7% of participants, while 17.0% had two or more complications. Scores of depression, anxiety, and diabetes-related distress were positively correlated (all p<0.001). In univariate analysis, with each additional chronic complication, composite psychosocial distress increased (OR=1.93, 95% CI 1.31–2.87; p=0.001). In univariate regression analysis, higher HbA1c significantly increased the risk of composite psychosocial distress (for each 1% increase, OR=1.14, 95% CI 1.01–1.28; p=0.040). In multivariate analysis including number of chronic complications and HbA1c, the number of chronic complications remained an independent factor increasing risk (adjusted OR=1.92, 95% CI 1.21–3.05; p=0.005), while HbA1c was not statistically significant. The prevalence of composite psychosocial distress tended to increase depending on complications. Among participants without chronic complications, it was 8.9%; among those with one complication, 19.2%; and among those with two or more complications, 37.9%. The prevalence of moderate to severe depression, anxiety, and high levels of diabetes-related distress also increased similarly with the number of chronic complications. Conclusion Composite psychosocial distress is present in 1 out of every 6 adults with diabetes. The presence of chronic complications increases the risk of composite psychosocial distress by 3.5 times.

Background: Substance use remains a critical public health and social concern, closely linked to increased sexual risk behaviors and a heightened vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly HIV and syphilis. International and national evidence suggests that individuals who use drugs often experience impaired judgment during intoxication, leading to unprotected intercourse, casual sexual encounters, and multiple sexual partners. In Mongolia, empirical data regarding sexual risk behaviors within this population remain scarce. Therefore, there is a pressing need to determine the prevalence of sexual risk behaviors and identify the specific factors influencing these patterns among drug users. Materials and Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional analytical design involving 181 participants who use drugs. Data were collected via structured questionnaires. Sexual risk behavior was evaluated using two approaches: as a dichotomous categorical variable and as a cumulative sexual risk score. Statistical analysis was performed using frequency distributions, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The associations between variables were tested using the (chi square test, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression models. Results: The findings revealed that 12.2% of participants exhibited high-level sexual risk behaviors, with a mean cumulative risk score of 8.13 ±4.40. Engaging in sexual intercourse while under the influence of alcohol, the frequency of intoxicated sex (reported as "often" or "always"), and a history of casual sexual encounters were significantly associated with sexual risk behaviors. Furthermore, gender, cohabitation status, condom use during the first sexual experience, and the frequency of alcohol-involved sexual encounters were statistically significant predictors of the cumulative risk score. A weak positive correlation was observed between the number of sexual partners in the past year and the cumulative sexual risk score, which remained a significant positive predictor in the linear regression model. Conclusion Sexual risk behavior among people who use drugs is more closely associated with behavioral factors—such as alcohol-influenced sexual activity, casual encounters, lack of condom use during sexual debut, and multiple partnership—than with basic socio-demographic characteristics. Consequently, risk reduction interventions should move beyond general awareness. Efforts must prioritize reducing substance- and alcohol-related sexual risks, promoting consistent condom use, and enhancing the accessibility of STI screening and counseling services tailored to this high-risk group.

Background: Drug use is closely associated with sexually transmitted infections, especially syphilis and HIV, through unsafe sexual practices, multiple partners, and high-risk patterns of substance use. Prisoners with a history of drug use represent a particularly vulnerable subgroup. Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of rapid syphilis test positivity and selected associated factors among incarcerated people who use drugs. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted among 105 prisoners. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and a finger-prick rapid dual test. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and Fisher exact tests were used, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 29.1±8.4 years; 78.1% were male. A history of STI was reported by 16.2%, STI-related symptoms during the last 12 months by 19.0%, STI testing during the last 12 months by 39.0%, and STI testing while incarcerated by 45.7%. However, 79.0% had received STI-related education or information. Among 81 participants with valid rapid syphilis test results, 27 were positive, giving a prevalence of 33.3%. Syphilis positivity was significantly higher among those using more than one route of drug administration (41.4% vs 13.0%, p=0.018) and among those with a prior STI history (70.0% vs 26.6%, p=0.011). No significant associations were found with sex, age, education, marital status, cohabitation, income, syringe use, recent STI symptoms, casual sex before arrest, or overall sexual risk behavior. Conclusion These findings suggest that targeted syphilis screening, counseling, and linkage to confirmatory testing and treatment should be strengthened among incarcerated people who use drugs, particularly those with multi-route drug use and a previous STI history.

