Presented here is a cases of a 12-year old female patient who was ran over by a reaper. After a comprehensive evaluation, she was advised to undergo transvesical subtrigonal buccal mucosa graft inlay for her almost completely obliterated bladder neck contracture. Such a procedure proved to be a viable option for the patient’s bladder neck reconstruction.

Oral diseases, such as periodontitis, salivary gland diseases, and oral cancers, significantly challenge health conditions due to their detrimental effects on patient's digestive functions, pronunciation, and esthetic demands. Delayed diagnosis and non-targeted treatment profoundly influence patients' prognosis and quality of life. The exploration of innovative approaches for early detection and precise treatment represents a promising frontier in oral medicine. Exosomes, which are characterized as nanometer-sized extracellular vesicles, are secreted by virtually all types of cells. As the research continues, the complex roles of these intracellular-derived extracellular vesicles in biological processes have gradually unfolded. Exosomes have attracted attention as valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tools for their ability to transfer abundant biological cargos and their intricate involvement in multiple cellular functions. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent applications of exosomes within the field of oral diseases, focusing on inflammation-related bone diseases and oral squamous cell carcinomas. We characterize the exosome alterations and demonstrate their potential applications as biomarkers for early diagnosis, highlighting their roles as indicators in multiple oral diseases. We also summarize the promising applications of exosomes in targeted therapy and proposed future directions for the use of exosomes in clinical treatment.
Humans ; Exosomes ; Quality of Life ; Extracellular Vesicles ; Biomarkers ; Cell Communication ; Mouth Neoplasms

Tumor progression is closely related to tumor tissue metabolism and reshaping of the microenvironment. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a representative hypoxic tumor, has a heterogeneous internal metabolic environment. To clarify the relationship between different metabolic regions and the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) in OSCC, Single cell (SC) and spatial transcriptomics (ST) sequencing of OSCC tissues were performed. The proportion of TME in the ST data was obtained through SPOTlight deconvolution using SC and GSE103322 data. The metabolic activity of each spot was calculated using scMetabolism, and k-means clustering was used to classify all spots into hyper-, normal-, or hypometabolic regions. CD4T cell infiltration and TGF-β expression is higher in the hypermetabolic regions than in the others. Through CellPhoneDB and NicheNet cell-cell communication analysis, it was found that in the hypermetabolic region, fibroblasts can utilize the lactate produced by glycolysis of epithelial cells to transform into inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAFs), and the increased expression of HIF1A in iCAFs promotes the transcriptional expression of CXCL12. The secretion of CXCL12 recruits regulatory T cells (Tregs), leading to Treg infiltration and increased TGF-β secretion in the microenvironment and promotes the formation of a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. This study delineates the coordinate work axis of epithelial cells-iCAFs-Tregs in OSCC using SC, ST and TCGA bulk data, and highlights potential targets for therapy.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism* ; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck ; Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism* ; Immunosuppression Therapy ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Tumor Microenvironment

Humans ; Bayes Theorem ; Age Factors ; Age Distribution ; Mouth Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Mortality

When selecting implant guidance methods or judging whether the patient can be implanted, many doctors ignore or only use visual inspection to estimate a patient's mouth opening. This phenomenon often leads to failure to complete the implantation due to insufficient mouth opening or the deflection of the implant due to limited angle, resulting in the high incidence of corresponding complications. The main reason is that doctors lack accurate analysis and control of the overall geometric conditions of the intraoral surgical area, and three-dimensional position blocking of surgical instruments occurs during the operation. In the past, mouth opening was defined as the distance between the incisor edges of the upper and lower central incisors when the patient opens his mouth widely, and the implant area could be in any missing tooth position. When it is in the posterior tooth area, the specific measurement scheme of the mouth opening could not be simply equivalent to the previous measurement method in the anterior tooth area. However, how to measure quickly and conveniently the mouth opening of any surgical area to determine whether it could be implanted and meet the needs of the selected guidance method remains unclear. This paper introduces new concepts, establishes new classification and corresponding accurate measurement scheme of implant area, and establishes a decision tree of implant methods guided by the actually measured value. Results provide a quantitative basis for rational formulation and implementation of implant treatment.
Humans ; Mouth ; Dental Implantation, Endosseous/methods* ; Incisor ; Clinical Decision-Making ; Dental Implants

