Background: Numerous experimental and clinical studies have investigated the therapeutic potential of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., mainly attributing its biological activities to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and hepatoprotective effects. In particular, silymarin has been reported to exert hepatoprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, protecting cell membranes from certain toxic insults, and modulating protein synthesis. Therefore, cultivation of S. marianum and utilization of its seeds for industrial and research purposes are important for establishing a sustainable source of pharmacologically valuable bioactive compounds and increasing the availability of high-quality medicinal plant material. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility of cultivating S. marianum from seeds and to determine seed germination, seedling growth and development, survival after transplantation to open-field conditions, phenological stages, and seed yield characteristics. Materials and Methods: Seeds of S. marianum were germinated under indoor conditions, and normally developed seedlings were subsequently raised in a greenhouse and transplanted to a cultivation site near Tamgan Öndör, Erdene sum, Töv Province, Mongolia. Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), seedling growth based on morphometric parameters, and survival rate after transplantation were evaluated. At harvest, the number and diameter of capitula, seed weight per plant, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield per unit area were determined. Data were expressed as mean±SD, and statistical significance was evaluated at p < 0.05. Result: Of the 1,000 seeds sown, 852 germinated, resulting in a germination percentage of 85.2% and a mean germination time of 11 days. Under greenhouse conditions, plant height increased from 1.0 to 3.0 cm, while rosette diameter increased from 1.2 to 7.0 cm. Of the 452 seedlings transplanted to the open field, 353 survived, corresponding to a survival rate of 78.1%. The first flowering was observed on June 12, full flowering on July 9, and full seed maturation on August 30, with 175 days from sowing to seed maturity. On average, each plant produced 18 branches and 20 capitula, with a capitulum diameter of 4.4 cm, seed weight per plant of 15.5 g, 1000-seed weight of 11.5 g, and seed yield of 195.325 kg/ha. Conclusion S. marianum was able to germinate, establish, complete its major growth, flowering, and seed maturation stages, and produce seeds under the cultivation conditions of the Tamgan Öndör area, Erdene sum, Töv Province. These findings indicate that S. marianum can potentially be cultivated in this specific area as a source of medicinal plant material.

Background: To prevent and combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of Mongolia has implemented measures such as movement and time restrictions, social distancing and isolation, closure of schools, kindergartens and public places, immunization, and others. It has caused adverse consequences for people, social relations, and the economy, causing health, social, economic, and humanitarian crises. Not only does this situation, medical students, as frontline healthcare workers, are more susceptible to virus infection. Vaccines against COVID-19 have been researched quickly due to the pandemic and are being used under emergency use authorization. In our country the approach of mixing vaccine doses from different manufacturers was used (fractional doses). Therefore, there is no study on the exposure of medical students to the COVID-19 infection and the adverse effects after receiving a dose of a heterologous vaccine. Objective: To study the exposure to the COVID-19 infection and vaccination status of medical students. Methods: The survey was conducted from November 2023 to December 2023 using a cross-sectional study design, and 170 students who study at ASUSU and live in the dormitory were included. Results: A total of 170 students participated in the study. 55.9% (n=95) of them were in the first year, 22.4% (n=38) were in the second year, 10% (n=17) were in the third year, 7.6% (n=13) were in the fourth year, 2.4% (n=4) were from the 5th year and 1.8% (n=3) were from the 6th year students. 88.2% (n=150) of students were female and 11.8% (n=20) were male. In this study, 37.1% of the students were infected by COVID-19 infection previously. Among them, 50% of the students were infected from family members, 16.7% from the school environment, and 15.2% did not know about the source of infection. 76.2% of the respondents were diagnosed with COVID-19 in a medical institution, and forty-one students answered that they were treated at the hospital. 83% of the cases were treated at home and were cured within 14 days. In contrast, 93.8% of the hospitalized students were treated within four months to 1 year. The current study demonstrates neurological, respiratory, sensory, cardiovascular, psychiatric, digestive, and dermatological symptoms were in 37.6%, 24.1%, 27.6%, 17.6%, 11.8%, 11.2%, and 10% of the students who participated in the study, respectively. For a year or more, symptoms of all organ systems were present, but neurological symptoms appeared to be the highest. 55.9% (n=115) of the enrolled students received 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine, 3.5% (n=6) did not receive the vaccine. In total, 35% (n=60) of the enrolled students experienced side effects and 65% (n=106) had no side effects. Conclusion In this study, 37.1% of the students were infected by COVID-19 infection previously. According to the current study, symptoms related to the nervous system was the most prevalent and 55.9% (n=115) of the enrolled students received 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine. In total, 35% (n=60) of the enrolled students experienced side effects.