Background: Sexual risk behavior is an important issue that requires early identification and assessment because it is associated with sexually transmitted infections, particularly HIV and syphilis, unintended pregnancy, and adverse reproductive, psychosocial, and mental health outcomes. Clients with sexual risk behaviors may also experience fear, anxiety, depression, shame, and stigma. Therefore, psychiatrists have an important role in identifying these risks, providing counseling, and referring clients for further care when needed. However, in routine clinical practice, obtaining a full sexual health history and identifying sexual risk behavior through interview may be limited. Aim: This study aimed to assess psychiatrists’ current practice in asking about sexual risk behavior, their basic knowledge of HIV/STIs, attitudes toward clients with sexual risk behavior, and training needs. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted between July and October 2025. The study included 158 psychiatrists working at the National Center for Mental Health, district and local health centers, and private clinics providing mental health services. Data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the research team. The survey included socio-demographic and professional characteristics, practice related to asking about sexual risk behavior, knowledge of HIV/STIs, attitudes toward clients with sexual risk behavior, and institutional training needs. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, non-parametric tests, Spearman correlation, and linear regression models were applied. Results: Of the participants, 78.5% were female, and the mean age was 36.8±10.2 years. Psychiatrists asked a mean of 6.2±5.7 out of 22 questions required to identify sexual risk behavior, indicating that only a limited number of relevant questions were routinely covered in clinical practice. General questions such as marital status, age at first sexual intercourse, sexual health-related complaints, and history of sexually transmitted infections were asked more frequently, whereas questions on sex with commercial sex workers, casual and multiple sexual partners in the last 3 months, and sexual orientation were asked less often. Male psychiatrists (p=0.036) and psychiatrists working in private practice (p=0.034) asked significantly more questions. Among the 131 participants eligible for HIV/STI knowledge assessment, 29.8% had adequate knowledge and 70.2% had inadequate knowledge. Misconceptions about mosquito transmission of HIV remained common. The mean attitude score among 131 psychiatrists was 14.3±1.7. Significant differences were observed across age groups (p=0.004), and psychiatrists with 0–10 years of experience had higher attitude scores than those with more than 10 years of experience (p=0.026). A weak but statistically significant negative correlation was found between years of work as a psychiatrist and attitude score toward clients with sexual risk behavior (Spearman r=-0.304, p<0.001; n=131). In addition, 69.0% of participants had previously worked with clients with sexual risk behavior, and 48.1% had provided care to such clients in the last 12 months. Conclusion The practice of asking about sexual risk behavior among psychiatrists remains limited and non-standardized. Differences were observed according to physician sex and type of institution. Continuous workplace-based training and practical guidelines are needed to strengthen psychiatrists’ capacity to identify sexual risk behavior and provide appropriate care.

Background: Bacterial ocular infection is a common problem.[1;6]. Microbiological investigation of the conjunctival swab is one of the broadly used method to study etiological agent of conjunctivitis[2]. Microbial culture techniques have shown that 80% of conjunctival swabs yield cultivable microbes.[3]. Conjunctival sac contains variety of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. Normal microbes play a protective immunological role in preventing the proliferation of pathogenic species that can cause ocular infections whereas pathogenic microbes contribute to infectious and autoimmune diseases of the eye. [4;5] Purpose: To investigate common microbes detected by conjunctival swab analysis and their antibiotic sensitivity. Methods: In our descriptive study, 264 conjunctival swab samples that had been analyzed by MALDI-TOF technology using VITEX MS at Gyals Medical Center from July 2019 to November 2020 were evaluated. Results: Cultivable microbes and fungus were detected in 71.56% of overall swabs. 28.44% were non cultivable. Fungus and 43 different types of microbes were found. 35% of all microbes were Staphylococcus including Methicillin -resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis. 28% of microbes were Streptococcus including Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus spp. 20% of all microbes were miscellaneous bacterium including Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Escherichia, Candida parapsilosis and the remaining are others. Staphylococcus aureus is sensitive to Quinupristin/Dalfopristin, Linezolid, Vancomycin, Tigecycline, Nitrofurantoin whereas they are resistant to Benzylpenicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/ Clavulanic Acid, Cefazolin that are widely used in Mongolia. Conclusion In 76.71% of overall conjunctival swab samples were found cultivable microbes. Methicillin -resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis are the most common microbes detected by conjunctival swab analysis. The common microbes are resistant to Benzylpenicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid, whereas they are sensitive to Quinupristin/Dalfopristin, Linezolid, Vancomycin, Tigecycline, Nitrofurantoin, Erythromycin, Clindamycin.

