Objective: To evaluate the prognostic impact of radiologic and pathologic features in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and to identify the factors associated with the development of progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) and survival. Materials and Methods: This study retrospectively enrolled 75 patients diagnosed with ILD other than IPF who underwent surgical lung biopsy between January 2004 and December 2020. Three chest radiologists independently reviewed the CT features and extent of fibrosis on preoperative and follow-up CT scans. Two pathologists reviewed the histopathological features, including the presence of interstitial pneumonia. The time to PPF and overall survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The associations of CT and pathological features with PPF and all-cause mortality were examined using standard Cox regression and time-dependent Cox models, respectively. Results: A total of 75 non-IPF ILD patients (mean age ± standard deviations 56.4 ± 13.2 years; range, 40–88 years) were enrolled. The median follow-up duration was 75.3 months (range, 7.8–189.8 months). Traction bronchiectasis on CT (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 6.40; P = 0.003) and body mass index (adjusted HR per 1-kg/m2 increase, 0.82; P = 0.002) were found to be significantly associated with PPF in multivariable analysis. Radiological progression (adjusted HR, 18.44;P < 0.001), symptomatic progression (adjusted HR, 4.19; P = 0.011), and age (adjusted HR for 1-year increase, 1.12; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with death. Conclusion Traction bronchiectasis on CT was a significant predictor of PPF, while radiologic and symptomatic progression and older age were associated with poorer survival in patients with ILD other than IPF. These findings indicate that careful radiological evaluation and symptom monitoring may help to predict disease progression and outcomes in patients with nonIPF ILD.

Background: Shortage of organ donors in the Republic of Korea has become a major problem. To address this, it has been questioned whether heart transplant (HTx) allocation should be modified to reduce priority of older patients. We aimed to evaluate post-HTx outcomes according to recipient age and specific pre-HTx conditions using a nationwide prospective cohort. Methods: We analyzed clinical characteristics of 628 patients from the Korean Organ Transplant Registry who received HTx from January 2015 to December 2020. Enrolled recipients were divided into three groups according to age. We also included comorbidities including ambulatory status. Non-ambulatory status was defined as pre-HTx support with either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, continuous renal replacement therapy, or mechanical ventilation. Results: Of the 628 patients, 195 were < 50 years, 322 were 50–64 years and 111 were ≥ 65years at transplant. Four hundred nine (65.1%) were ambulatory and 219 (34.9%) were nonambulatory. Older recipients tended to have more comorbidities, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and received older donors. Post-HTx survival was significantly lower in older recipients (P = 0.025) and recipients with non-ambulatory status (P < 0.001). However, in contrast to non-ambulatory recipients who showed significant survival differences according to the recipient’s age (P = 0.004), ambulatory recipients showed comparable outcomes (P = 0.465). Conclusion Our results do not support use of age alone as an allocation criterion. Transplant candidate age in combination with some comorbidities such as non-ambulatory status may identify patients at a sufficiently elevated risk at which suitability of HTx should be reconsidered.

Background: Shortage of organ donors in the Republic of Korea has become a major problem. To address this, it has been questioned whether heart transplant (HTx) allocation should be modified to reduce priority of older patients. We aimed to evaluate post-HTx outcomes according to recipient age and specific pre-HTx conditions using a nationwide prospective cohort. Methods: We analyzed clinical characteristics of 628 patients from the Korean Organ Transplant Registry who received HTx from January 2015 to December 2020. Enrolled recipients were divided into three groups according to age. We also included comorbidities including ambulatory status. Non-ambulatory status was defined as pre-HTx support with either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, continuous renal replacement therapy, or mechanical ventilation. Results: Of the 628 patients, 195 were < 50 years, 322 were 50–64 years and 111 were ≥ 65years at transplant. Four hundred nine (65.1%) were ambulatory and 219 (34.9%) were nonambulatory. Older recipients tended to have more comorbidities, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and received older donors. Post-HTx survival was significantly lower in older recipients (P = 0.025) and recipients with non-ambulatory status (P < 0.001). However, in contrast to non-ambulatory recipients who showed significant survival differences according to the recipient’s age (P = 0.004), ambulatory recipients showed comparable outcomes (P = 0.465). Conclusion Our results do not support use of age alone as an allocation criterion. Transplant candidate age in combination with some comorbidities such as non-ambulatory status may identify patients at a sufficiently elevated risk at which suitability of HTx should be reconsidered.