Traditional drug Jonlon-5 have been widely used in the clinical practice for recent years in traditional medicine. The study was conducted on the experimental animal wistar rats by the carrageenan induced mice paw edema (Winter et al. 1962, Vogel, 2002) methods. We performed chemical and pharmacological investigation was based and implemented scientific research laboratory of Institute of Traditional Medicine and Technology. The Jonlon-5 significantly (P<0.05) inhibited carrageenan induced rat paw edema as compared to control group. TNF-α secretion was magnified by carrageenan injec¬tion (387.2 pg/ml). TNF-α secretion was reduced, com¬parable to carrageenan group, as a respond to extract administration. Administration of Jonlon-5 significantly reduced inflammatory mediator secretion TNF-α by 20.8%, IL-1 β – 41.7%, to be close to inhibition level of Indo¬methacin administration. Jonlon-5 significantly decreased (P<0.05) of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) 16.5% in animal model.

Introduction. Garidi-5, a traditional medicine composed of 5 herbs including Terminalia chebula Retz., Aconitum Kusnezoffii Reichb., Acorus calamus L., Saussurea lappa L., and musk of Moschus moschiferus, has been used in traditional Mongolian medicine as an analgesic and antibacterial medicine. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the traditional drug Garidi-5 for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.Materials and Methods. The method of Winter et al. was used to study acute inflammation. Rats in groups of five each were treated with vehicle, Garidi-5 (20, 80 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and Indometacin (10 mg/kg) one hour prior to Carrageenan injection. 0.1 ml of 1% Carrageenan was injected into the subplantar tissue of left hind paw of each rat. Swelling of carrageenan injected foot was measured at 0, 0.5, 2, 4 h using Plethysmometer (UGO Basile, Italy)). The right hind paw was injected with 0.1 ml of vehicle.Results. The Garidi-5 (20, 80 and 200 mg/kg) significantly (P<0.01) inhibited carrageenan induced rat paw edema as compared to control group. Maximum inhibition of paw edema was observed with Garidi- 5 (80 and 200 mg/kg) at 4 h when compared to the control group (Tab.1). In assay data, the TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 secretion in serum were highly elevated by carrageenan induction but administration of Garidi-5 signifi cantly reduced serum secretion of inflammatory mediatorsas compared to vehicle group (Tab. 2).Conclusion. In conclusion, Traditional drug Garidi-5 have anti-in flammatory properties. The potential efficacy of Garidi-5 to treat inflammation is based in a part on the hy pothesis that it will suppress the proinflammatory cytok ines resulting in less oedema.

Introduction. Garidi-5, a traditional medicine composed of 5 herbs including Terminalia chebula Retz. Aconitum Kusnezoffii Reichb., Acorus calamus L., Saussurea lappa L., and musk of Moschus moschiferus, has been used in traditional Mongolian medicine as an analgesic and antibacterial medicine. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the traditional drug Garidi-5 for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.Materials and Methods. The method of Winter et al. was used to study acute inflammation. Rats in groups of five each were treated with vehicle, Garidi-5 (20, 80 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and Indometacin (10 mg/kg) one hour prior to Carrageenan injection. 0.1 ml of 1% Carrageenan was injected into the subplantar tissue of left hind paw of each rat. Swelling of carrageenan injected foot was measured at 0, 0.5, 2, 4 h using Plethysmometer (UGO Basile, Italy)). The right hind pawwas injected with 0.1 ml of vehicle.ResultsThe Garidi-5 (20, 80 and 200 mg/kg) significantly (P<0.01) inhibited carrageenan induced rat paw edema as compared to control group. Maximum inhibition of paw edema was observed with Garidi-5 (80 and 200 mg/kg) at 4 h when compared to the control group (Tab.1). In assay data, the TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 secretion in serum were highly elevated by carrageenan induction but administration of Garidi-5 signifi cantly reduced serum secretion of inflammatory mediators as compared to vehicle group (Tab. 2). ConclusionIn conclusion, Traditional drug Garidi-5 have anti-in flammatory properties. The potential efficacy of Garidi-5 to treat inflammation is based in a part on the hy pothesis that it will suppress the proinflammatory cytok ines resulting in less oedema.

