Background: The vitreous body is an inelastic, acellular, avascular, transparent matrix that fills the posterior cavity of the eye. The most common causes of spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage are proliferative diabetic retinopathy (32%), retinal tear (30%), branch retinal vein occlusion- BRVO (11%), and posterior vitreous detachment (8%). Aim: To analyze causes and visual outcomes of vitreous hemorrhage. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based retrospective study of 102 eyes of 102 consecutive patients with VH, which were managed surgically between January 2014 and January 2017, was performed. The main outcome measure was visual acuity at baseline, at 1, 14 and 28 days post operatively and at last follow up. Result: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy, branch retinal vein occlusion constituted the etilogoy of vitreous hemorrhage 62 (31%), 77 (38.50%), respectively. After vitrectomy, logMAR visual acuity significantly improved from 1.81±0.60 to 0.50±0.30 (p=0.032). Conclusion Branch retinal vein occlusion is a most common cause of vitreous haemorrhage. The poor presenting visual acuity reflects the severity of causes of vitreous haemorrhage in our environment. The visual prognosis of vitreous BRVO is relatively good.

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a disease caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel and is considered to have an individual, occupational, and socioeconomic impact. Aim: To study the risk factors for CTS among hospital floor cleaners. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among floor cleaners at the Third State Central Hospital. Clinical and electrophysiological severity of CTS were evaluated using standardised scales, and symptoms were assessed with the self-administered Boston Questionnaire (BQ). Demographic and non-occupational factors, as well as durations of current and previous occupations, were recorded. The diagnosis was confirmed by electrophysiological analysis. Each assessment was categorised as mild, moderate, or severe. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0. Result: The prevalence of CTS among floor cleaners was 39% (32/82) (p < 0.001). In the simple logistic regression, comorbidities (OR, 2.50 [95% CI, 1.02-6.16]), smoking (OR, 3.90 [95% CI, 1.12-13.57]) and in the multiple logistic regression, only comorbidities (OR, 2.90 [95% CI, 1.03-8.16]) were the predictors of CTS. Conclusion The risk of developing CTS among hospital floor cleaners is influenced by BMI, smoking, and comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is one of the most common sports-related knee injuries among young and physically active individuals, often leading to knee instability, functional impairment, and delayed return to sports. Although hamstring tendon (HT) autografts are widely used in ACL reconstruction, the optimal graft choice remains controversial. The superficial rectus femoris (SRF) tendon has recently emerged as a potential alternative autograft with favorable biomechanical properties. This study aimed to compare the clinical stability and functional outcomes of ACL reconstruction using SRF and HT autografts. Aim: This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology and risk profile of knee joint injuries in Mongolia over a 10-year period, and to evaluate the comparative clinical efficacy and functional recovery following ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon (HT) versus superficial rectus femoris (SRF) autografts. Materials and Methods: A randomized parallel-group clinical study was conducted at the Sports Injury Center of the National Trauma and Orthopedic Research Center. Fifty patients aged ≥18 years with complete ACL rupture were enrolled and randomly assigned to undergo ACL reconstruction using either a superficial rectus femoris autograft (SRF group, n=25) or a hamstring tendon autograft (HT group, n=25). The primary outcome was mechanical knee stability. Secondary outcomes included functional performance assessed using three-dimensional motion analysis, as well as patient-reported outcomes measured using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Lysholm scores. Clinical and functional assessments were performed preoperatively and at 1, 3 and 6-month postoperative follow-up visits. Comparative analyses were conducted to evaluate differences in recovery patterns between the two groups. Result: Patients in the SRF group demonstrated significantly lower early postoperative pain levels and faster functional recovery compared with the HT group (p<0.01). Three-dimensional motion analysis revealed earlier restoration of limb symmetry and improved dynamic knee stability in the SRF group during the early postoperative period. These objective biomechanical findings supported the clinical observation of accelerated rehabilitation following ACL reconstruction using SRF autografts. At six months postoperatively, however, no statistically significant differences were observed between the SRF and HT groups in terms of mechanical knee stability or patient-reported functional outcomes. Conclusion ACL reconstruction using a superficial rectus femoris autograft demonstrated superior early functional recovery compared with the traditional hamstring autograft while achieving comparable short-term clinical stability. These findings suggest that the SRF autograft may represent a promising alternative graft option for patients requiring accelerated rehabilitation and earlier return to physical activity.