WHO informed that across world an average of 565 young eople aged 10 to 29 die every day through interpersonal violence. Some studies mentioned that anxiety was most frequently occurred as one of the psychological onsequences among victims of child abuse. Recent research on effects of adverse early life experiences on central nervous system as stress systems (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis-HPA) has provided a greater understanding of the link between childhood abuse and susceptibility to anxiety disorder. Therefore, this research was done to study nxiety among abused adolescents, some physical parameters and level of cortisol in saliva.Total number of participants were 149 children aged between 11-16 years (number cases were 53, matched control subjects were 96). The Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS; Spence, 1997) is a 38-item self-report uestionnaire that assesses multiple symptoms of childhood anxiety disorders based on current diagnostic criteria. All participants were measured the cortisol in the saliva by Cortisol ELISA kit, Sigma, USA. Average age of all subjects in the study was 13.52±1.57 and 102 of all subjects were female and 47 were male. All anxiety symptoms of case group was statistically significance higher (p<0.01) than control group. The average amount of salivary cortisol of case group was (21.3±8.1 ng/ml) statistically significantly lower (p<0.01) than average amount of control group (31.56±16.9 ng/ml). Anxiety was more frequently occurred among abused children and blunted cortisol responses might indicate a level of impaired HPA functioning that could constitute a vulnerability to psychopathology with exposure to anxiety.

WHO informed that across world an average of 565 young people aged 10 to 29 die every day through interpersonal violence. Some studies mentioned that anxiety was most frequently occurred as one of the psychological onsequences among victims of child abuse. Recent research on effects of adverse early life experiences on central nervous system as stress systems (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis-HPA) has provided a greater understanding of the link between childhood abuse and susceptibility to anxiety disorder. Therefore, this research was done to study anxiety among abused adolescents, some physical parameters and level of cortisol in saliva.Total number of participants were 149 children aged between 11-16 years (number cases were 53, matched control subjects were 96). The Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS; Spence, 1997) is a 38-item self-report uestionnaire that assesses multiple symptoms of childhood anxiety isorders based on current diagnostic criteria. All participants were measured the cortisol in the saliva by Cortisol ELISA kit, Sigma, USA. Average age of all subjects in the study was 13.52±1.57 and 102 of all subjects were female and 47 were male. All anxiety symptoms of case group was statistically significance higher (p<0.01) than control group. The average amount of salivary cortisol of case group was (21.3±8.1 ng/ml) statistically significantly lower (p<0.01) than average amount of control group (31.56±16.9 ng/ml). Anxiety was more frequently occurred among abused children and blunted cortisol responses might indicate a level of impaired HPA functioning that could constitute a vulnerability to psychopathology with exposure to anxiety.

The oral hygiene is not relatively good cause of smoking, ignoring oral hygiene, not having enough self-care skills and independent living in case mental illness. Their grinding the teeth, serotonin decreases when the people are depressed and then it makes the carbohydrates increases, loses the sense of taste. Therefore they use a lot of sweet, the salivary output decreases, increase in the number of lactobacili and then it makes the cause ofabnormal disease detections including tooth decay, trigeminus neural pain in temporomandibular joint /TMJ/, oral yeast infection, oral bad breath, burning sensation of the tongue, chronic facial pain. Also the oral can disease detects from drug causes like using the anti-depression drugs for at least 6 months.Using analytical research permanent design, I got 55 patients to take part in the survey who are staying in 5th flat , National Clinic of Mental Health from 22nd of September 2014 until 26th of September. When I do the research for history of their patients: among the diagnosis of 16 people disorder depressed, the 13 patients agreed to have a preventive examination voluntary, one of them declined to do it. I use many methods of researching like questionnaire methods interview method, prevention oforal cavity and clinical examinations, respectively Study shows that curriculum contents of School of Nursing, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences have comparatively less contents of understanding about healthy person, assessment on human, giving advice healthy human, path anatomy, physiology, communication skills.The most of the survey participant patients have holes in their teeth, gum inflammation, and tongue stress disorder. It shows that it decreased to pay attention on their oral hygiene associated with symptoms and it effects directly related to the decrease in salivary output.Depressed People are so bad at paying attention to their oral hygiene habits.

People with unexplained somatic complains are high-rate users of healthcare and often receive expensive, unnecessary tests and treatments.To study causes of unexplained somatic complains and some clinical symptoms.There were selected 25 consumers who diagnosed unexplained somatic complains according to ICD-X criteria in our study. In addition, qualitative research was used as semi-structure questionnaire for themMajority of study samples were living unpleasant environment in their family, conflicts of their parents relationship and substance abuse of parents. Most of the participants occurred change of sensation.This disorder is associated with negative family environment.