Social working memory (SWM)-the ability to maintain and manipulate social information in the brain-plays a crucial role in social interactions. However, research on SWM is still in its infancy and is often treated as a unitary construct. In the present study, we propose that SWM can be conceptualized as having two relatively independent components: "externally oriented SWM" (e-SWM) and "internally oriented SWM" (i-SWM). To test this external-internal hypothesis, participants were tasked with memorizing and ranking either facial expressions (e-SWM) or personality traits (i-SWM) associated with images of faces. We then examined the neural correlates of these two SWM components and their functional roles in empathy. The results showed distinct activations as the e-SWM task activated the postcentral and precentral gyri while the i-SWM task activated the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex and superior frontal gyrus. Distinct multivariate activation patterns were also found within the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex in the two tasks. Moreover, partial least squares analyses combining brain activation and individual differences in empathy showed that e-SWM and i-SWM brain activities were mainly correlated with affective empathy and cognitive empathy, respectively. These findings implicate distinct brain processes as well as functional roles of the two types of SWM, providing support for the internal-external hypothesis of SWM.
Humans ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology* ; Male ; Female ; Empathy/physiology* ; Young Adult ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Adult ; Brain/diagnostic imaging* ; Brain Mapping ; Facial Expression ; Social Behavior ; Facial Recognition/physiology* ; Social Perception ; Personality/physiology*

Based on the existing literatures,four basic models for drug addiction and relapse behavior researches were generalized,namely,the motive and self-concept model,the social-environment model,the cognitive processing model,and the neuropsychological model.Analyzing the research evidence in the area,the authors considered that relapse behavior was caused by a great many diverse factors,consequently,any of these models failed to make strong predication for relapse behavior.After reviewing the addiction models,the possibilities of future integrative research in the area were discussed.

Objective: To explore the structure of concept of the Internet-related social-psychological health for undergraduates and develop The Internet-related Social-psychological Health Scale for Undergraduates (ISHS-CS). Methods: Employing exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis of the data of ISHS-CS.based on 2 samples of 511 and 581 of undergraduates respectively. Results: ① The structure of Internet-related social-psychological health for undergraduates consisted of 5 primary factors, viz. loneliness, social involvement, general depression, life happiness and life satisfaction. These five factors could be generalized into 2 higher-order dimensions, namely social health and psychological health. The ISHS-CS had satisfactory item validity, internal consistent reliability, construct validity and criterion-related validity. ② Relation of time of Internet use to Internet-related social-psychological health was unremarkable, but, some relation between frequency of internet use and social-psychological health was found. ③ Compared with the undergraduates based on Social-affective motive of Internet-use, those based on Information-acquisition motive possessed higher level of Internet-related social-psychological health. Conclusion: The concept of Internet-related social-psychological health was a reasonable construct for undergraduates, and the ISHS-CS could serve as a measurement of Internet-related social-psychological health for undergraduates.