Background: Shortage of organ donors in the Republic of Korea has become a major problem. To address this, it has been questioned whether heart transplant (HTx) allocation should be modified to reduce priority of older patients. We aimed to evaluate post-HTx outcomes according to recipient age and specific pre-HTx conditions using a nationwide prospective cohort. Methods: We analyzed clinical characteristics of 628 patients from the Korean Organ Transplant Registry who received HTx from January 2015 to December 2020. Enrolled recipients were divided into three groups according to age. We also included comorbidities including ambulatory status. Non-ambulatory status was defined as pre-HTx support with either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, continuous renal replacement therapy, or mechanical ventilation. Results: Of the 628 patients, 195 were < 50 years, 322 were 50–64 years and 111 were ≥ 65years at transplant. Four hundred nine (65.1%) were ambulatory and 219 (34.9%) were nonambulatory. Older recipients tended to have more comorbidities, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and received older donors. Post-HTx survival was significantly lower in older recipients (P = 0.025) and recipients with non-ambulatory status (P < 0.001). However, in contrast to non-ambulatory recipients who showed significant survival differences according to the recipient’s age (P = 0.004), ambulatory recipients showed comparable outcomes (P = 0.465). Conclusion Our results do not support use of age alone as an allocation criterion. Transplant candidate age in combination with some comorbidities such as non-ambulatory status may identify patients at a sufficiently elevated risk at which suitability of HTx should be reconsidered.

Background: Shortage of organ donors in the Republic of Korea has become a major problem. To address this, it has been questioned whether heart transplant (HTx) allocation should be modified to reduce priority of older patients. We aimed to evaluate post-HTx outcomes according to recipient age and specific pre-HTx conditions using a nationwide prospective cohort. Methods: We analyzed clinical characteristics of 628 patients from the Korean Organ Transplant Registry who received HTx from January 2015 to December 2020. Enrolled recipients were divided into three groups according to age. We also included comorbidities including ambulatory status. Non-ambulatory status was defined as pre-HTx support with either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, continuous renal replacement therapy, or mechanical ventilation. Results: Of the 628 patients, 195 were < 50 years, 322 were 50–64 years and 111 were ≥ 65years at transplant. Four hundred nine (65.1%) were ambulatory and 219 (34.9%) were nonambulatory. Older recipients tended to have more comorbidities, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and received older donors. Post-HTx survival was significantly lower in older recipients (P = 0.025) and recipients with non-ambulatory status (P < 0.001). However, in contrast to non-ambulatory recipients who showed significant survival differences according to the recipient’s age (P = 0.004), ambulatory recipients showed comparable outcomes (P = 0.465). Conclusion Our results do not support use of age alone as an allocation criterion. Transplant candidate age in combination with some comorbidities such as non-ambulatory status may identify patients at a sufficiently elevated risk at which suitability of HTx should be reconsidered.

Purpose: Optimal treatment for stage IIIA/N2 non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is controversial. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of adjuvant pembrolizumab for stage IIIA/N2 NSCLC completely resected after neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT). Materials and Methods: In this open-label, single-center, single-arm phase 2 trial, patients with stage IIIA/N2 NSCLC received adjuvant pembrolizumab for up to 2 years after complete resection following neoadjuvant CCRT. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS) and safety. As an exploratory biomarker analysis, we evaluated the proliferative response of blood CD39+PD-1+CD8+ T cells using fold changes in the percentage of proliferating Ki-67+ cells from days 1 to 7 of cycle 1 (Ki-67D7/D1). Results: Between October 2017 and October 2018, 37 patients were enrolled. Twelve (32%) and three (8%) patients harbored EGFR and ALK alterations, respectively. Of 34 patients with programmed cell death ligand 1 assessment, 21 (62%), nine (26%), and four (12%) had a tumor proportion score of < 1%, 1%-50%, and ≥ 50%, respectively. The median follow-up was 71 months. The median DFS was 22.4 months in the overall population, with a 5-year DFS rate of 29%. The OS rate was 86% at 2 years and 76% at 5 years. Patients with tumor recurrence within 6 months had a significantly lower Ki-67D7/D1 among CD39+PD-1+CD8+ T cells than those without (p=0.036). No new safety signals were identified. Conclusion Adjuvant pembrolizumab may offer durable disease control in a subset of stage IIIA/N2 NSCLC patients after neoadjuvant CCRT and surgery.

Background/Aims: Little attention is paid to chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) in Korea due to the rarity of the disease. With its rising incidence, we aimed to evaluate recent changes in treatment patterns and survival outcomes of patients with CLL/SLL. Methods: A total of 141 patients diagnosed with CLL/SLL between January 2010 and March 2020 who received systemic therapy were analyzed in this multicenter retrospective study. Results: The median patient age was 66 years at diagnosis, and 68.1% were male. The median interval from diagnosis to initial treatment was 0.9 months (range: 0–77.6 months), and the most common treatment indication was progressive marrow failure (50.4%). Regarding first-line therapy, 46.8% received fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, plus rituximab (FCR), followed by chlorambucil (19.9%), and obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil (GC) (12.1%). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 49.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.7–61.4), and median overall survival was not reached (95% CI, 98.4 mo– not reached). Multivariable analysis revealed younger age (≤ 65 yr) (hazard ratio [HR], 0.46; p < 0.001) and first-line therapy with FCR (HR, 0.64; p = 0.019) were independently associated with improved PFS. TP53 aberrations were observed in 7.0% (4/57) of evaluable patients. Following reimbursement, GC became the most common therapy among patients over 65 years and second in the overall population after 2017. Conclusions Age and reimbursement mainly influenced treatment strategies. Greater effort to apply risk stratifications into practice and clinical trials for novel agents could help improve treatment outcomes in Korean patients.

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Kidney*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Renal aging-related changes are characterized by oxidative stress. SIRT1 regulates cellular conditions by activating Nrf2. The present study investigated the processes of renal changes by antioxidant enzymes and the relationship between SIRT1 and Nrf2. METHODS: We used male 2-, 12-, and 24-month-old C57BL/6 mice. We measured renal function, histological changes, oxidative stress, and expression of SIRT1–Nrf2 signaling in the kidneys. RESULTS: 24-month-old mice exhibited increased albuminuria and serum creatinine. Creatinine clearance was decreased in 24-month-old mice compared with 12-month-old mice. There were increases in mesangial volume and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in 24-month-old mice. Moreover, oxidative stress marker, 3-Nitrotyrosine, expression and apoptosis were increased in 24-month-old mice. The 24 h urinary 8-isoprostane and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine excretion increased with aging. The levels of expression of SIRT1 and nuclear Nrf2 were decreased in 24-month-old mice. The antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO-1 were down-regulated in 24-month-old mice. Another antioxidant enzyme, SOD2, was decreased in 24-month-old mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that SIRT1 was down-regulated with aging, and this may be related to changes in the expression of target molecules including Nrf2. As a result, oxidative stress was induced. The pharmacological targeting of these signaling molecules may reduce the pathological changes associated with aging in the kidney.
Aging ; Albuminuria ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Child, Preschool ; Creatinine ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Infant ; Kidney* ; Male ; Mice ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2 ; Oxidative Stress ; Sirtuin 1

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine nursing organizational culture and resilience and their effects on quality of nursing service. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A convenience sampling method was used to collect data from 199 participants who worked in a tertiary hospital in G city. Demographic and work related variables, quality of nursing service, resilience, and nursing organizational culture were measured using validated self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: All of the participants were women and the majority were staff nurses and single. A statistically significant difference in quality of nursing service was found for age, marital status, educational level, clinical career, position and perceived health status. Age, educational level, clinical career, position, resilience, innovation-oriented culture, relation-oriented culture, and hierarchy-oriented culture were significant predictors of quality of nursing service, explaining 47% of total variance. Among the predictors, resilience was the strongest predictor, followed by innovation-oriented culture, and hierarchy-oriented culture. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that quality of nursing service can be improved by raising individual nurse's resilience and advancing nursing organizational culture. Considering the identified factors, researchers and administrators need to develop and provide clinical nurses with a variety of programs to improve the quality of their nursing service.
Administrative Personnel ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Methods ; Nursing Services ; Nursing ; Organizational Culture ; Tertiary Care Centers