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the effects of virtual adjustment on occlusal interferences in mandibular posterior single crown and three-unit bridge restorations by using the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of a virtual articulator. METHODS: Twenty-two participants were recruited. Digital casts of the maxillary and mandibular arches were obtained using an intraoral scanner, and the jaw registration system was used to record the data of the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of the articulator. Four kinds of restorations with 0.3 mm occlusal interferences were designed with dental design software. In particular, single crowns were designed for teeth 44 and 46, whereas three-unit bridges were designed for teeth 44-46 and 45-47, and the corresponding natural teeth were virtually extracted. Virtual adjustment of the restorations was performed using two dynamic occlusal recordings, namely, the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of the virtual articulator. A reverse-engineering software was used to measure the root-mean-square of the three-dimensional deviation of the occlusal surfaces between natural teeth and the adjusted restorations. The differences between the two methods of virtual-occlusion adjustment were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: For the same group of restorations, the three-dimensional deviation of the mandibular movement track group were lower than those of the virtual articulator group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). For the four groups of restorations adjusted by the same method, the three-dimensional deviation of the 46-tooth single crown was the largest and the smallest three-dimensional deviation was that of the 44-tooth single crown. Statistical differences existed between the 44-tooth single crown and the other groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS For the occlusal design of posterior single crown and three-unit bridge, the mandibular movement track could be a more effective approach to virtual occlusal adjustment than the movement parameters of the virtual articulator.
Humans ; Mouth, Edentulous ; Occlusal Adjustment ; Jaw Relation Record ; Dental Articulators ; Software

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, severe, and highly contagious infectious disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which seriously endangers the development of animal husbandry. The inactivated FMD vaccine is the main product for the prevention and control of FMD, which has been successfully applied to control the pandemic and outbreak of FMD. However, the inactivated FMD vaccine also has problems, such as the instability of antigen, the risk of spread of the virus due to incomplete inactivation during vaccine production, and the high cost of production. Compared with traditional microbial and animal bioreactors, production of antigens in plants through transgenic technology has some advantages including low cost, safety, convenience, and easy storage and transportation. Moreover, since antigens produced from plants can be directly used as edible vaccines, no complex processes of protein extraction and purification are required. But, there are some problems for the production of antigens in plants, which include low expression level and poor controllability. Thus, expressing the antigens of FMDV in plants may be an alternative mean for production of FMD vaccine, which has certain advantages but still need to be continuously optimized. Here we review the main strategies for expressing active proteins in plants, as well as the research progress on the expression of FMDV antigens in plants. We also discuss the current problems and challenges encountered, with the aim to facilitate related research.
Animals ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics* ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control* ; Antigens, Viral/genetics* ; Viral Vaccines

OBJECTIVES: Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is a common cancer in the oral and maxillofacial region, which seriously endangers people's life and health.Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1(hnRNP A2/B1) is an RNA-binding protein that regulates the expression of a variety of genes and participates in the occurrence and development of a variety of cancers. This study aims to investigate the role of hnRNP A2/B1 in TSCC progression. METHODS: The differential expression of hnRNP A2/B1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and normal oral mucosa cells and tissues was analyzed based on the gene expression profiles of GSE146483 and GSE85195 in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The correlation between hnRNP A2/B1 expression and disease-free survival of TSCC patients was analyzed based on TSCC related chip of GSE4676. TSCC cancer and paracancerous tissue samples of 30 patients were collected in Hunan Cancer Hospital from July to December 2021. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to verify the mRNA and protein expression of hnRNP A2/B1 in TSCC patients'samples, respectively. Human TSCC Tca-8113 cells were transfected with hnRNP A2/B1 empty vector (a sh-NC group), knockdown plasmid (a sh-hnRNP A2/B1 group), empty vector overexpression plasmid (an OE-NC group) and overexpression plasmid (an OE-hnRNP A2/B1 group), respectively. The knockdown or overexpression efficiency of hnRNP A2/B1 was detected by Western blotting. The proliferation activity of Tca-8113 cells was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), and the apoptosis rate of Tca-8113 cells was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Based on the analysis of OSCC-related chips of GSE146483 and GSE85195 in the GEO database, it was found that hnRNP A2/B1 was differentially expressed in the OSCC and normal oral mucosa cells and tissues (all P<0.01). Meanwhile, the analysis of TSCC related chip GSE4676 confirmed that the expression of hnRNP A2/B1 was negatively correlated with the disease-free survival of TSCC patients (P=0.006). The results of real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that the relative expression levels of hnRNP A2/B1 mRNA and protein in TSCC tissues were significantly up-regulated compared with those in adjacent tissues (all P<0.01). The results of Western blotting showed that the expression level of hnRNP A2/B1 in Tca-8113 cells was significantly inhibited or promoted after knockdown or overexpression of hnRNP A2/B1 (all P<0.01). The results of CCK-8 and flow cytometry showed that inhibition of hnRNP A2/B1 expression in Tca-8113 cells reduced cell proliferation activity (P<0.05) and increased cell apoptic rate (P<0.01). Overexpression of hnRNP A2/B1 in Tca-8113 cells significantly increased cell proliferation (P<0.05) and decreased cell apoptosis (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS HnRNP A2/B1 is a key factor regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of TSCC cells. Inhibition of hnRNP A2/B1 expression can reduce the proliferation activity of TSCC cells and promote the apoptosis of TSCC cells.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics* ; Sincalide/metabolism* ; Tongue Neoplasms/genetics* ; Mouth Neoplasms ; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B/metabolism* ; RNA, Messenger ; Tongue/metabolism* ; Cell Line, Tumor

Objective: To understand the vaccination status of enterovirus type 71 (EV71) inactivated vaccines in China from 2017 to 2021 and provide evidence for making policy on immunization strategy against hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Methods: Using the reported dose number of EV71 vaccination and birth cohort population data collected by the China immunizaiton program information system to estimate the cumulative coverage of EV71 vaccine by the end of 2021 among the birth cohorts since 2012 at national, provincial, and prefecture levels, and analyze the correlation between the vaccination coverage and the potential influencing factors. Results: As of 2021, the estimated cumulative vaccination coverage of the EV71 vaccine was 24.96% in birth cohorts since 2012. The cumulative vaccination coverage was between 3.09% and 56.59% in different provinces, between 0 and 88.17% in different prefectures. There was a statistically significant correlation between vaccination coverage in different regions and the region's previous HFMD prevalence and disposable income per capita. Conclusions: Since 2017, the EV71 vaccines have been widely used nationwide, but the coverage of EV71 vaccination varies greatly among regions. Vaccination coverage is higher in relatively developed regions, and the intensity of previous epidemic of HFMD may have a certain impact on the acceptance of the vaccine and the pattern of immunization service. The impact of EV71 vaccination on the epidemic of HFMD requires further studies.
Humans ; Enterovirus A, Human ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/prevention & control* ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; Viral Vaccines ; Enterovirus ; Vaccination ; China/epidemiology*

Objective: To investigate the efficacies of different forms of free radial collateral artery perforator flaps in repairing the defects after oral tumor surgeries. Methods: From May 2016 to March 2021, 28 patients (22 males, 6 females, aged 35-62 years) with oral tumors admitted by Hunan Cancer Hospital received the reconstructive surgeries with the free radial collateral artery perforator flaps after removal of oral tumors, including 24 cases of tongue cancer (11 cases of tongue marginal cancer, 9 cases of tongue belly cancer and 4 cases of tongue cancer involved in the floor of the mouth) and 4 cases of buccal and oral cancer. Four forms of radial collateral artery perforator flaps were used: single perforator flaps for 6 cases, double perforators flaps for 7 cases, flaps without perforator visualization for 10 cases and chimeric perforator myocutaneous flaps for 5 cases. The recipient vessels were the superior thyroid artery and superior thyroid vein, and if second concomitant vein available, it was anastomosed with internal jugular vein in end-to-side fashion. SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean length of flaps was (9.7±0.4) cm, mean width (4.4±0.3) cm and mean thickness (1.1±0.4) cm. The mean length of the vascular pedicles was (7.1±0.6)cm (6.0-8.0 cm), the mean diameter of the radial accessory arteries was (1.1±0.3)mm (0.8-1.3 mm). Eleven cases(39.3%) had respectively one accompanying vein and 17 cases(60.7%) had respectively two accompanying veins, with the mean diameter of (1.1±0.3) mm (0.8-1.3 mm). All the 28 flaps survived, the donor and recipient wounds healed in one stage, the appearances of the flaps were satisfactory, only linear scars remained in the donor sites, and the upper arm functions were not significantly affected. Follow up for 12-43 months showed that the flaps were soft with partially mucosalization, the reconstructed tongue and buccal cavity were in good shape, and the swallowing and language functions were satisfactory. The swallowing and language functions were retained to the greatest extent in 3 cases with near total tongue resection, although the functions were still significantly affected. There was no local recurrence of the tumor during follow-up. One case had regional lymph node metastasis, and further lymph node dissection and comprehensive treatment were performed, with satisfactory outcomes. Conclusions: The vascular pedicle of the radial collateral artery perforator flap has a constant anatomy, which can be prepared in different forms to improve the safety of the operation and minimize the donor site damage. It is an ideal choice for the repair of small and medium-sized defects after oral tumor surgery.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Perforator Flap/transplantation* ; Plastic Surgery Procedures ; Tongue Neoplasms/surgery* ; Arm/surgery* ; Mouth Neoplasms/surgery* ; Arteries ; Skin Transplantation ; Treatment Outcome