Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a clinically significant pathogen widely distributed in food production environments. Its ability to form biofilms on food contact surfaces enhances 50 environmental persistence, increases antibiotic resistance 10–1500-fold, and poses serious challenges for food safety and public health. In Mongolia, data on the biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus in meat processing and retail environments are limited. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 437 samples collected from meat supply and retail sites, including raw meat, aprons, counters, trolleys, and workers’ hands. Isolation and confirmation of S. aureus were performed using MNS 6308:2012 and ISO 6888-1:2021 standards, followed by PCR amplification of the species-specific nucA gene (270 bp). Biofilm formation was evaluated using the microtiter plate assay with 0.5% glucose supplemented tryptic soy broth and optical density at 490 nm, and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square tests with p< 0.05 considered significant. Of the 437 samples, 14.2% (62/437) were contaminated with S. aureus. Contamination was higher in retail markets (25.9%) than supply sites (9.3%). Among isolates, 40.3% exhibited biofilm-forming ability: 29.0% weak, 9.7% moderate, and 1.6% strong. Biofilm formation did not significantly differ by sampling site or sample type (p>0.05). SEM imaging revealed distinct biofilm architectures with polysaccharide matrices at 80,000× magnification. A considerable proportion of S. aureus isolates from meat processing and retail environments exhibited biofilm forming ability, posing a potential risk for cross-contamination and persistent foodborne transmission. Strengthened hygiene and sanitation measures are essential to control biofilm-associated S. aureus contamination in Mongolia’s meat production and supply chain.

Background: Partial tears of the rotator cuff tendons are a common cause of shoulder pain and functional limitation among adults. Conservative management often provides only partial relief in chronic cases. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) injections have shown promising effects in tendon regeneration, pain reduction, and improved function. PRP delivers growth factors that promote healing and reduce inflammation, while HA maintains tendon elasticity and inhibits inflammatory cytokines. Combining PRP and HA may produce synergistic therapeutic effects; however, data on their combined use in Mongolian patients remain limited. Objective: To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes of PRP, HA, and combined PRP + HA injections in patients with rotator cuff tendon disorders. Material and Method: Sixty patients diagnosed with rotator cuff pathology (ICD code M75.1) at the National Trauma and Orthopedic Research Center of Mongolia between June 2024 and June 2025 were enrolled. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: PRP + HA (n=20), PRP only (n=20), and HA only (n=20). Each patient received three ultrasound-guided injections at two week intervals. Clinical outcomes were assessed using pain score (VAS), range of motion (ROM), Constant–Murley score, and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) at baseline, 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, with p < 0.05 considered significant.
Ethics Approval. “Ach” Medical University, Ethics Committee Resolution, Date: June 30, 2023 Resolution No: 23/02/12, Location: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Results: The PRP+HA group demonstrated the greatest improvements across all parameters. Pain decreased by 60% at 12 weeks, and ROM increased by 20–25% from baseline (p<0.05). SPADI scores improved from 63.2 to 21.3 at 24 weeks (p < 0.001). No serious adverse effects occurred. Conclusion Combined PRP and HA injections significantly enhance pain relief, mobility, and shoulder function compared to either treatment alone. This combined therapy is safe, effective, and represents a promising approach for managing rotator cuff tendon disorders.

After low back pain and knee pain, shoulder pain has been estimated to be the third most common musculoskeletal presentation in primary care. The prognosis for people presenting with musculoskeletal shoulder pain varies widely between individuals with, on average, 50% of people with shoulder pain still reporting symptoms 6months after presenting in primary care. In addition to pain, functional disabilities are common and can interfere with work, hobbies, social, and sporting activities and may also be associated with psychological distress and reduced quality of life. Shoulder pain consequences generate high costs to society.