Objective The prevalence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains is exacerbating the global burden of tuberculosis (TB), highlighting the urgent need for new treatment strategies for TB. Methods The recombinant adenovirus vaccine expressing cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) phosphodiesterase B (CnpB) (rAd-CnpB), was administered to normal mice via mucosal immunization, either alone or in combination with drug therapy, to treat Mtb respiratory infections in mice.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of antibodies in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to assess the transcription levels of cytokines interferon γ(IFN-γ) and interleukin 10(IL-10) in mouse lungs. Flow cytometry was used to determine the proportions of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell subsets in the lungs and spleens. ELISA was employed to measure the levels of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10, inflammatory factors IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) secreted by spleen cells following antigen stimulation. The bacteria loads in the lungs and spleens of Mtb-infected mice were enumerated by plate counting methods. Resluts Intranasal immunization with rAd-CnpB induced high titers of IgG in mouse serum and the production of IgG and IgA in BALF, along with alterations in T lymphocyte subsets in the lungs and spleens. Administration of rAd-CnpB, either alone or in combination with drugs, to Mtb-infected mice significantly increased serum IgG levels as well as IgA and IgG levels in BALF. rAd-CnpB immunization promoted the secretion of CnpB-specific cytokines and inflammatory factors by splenocytes in Mtb-infected mice. However, rAd-CnpB immunotherapy, either alone or combined with drugs, did not significantly affect the bacterial loads in the lungs and spleens of mice with Mtb respiratory infections. Conclusion Mucosal immunization with rAd-CnpB induced significant mucosal, humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, and significantly enhanced CnpB-specific cellular immune responses in Mtb-infected mice.
Animals ; Adenoviridae/immunology* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics* ; Mice ; Female ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/genetics* ; Tuberculosis Vaccines/administration & dosage* ; Tuberculosis/prevention & control* ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Cytokines ; Lung/microbiology* ; Immunization ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology* ; Immunity, Mucosal

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis. Innate immunity plays an important role in the response to M. tuberculosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity. TLRs serve as switches that play decisive roles in identifying pathogens-related components. Previous studies found that TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 were essential to promote the development of innate immune responses. The SNPs of rs4833095, rs5743618, rs3923647 of TLR1, rs57473708, rs3804099 of TLR2 and rs352139, rs5743836 of TLR9 were closely related to the susceptibility of tuberculosis in some populations. And there appeared certain relationship between the polymorphisms of TLR3, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR10 and the susceptibility of tuberculosis. The normal function of TLRs ensures the body's normal immune response to M. tuberculosis. The diversity of TLRs genes allows different individuals to respond differently to the same pathogen. Studies targeting on the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism in TLRs and susceptibility to tuberculosis can predict the susceptibility to tuberculosis in some populations, as well as discover new drugs targets.
Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Research/trends* ; Signal Transduction/immunology* ; Toll-Like Receptors/genetics* ; Tuberculosis/immunology*

Recent studies show that the vector of recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) has a series of advantages. With exogenous gene and vaccine in one inoculation, it can obtain strong and persistent immune response at one time so that BCG is considered as a kind of ideal vector for live recombinant vaccine. This review outlines the application of rBCG vaccine and its vector in infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, other microorganisms and parasites.
AIDS Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology ; Antigens, Bacterial ; genetics ; immunology ; BCG Vaccine ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; Communicable Disease Control ; methods ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; HIV-1 ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; immunology ; Tuberculosis ; prevention & control ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo construct a Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA vaccine pVAX1/ESAT-6 plasmid and investigate its immunoreactivity.

METHODSThe ESAT-6 gene fragment amplified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome was inserted into pVAX1 vector to construct the recombinant plasmid pVAX1/ESAT-6, which was identified by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into Hela cells using Sofast® Transfection reagent, and the cellular expressions of ESAT-6 mRNA and protein were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. The recombinant plasmid pVAX1/ESAT-6 was also transfected into mouse by electronic pulse method, and the mouse serum IFN-γ level and anti-ESAT-6 IgG antibody level were detected by ELISA, mouse lymphocyte proliferation assessed with flow cytometry, and IFN-γ-secreting lymphocytes counted using ELISPOT.

RESULTSDouble restriction-enzyme digestion and sequencing showed that the inserted fragment in the recombinant plasmid pVAX1/ESAT-6 was identical to ESAT-6 gene with an inframe insertion. RT-PCR yielded the target band as expected on agarose gel, and immunofluorescence assay of the transfected cells showed specific green fluorescence signals. The mice transfected with the recombinant plasmid showed significantly elevated serum level of anti-ESAT-6 IgG antibody and increased serum IFN-γ level, spleen cell proliferation, and number of IFN-γ-secreting lymphocytes.

CONCLUSIONThe Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA vaccine pVAX1/ESAT-6 plasmid we constructed can induce high levels of cellular and humoral immunoreactivity in mice.

Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial ; blood ; Antibody Formation ; Antigens, Bacterial ; immunology ; Bacterial Proteins ; immunology ; Female ; Genetic Vectors ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; immunology ; Plasmids ; immunology ; Tuberculosis Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology ; Vaccines, DNA ; genetics ; immunology

To obtain a vaccine to defend from dormancy Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we constructed the recombinant Bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine with Rv3133c encoding dormancy-correlated transcriptional regulatory protein DosR in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a target gene, and evaluated its immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. In this study, we constructed the recombinant plasmids of rpMV361-Rv3133c using gene colon technology. We then transformed BCG strains with above-mentioned plasmids to obtain recombinant vaccine of rBCG-Rv3133c. We used the rBCG strains successfully constructed to vaccinate in BALB/c mice. 30d and 180d after immunization, the specific antibody titers were determined to investigate humoral responses induced by recombinant vaccine. We detected changes of splenocyte subsets of CD4+T, CD8+ T cells and cytokine of IFN-gamma secreted by splenocytes for evaluation of cellular immune responses. The results showed that the rBCG-Rv3133c was able to induce higher levels of antibody titer, stronger proliferative responses and higher IFN-gamma production comparing with BCG vaccine. The results also suggested that this recombinant vaccine was a more efficacious tuberculosis vaccine for further study.
Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial ; blood ; Antigens, Bacterial ; genetics ; immunology ; BCG Vaccine ; immunology ; Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Interferon-gamma ; immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; immunology ; Protein Kinases ; genetics ; immunology ; Recombinant Proteins ; immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; immunology ; Tuberculosis ; prevention & control ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo study the effection of suppression murine melanoma growth by Intratumor injection of recombinant attenuated salmonella carrying heat shock protein 70 and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase genes.

METHODSPlasmids PCMV-mtHSP70-IRES-TK were electro-transferred into salmonella typhimurium SL7207 to construct recombinant salmonella typhimurium. In vivo, Recombinant bacteria were injected into the mouse melanoma and the antitumor effection was observed. The survival period was recorded and safety analysis for this vaccine in each group.

RESULTSIn vivo, the mtHSP70/HSV-tk recombinant bacteria can suppress tumor growth significantly and extend survival. After recombinant Salmonella, 10(9) CFU/mL, was administered as an intratumoral injection, No diarrhea were observed. During therapy, body weight did not change markedly.

CONCLUSIONResults of the animal experiment suggests intratumor injection of recombinant attenuated salmonella typhimurium containing mtHSP70 and HSV-tk genes, has targeting ability against B16 tumor cell and could significantly inhibit tumor growth .

Animals ; Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Cancer Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology ; pharmacology ; Genetic Therapy ; methods ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Melanoma, Experimental ; microbiology ; pathology ; therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; genetics ; Salmonella typhimurium ; genetics ; immunology ; Simplexvirus ; enzymology ; genetics ; Skin Neoplasms ; therapy ; Thymidine Kinase ; genetics ; immunology ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; genetics ; immunology ; pharmacology ; Vaccines, DNA ; genetics ; immunology ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo design a platform for microarray data analysis and processing in the browser/server mode running in Linux operating system.

METHODSBased on the Apache HTTP server, the platform, programmed with Perl language, integrated R language and Bioconductor packages for processing and analysis of the input data of oligonucleotide arrays and two-color spotted arrays. Users were allowed to submit data and parameter configurations to the platform via the web page, and the results of analysis were also returned via the web page.

RESULTSWith an easy operation and high performance, the platform fulfilled the functions of processing, quality assessment, biological annotation and statistical analysis of the data from oligonucleotide arrays and two-color spotted arrays. Using the platform, we analyzed the gene expression profiles in Mtb-stimulated macrophages of three clinical phenotypes, namely latent TB (LTB), pulmonary (PTB) and meningeal (TBM), and obtained valuable clues for identifying tuberculosis susceptibility genes. We also analyzed the effect of INH treatment on Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene expression in various dormancy models, such as hypoxia and KatG mutant, and found that a set of genes responded to INH treatment during exponential growth but not in dormancy, and that the overall number of differentially regulated genes was reduced in the cells in low metabolic state.

CONCLUSIONThe platform we have constructed integrates comprehensive resources, and with a user-friendly interface, allows direct result visualization to facilitate microarray data analysis.

Computational Biology ; methods ; Databases, Genetic ; Gene Expression Profiling ; methods ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Macrophages ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Software ; Tuberculosis ; genetics ; immunology ; User-Computer Interface

OBJECTIVETo obtain the recombinant rv1837c and rv3803c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using gene engineering technology and explore their prokaryotic expression, purification, and immunogenicity.

METHODSThe Mycobacterium tuberculosis rv1837c and rv3803c genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and then cloned into the vector pTA2, followed by the subclone into the expression vector pET30a (+). The resulting plasmids, named pET30a (+): rv1837c and pET30a (+): rv3803c, encode recombinant protein containing a hexa-histidine tag on its N-terminus. pET30a (+): rv1837c and pET30a (+): rv3803c were introduced into E. coli BL21 (DE3) by transformation respectively, and the recombinant gene was induced with 0.4 mmol/L isopropyl-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The expressed products were identified by Western blot with hexa-histidine tag antibody and serum from tuberculotic patients. The histidine tagged protein was purified by nickel nitrilotriacetic acid His-Bind resin. Rabbits were immunized with purified recombinant Rv1837c and Rv3803c proteins. Then the purified recombinant Rv1837c and Rv3803c proteins were used to detect antibody in rabbit serum, which had been immunized by Western blot.

RESULTSAfter transformation of the E. coli and induction with 0.4 mmol/L of isopropyl-D-thiogalactopyranoside, recombinant target proteins Rv1837c (relative molecular mass: 92000) and Rv3803c (relative molecular mass: 38 000) were expressed in pET30a (+): rv1837c and pET30a (+): rv3803c system. The expressed protein existed in cytoplasm in an unsoluble form and amounted to 30% and 50% of the total proteins of E. coli. The purity of the purified protein reached 90%. The immunogenicity of the recombinant proteins Rv1837c and Rv3803c was strong, as identified by Western blot.

CONCLUSIONThe prokaryotic expression recombinant plasmids pET30a (+): rv1837c and pET30a (+): rv3803c was successfully constructed and the recombinant proteins Rv1837c and Rv3803c were obtained, which laid a basis for the optimized diagnosis of active tuberculosis.

Antibodies ; metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; Blotting, Western ; Escherichia coli ; metabolism ; Genetic Vectors ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; Plasmids ; metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD1-encoded antigens-specific, interferon-gamma (INF-gamma)-secreting T cells in pleural effusions, ascites, and cerebrospinal fluid.

METHODThe early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) peptides-specific T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (MC), ascites MC, pleural effusions MC, and cerebrospinal fluid MC were detected using enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) for INF-gamma.

RESULTSESAT-6 or CFP-10 peptides-specific, INF-gamma-secreting T cells were detected in peripheral blood, ascites, pleural effusions, and cerebrospinal fluid, which marked the presence of tuberculosis infection. Patients with positive ELISPOT results of INF-gamma-release assay were all diagnosed as active tuberculosis. Spot forming cells in ascites and pleural effusions were much higher than those in peripheral blood (up to 6.4 and 31.9 times).

CONCLUSIONDetection of RD1-encoded antigens-specific, INF-gamma-secreting T cells in pleural effusions, ascites, and cerebrospinal fluid provides a new way to diagnose tuberculosis infection.

Antigens, Bacterial ; genetics ; Ascites ; metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; cerebrospinal fluid ; metabolism ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Peptides ; Pleural Effusion ; immunology ; Recombinant Proteins ; T-Lymphocytes ; metabolism ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; diagnosis

Bacterial Vaccines ; biosynthesis ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; genetics ; Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Leptospira interrogans ; genetics ; immunology ; pathogenicity ; Leptospirosis ; prevention & control ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; drug effects ; genetics ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; drug effects ; genetics ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; biosynthesis