Garidi-5, a traditional medicine composed of 5 herbs including Terminalia chebula Retz., Aconitum Kusnezoffii Reichb., Acorus calamus L., Saussurea lappa L., and musk ofMoschus moschiferus, has been used in traditional Mongolian medicine as an analgesic and antibacterial medicine. The aim of the study was to evaluate the central and peripheral analgesic action of traditional mongolian drug Garidi-5 in experimental animal models. Analgesic activity was assessed by tail flick method (for central action) and l acetic acid- induced writhing test (for peripheral action). Garidi-5 extract (20 mg/kg, 80, 200mg/kg p.o.) and aspirin (100 mg/kg) showed significant peripheral analgesic activity (p<0.05). Garidi-5 extract (20 mg/kg, 80, 200mg/kg p.o.) and Morphin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) also showed significant central analgesic activity (p<0.05). Conclusion: Biological activity substances were detected in the Traditional drug Garidi-5. Traditional drug Garidi-5 has analgesic effects.

In the Traditional Medicine, traditional prescriptions and raw materials of animal, plant and mineral origins have been widely used in order to heal wounds, alleviate inflammation, kill bacteria, and accelerate the development of blood cells. These natural minerals or mountain butter /in the Russian Traditional Medicine, named as каменное масло, in Western Europe and the USA, named as Mountain Butter/ is the aluminum-potassic alum /Telyaiev.V.V, 1985/ including contamination of spunky saline originated in the mountain butter, widely occurred in the mountain zones of the world. The alum or mountain butter is widely overspread in Levitan, Leona, Alma in California province of the USA, mountain region in Peris of England, Plaka of Greece, Klara of Germany, Raphid Krik of Canada, mountain region in Sebiria of Russian, areas near Baikal lake, mountain regions in Khuvsgul and Bayan-Ulgii provinces, and mountain region of Khamar Davaa along to the boundary of Russia and Mongolia, consequently regional residents have been using it as a solution for scald and burned skin. However, the scientists have been entitling the mountain butter as tar of mineral origin, mountain butter and alum /A.Jusmin, V.Chulanov/ etc during hundreds of years because it is originated in rock chaps of mountain stony regions, other substances impacted it, mixed with spoils and animal litters, as a result of the spectrum analysis conducted in a chemical and physical laboratory of the Scientific Institute under Sankt Peterburg University of the Russian Federation, /Tabune E.V, Mikhailov. V.V 1999/ it was certified that the mountain butter is metallic pickering containing iron, magnesium, nickel, kali, aluminum, foil and copper or alum (Fe, Mg) x A12 (SO4)4 x 22H20). The scientist confirmed that the mountain butter or alum is the matted yellowish and alkaline organic compound including a variety of macro and micro elements and easily fades in water and it has function to improve renewability of blood cells /Shakirov A.,Uzbek, 1982/. As a result of our analysis, the mountain butter has non-toxic elements (As, Hg, Pb, Cd) for human body but there are a lot of positive elements for human body and improves the digestion and immunity. This is a pure natural product without any negative impact and hindrance (A.Jusman, V.Chulanov, Moskwa, 2009). However, the scald disease of fire, household, chemical and other origins are widely occurred among Mongolians, expensive oil polishes /oitment, Vishnevskii, selimazin and argosulphone etc/ are usually imported from foreign countries. In Mongolianmedicine, the gel drugs of natural origin, made in Mongolia, with active function for scald injuries, is rare, consequently we conducted present research paper. The preparation of gel from mountain butter Objectives: 1. Select the appropriate gel bases from mountain butter 2. To select pH neutralizer of gel spoiler condition and substance improving absorbable quality 3. Preparation of gel and determine the indicator of gel quality Results: In accordance with the requirement for determining the adequate correlation of substances to increase the infiltrating quality in pH adapting dermis of gel originating and stabilizing condition, the research paper was conducted by following way, in order to prepare gel from mountain butter. 1. For the purpose to select the gel originator substance, the clinging quality of the base containing 2% of carbomere was convenient as a result of analysis the bases by absorbing the 5% and 10% of carboxymethyl celluse and 1%,1.2%,1.4%,1.6%,1.8%, 2%, 2.2%, 2.4% of carbometer powder, and medical substance was completely absorbed and originated equable mass, consequently it’s determined to select 5% of carboxymethyl celluse and 2% of carbomere as the gel originator substance. 2. Although, carbomere originates acid reaction in water, base Ph was 2,56 or excessive acidity, thus the crystal unsmooth liquid mass was originated when blending it with main substance, consequently the research to select the adequate doze by choosing trietanolamin as the pH neutlalizer. In order to select the adequate doze of trietanlamin, trietanlamin was increased 0.5 gram to 0.25gram and 3 gram on the carbomere’s base, and it’s determined that 3.0 trietanolamin is required to disperify pH up to 5.75. When studying the substance to improve quality humectants of gel, 5%, 10% and 15% of glycerine was selected as the substance increasing the hatching quality, and variation of the mixing quality and gel’s spreading quality were studied in comparison, and as a result of it, it’s more proper to 15% of glycerine in order to improve the humectant quality of gel. 3. Conservant substances or 0.18 % of metilparaben and 0.02% of propilparaben were prepared, admixed and absorbed in distilled water previoursy heated, and added up carbomere and disperified it. To coordinate the condition, neutralize it with 3% of trietanolamin, the main reactor or 2% of mountain butter on 5-7 of pH was absorbed in distilled water, and added up it on base and originated the smooth gel, in order to increase the humectant quality, the quality requirement for gel pH, color, liquidity, mixing quality, sort, and humectant quality were provided. Discussions: Based on the main positive aspects of the gel drug, including on injured skin or surfaces of injuries effusive covering was originated and effectively stick, not slimmed and tanned, main medical substance is rapidly released, thin effusive covering can completely separate from outer condition, consequently we prepared the gel drug from mountain butter. Researchers, M. Balkkhaev, D. Jambaninj prepared the gel containing the galenical consistent infusion, and studied and compared its quality with рН, humectant quality, and spreading capability. In order to prepare the gel with galenical infusion, carbomere (934) as gel originator substance, trietanolamin as рН adapting substance, metilparaben and propilparaben as conservant substance, glycerine as substance to increase the hatching quality, were used separately and it рН was 7.02, and spreading quality was 21.54. These explorers used the main and accidental substances that are widely used to emulge the gel drug, in their research by the modern methodology of medical technology. We prepared the water emulsion of the mountain butter and in order to formulate the gel , 2% of carbomere as the originator substance, 3% of trietanolamin as рН adapting substance, 0.18% of metilparaben and 0.02% of propilpparaben as conservant substances, and 15% of glycerin as substance to increase the humectant quality, were prepared separately and obtained gel was agreeable with the result of other researchers’ paper and provided the criterions for standardization documents and gel’s quality pharmacopoeia.

Background: Natural protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is based on cell-mediated immunity, which most importantly involves CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets. Therefore, the evaluation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell profi les are important to evaluate cell-mediated immunity. Immuno-regulating therapy is important in increase of T cell subsets. Objective: To determine some T-cell subsets in active pulmonary tuberculosis patients following immunoregulating treatment in intensive phase of antituberculosis treatment, so to evaluate the treatment effect. Method: This study was conducted in TB clinic of National Center for Communicable Diseases (NCCD) between Aug 2008 and Mar 2009. CD4+ and CD8+-T cells were evaluated in 50 active pulmonary tuberculosis (infi ltrative form) cases before antituberculosis treatment (25 cases with Salimon-Study group, 25 cases without SalimonControl group) Patients with chronic disease, pregnant and alcohol users are excluded. The T cell subsets count was performed by FACSCount fl ow cytometer at the Immunology Laboratory of the NCCD,Mongolia.The monoclonal antibodies to CD3, CD4 and CD8 (Becton Dickinson) were used for the analysis. Result: CD4 count was 605,1242,7 cells/microL, CD8 count-470,92235,7 cells/microL, CD3 count-1130,7425,6 cells/microL, CD4/CD8 ratio was-1,480,67. CD4, CD8, CD3 cells were signifi cantly lower (P=0.05) in active pulmonary TB patients than in healthy Mongolian. And these subsets were signifi cantly lower in older patients (>50 age).There was no statistical signifi cance in sex and other age groups (p>0, 05). There were statistical signifi cances such as CD4 count, CD4/CD8 ratio (CD4-733,95314,38 cells/micro, CD4/CD8 ratio-1.870,7 in treatment group, CD4-570,54213.07 cells/micro, CD4/CD8 ratio-1.260.45 in control group) between TB and control group at the end of intensive phase of antituberculosis treatment (=0,05, =0,001). However, there were not any signifi cance CD8 count and CD3 count between two groups (CD8-423,68174,28 cells/microL, CD3-1212,27453,98 cells/microL in treatment group, CD8-500,67203,74cells/microL, CD3 -1139,33 386,47 cells/ microL in control group) (=0,05). Conclusion: 1. T cell subsets were signifi cantly lower in active,new,smear positive, pulmonary TB patients than in healthy Mongolians (p=0.05). 2. The statistical signifi cance is observed in 50 years and older TB patients (p=0.05). 3. CD4, CD4/CD8 were signifi cantly higher in patients treated with immuno-regulating treatment than in patients of control group (=0,05, =0,001).