Background: Partial tears of the rotator cuff tendons are a common cause of shoulder pain and functional limitation among adults. Conservative management often provides only partial relief in chronic cases. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) injections have shown promising effects in tendon regeneration, pain reduction, and improved function. PRP delivers growth factors that promote healing and reduce inflammation, while HA maintains tendon elasticity and inhibits inflammatory cytokines. Combining PRP and HA may produce synergistic therapeutic effects; however, data on their combined use in Mongolian patients remain limited. Objective: To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes of PRP, HA, and combined PRP + HA injections in patients with rotator cuff tendon disorders. Material and Method: Sixty patients diagnosed with rotator cuff pathology (ICD code M75.1) at the National Trauma and Orthopedic Research Center of Mongolia between June 2024 and June 2025 were enrolled. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: PRP + HA (n=20), PRP only (n=20), and HA only (n=20). Each patient received three ultrasound-guided injections at two week intervals. Clinical outcomes were assessed using pain score (VAS), range of motion (ROM), Constant–Murley score, and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) at baseline, 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, with p < 0.05 considered significant.
Ethics Approval. “Ach” Medical University, Ethics Committee Resolution, Date: June 30, 2023 Resolution No: 23/02/12, Location: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Results: The PRP+HA group demonstrated the greatest improvements across all parameters. Pain decreased by 60% at 12 weeks, and ROM increased by 20–25% from baseline (p<0.05). SPADI scores improved from 63.2 to 21.3 at 24 weeks (p < 0.001). No serious adverse effects occurred. Conclusion Combined PRP and HA injections significantly enhance pain relief, mobility, and shoulder function compared to either treatment alone. This combined therapy is safe, effective, and represents a promising approach for managing rotator cuff tendon disorders.

Background: The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) is an internationally recognized assessment tool that can assess disability caused by back pain in adults, is an easy-to-use 24-question questionnaire related to activities of daily living, and documents the results and plans of physical therapy. The validity and reliability of the Mongolian version of this assessment method has not been studied in the Mongolian field of physical therapy. The lack of Mongolian versions of assessments specifically aimed at evaluating disability from low back pain provided the rationale for conducting this study. Aim: The goal is to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Mongolian version of Roland-Morris disability questionnaire. Materials and Methods: The validity of the RMDQ-M version was assessed by the expert committee and the reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha using R 4.4.3. Results: When evaluating the validity of the RMDQ-M version among physical therapists, 97.5% (n=39) of the words were all understandable, and 2.5% (n=1) of the words were unclear. The reliability of the RMDQ-M version, measured by Cronbach’s Alpha, ranges from 0.903 to 0.939. Conclusion The RMDQ-M version is considered a valid and reliable tool for assessing low back pain–related disability among patients receiving physical therapy.

After low back pain and knee pain, shoulder pain has been estimated to be the third most common musculoskeletal presentation in primary care. The prognosis for people presenting with musculoskeletal shoulder pain varies widely between individuals with, on average, 50% of people with shoulder pain still reporting symptoms 6months after presenting in primary care. In addition to pain, functional disabilities are common and can interfere with work, hobbies, social, and sporting activities and may also be associated with psychological distress and reduced quality of life. Shoulder pain consequences generate high costs to society.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab monotherapy or combined with laser versus laser monotherapy in Mongolian patients with visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema.Prospective, randomized, single-center, a 12 month, laser-controlled, clinical trial. Participants: One hundred twelve eligible patients, aged ≥18 years, with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the study eye of 35 to 69 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS)letters at 4 m (Snellen equivalent: ≥6/60 or ≤6/12), with visual impairment due to center-involved diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods: Patients were randomized into three treatment groups:(I) intravitreal bevacizumab monotherapy (n=42), (II) intravitreal bevacizumab combined with laser (n=35), (III) laser monotherapy (n=35). Bevacizumab injections were given for 3 initial monthly doses and then pro re nata (PRN) thereafter based on BCVA stability and DME progression. The primary efficacy endpoints were the mean change in BCVA and central retinal subfield thickness (CRST) from baseline to month 12.Bevacizumab monotherapy or combined with laser were superior to laser monotherapy in improving mean change in BCVA letter score from baseline to month 12 (+8.3 and +11.3 vs +1.1 letters; both p<0.0001). There were significant difference detected between the bevacizumab and bevacizumab combined with laser treatment groups (p=0.004). At month 12, greater proportion of patients gained ≥10 and ≥15 letters and with BCVA letter score >73 (Snellen equivalent: >6/12) with bevacizumab monotherapy (23.8% and 7.1% and 4.8%, respectively) and bevacizumab + laser (57.1% and 28.6% and 14.3%, respectively) versus laser monotherapy. The mean central retinal subfield thickness was significantly reduced from baseline to month 12 with bevacizumab (−124.4 μm) and bevacizumab + laser (−129.0 μm) versus laser (−62.0 μm; both p<0.0001). Conjunctival hemorrhage was the most common ocular events. No endophthalmitis cases occurred.Bevacizumab monotherapy or combined with laser showed superior BCVA improvements over macular laser treatment alone in Mongolian patients with visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema.