BACKGROUND: An increase in bone mineral density during adolescence increases resistance to fractures in older age. The Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research and the Korean Society of Exercise Physiology developed exercise guidelines to increase the peak bone mass (PBM) in adolescents based on evidence through a systematic review of previous research.METHODS: Articles were selected using the systematic method, and the exercise guidelines were established by selecting key questions (KQs) and defining the effects of exercises based on evidence through a literature review for selecting the final exercise method. There were 9 KQs. An online search was conducted on articles published since 2000, and 93 articles were identified.RESULTS: An increase in PBM in adolescence was effective for preventing osteoporosis and fractures in older age. Exercise programs as part of vigorous physical activity (VPA) including resistance and impact exercise at least 5 to 6 months were effective for improving PBM in adolescents. It is recommended that resistance exercise is performed 10 to 12 rep·set⁻¹ 1-2 set·region⁻¹ and 3 days·week⁻¹ using the large muscles. For impact exercises such as jumping, it is recommended that the exercise is performed at least 50 jumps·min⁻¹, 10 min·day⁻¹ and 2 days·week⁻¹.CONCLUSIONS: Exercise guidelines were successfully developed, and they recommend at least 5 to 6 months of VPA, which includes both resistance and impact exercises. With the development of exercise guidelines, the incidence of osteoporosis and fractures in the aging society can be reduced in the future, thus contributing to improved public health.
Adolescent ; Aging ; Bone Density ; Exercise ; Humans ; Incidence ; Methods ; Miners ; Motor Activity ; Muscles ; Osteoporosis ; Physiology ; Public Health

Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; physiology ; Dopamine ; metabolism ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; physiology ; Humans ; Mice ; Motor Activity ; physiology ; Parkinson Disease ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Pars Compacta ; physiopathology

Previous studies have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) promotes recovery of motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD). However the mechanisms are not completely understood. Clinically, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a critical target for deep brain stimulation treatment of PD, and vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1) plays an important role in the modulation of glutamate in the STN derived from the cortex. In this study, a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of PD was treated with 100 Hz EA for 4 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) showed that EA treatment had no effect on TH expression in the ipsilateral striatum or substantia nigra pars compacta, though it alleviated several of the parkinsonian motor symptoms. Compared with the hemi-parkinsonian rats without EA treatment, the 100 Hz EA treatment significantly decreased apomorphine-induced rotation and increased the latency in the Rotarod test. Notably, the EA treatment reversed the 6-OHDA-induced down-regulation of VGluT1 in the STN. The results demonstrated that EA alleviated motor symptoms and up-regulated VGluT1 in the ipsilateral STN of hemi-parkinsonian rats, suggesting that up-regulation of VGluT1 in the STN may be related to the effects of EA on parkinsonian motor symptoms via restoration of function in the cortico-STN pathway.
Adrenergic Agents ; toxicity ; Animals ; Apomorphine ; pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dopamine Agonists ; pharmacology ; Electroacupuncture ; methods ; Functional Laterality ; drug effects ; Male ; Medial Forebrain Bundle ; injuries ; Motor Activity ; drug effects ; physiology ; Neurons ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Oxidopamine ; toxicity ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary ; chemically induced ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Subthalamic Nucleus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; drug effects ; physiology ; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1 ; metabolism

PURPOSE: Reduced brain glucose metabolism and basal forebrain cholinergic neuron degeneration are common features of Alzheimer's disease and have been correlated with memory function. Although regions representing glucose hypometabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease are targets of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, the interaction between cholinergic denervation and glucose hypometabolism is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate glucose metabolism changes caused by cholinergic deficits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We lesioned basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in rats using 192 immunoglobulin G-saporin. After 3 weeks, lesioned animals underwent water maze testing or were analyzed by 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography. RESULTS: During water maze probe testing, performance of the lesioned group decreased with respect to time spent in the target quadrant and platform zone. Cingulate cortex glucose metabolism in the lesioned group decreased, compared with the normal group. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase activity and glutamate decarboxylase 65/67 expression declined in the cingulate cortex. CONCLUSION: Our results reveal that spatial memory impairment in animals with selective basal forebrain cholinergic neuron damage is associated with a functional decline in the GABAergic and cholinergic system associated with cingulate cortex glucose hypometabolism.
Acetylcholine/metabolism ; Alzheimer Disease ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*pharmacology ; Basal Forebrain/*drug effects/metabolism ; Cholinergic Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Cholinergic Neurons/*drug effects/metabolism ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; GABAergic Neurons/*drug effects/metabolism ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Gyrus Cinguli/*drug effects/metabolism ; Humans ; Injections ; Maze Learning ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Rats ; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/*pharmacology

PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine the physical and psychological effects of an urban forest-walking program for office workers. For many workers, sedentary lifestyles can lead to low levels of physical activity causing various health problems despite an increased interest in health promotion. METHODS: Fifty four office workers participated in this study. They were assigned to two groups (experimental group and control group) in random order and the experimental group performed 5 weeks of walking exercise based on Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills Model. The data were collected from October to November 2014. SPSS 21.0 was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that the urban forest walking program had positive effects on the physical activity level (U=65.00, p <.001), health promotion behavior (t= - 2.20, p =.033), and quality of life (t= - 2.42, p =.020). However, there were no statistical differences in depression, waist size, body mass index, blood pressure, or bone density between the groups. CONCLUSION: The current findings of the study suggest the forest-walking program may have positive effects on improving physical activity, health promotion behavior, and quality of life. The program can be used as an effective and efficient strategy for physical and psychological health promotion for office workers.
Adult ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; Body Mass Index ; Body Size ; Bone Density/physiology ; Cities ; Depression/*pathology ; Female ; Forests ; *Health Promotion ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Activity ; *Quality of Life ; Sedentary Lifestyle ; Waist Circumference ; *Walking

OBJECTIVEThis study initially validates the Chinese version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C), which has been identified as a potentially valid instrument to assess moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in children among diverse racial groups.

METHODSThe psychometric properties of the PAQ-C with 742 Hong Kong Chinese children were assessed with the scale's internal consistency, reliability, test-retest reliability, confirmatory factory analysis (CFA) in the overall sample, and multistep invariance tests across gender groups as well as convergent validity with body mass index (BMI), and an accelerometry-based MVPA.

RESULTSThe Cronbach alpha coefficient (α=0.79), composite reliability value (ρ=0.81), and the intraclass correlation coefficient (α=0.82) indicate the satisfactory reliability of the PAQ-C score. The CFA indicated data fit a single factor model, suggesting that the PAQ-C measures only one construct, on MVPA over the previous 7 days. The multiple-group CFAs suggested that the factor loadings and variances and covariances of the PAQ-C measurement model were invariant across gender groups. The PAQ-C score was related to accelerometry-based MVPA (r=0.33) and inversely related to BMI (r=-0.18).

CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrates the reliability and validity of the PAQ-C in Chinese children.

Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Data Collection ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Activity ; physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the effect of Uhwang Chungsim Won [UC, Niuhuang Qingxin Pill ()] on the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal response to a motor stimulation task using a hand grasping paradigm.

METHODSTen healthy right-handed male volunteers were recruited. Their BOLD fMRI signal characteristics during hand grasping were determined before and 1 h after consuming UC.

RESULTSWith the administration of UC, BOLD responses to the right hand motor task showed a decrease in both hemispheres including the right cerebellar culmen, right and left medial frontal gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, right and left sublobar insula, right and left posterior cingulate, left precuneus, and right precentral gyrus. Decreased BOLD responses to the left hand motor task were shown in the right lingual gyrus, right cerebellar culmen, left superior temporal gyrus, right and left middle frontal gyrus, and right precentral gyrus after UC administration. Increased BOLD responses to the left hand motor task were shown in the left and right posterior cingulate, while there was no increased response to the right hand motor task after UC administration.

CONCLUSIONSUC administration significantly decreased fMRI BOLD signal responses to hand grasping in most of the brain areas including the primary motor cortex, but it is not clear whether these decreased responses were caused by a decrease in neuronal activities or by an increase in cerebral blood flow due to the cerebral vasodilatory effects of UC. Further studies using positron emission tomography or single photon emission computed tomography are needed to fully elucidate these findings.

Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Hand ; physiology ; Hand Strength ; physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Motor Activity ; drug effects ; physiology ; Oxygen ; blood ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Task Performance and Analysis

BACKGROUNDThe American Heart Association/American Stroke Association proposed a metric called Life's Simple 7 (LS7) to define cardiovascular health (CVH). The presence of a large number of ideal components of CVH is associated with lower cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. We aimed to assess CVH using LS7 in a Chinese population undergoing primary and secondary stroke prevention.

METHODSPatients with either ischemic stroke or cardiovascular risk factors were enrolled in the study from October 2010 to July 2013. LS7 components were scored as poor (0 points), intermediate (1 point), or ideal (2 points). The overall LS7 score was categorized as inadequate (0-4), average (5-9), or optimal (10-14) CVH. The Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used.

RESULTSIn total, 706 patients were enrolled. (1) The distribution of the overall LS7 score (n = 255) indicated that 9.4%, 82.4%, and 8.2% of the patients had inadequate, average, and optimal CVH, respectively. The proportion of patients with optimal CVH undergoing secondary stroke prevention was lower than that for patients undergoing primary stroke prevention (3.8% vs. 12.8%, P = 0.005). The vast majority of participants (76.1%) presented with ≤2 ideal health components. (2) The proportions of patients with poor, intermediate, and ideal status, respectively, for the following LS7 components were assessed : t0 otal cholesterol (n = 275; 5.1%, 73.8%, and 21.1%), blood pressure (n = 351; 32.5%, 59.0%, and 8.5%), blood glucose (n = 280; 9.3%, 39.6%, and 51.1%), physical activity (n = 540; 90.7%, 8.7%, and 0.6%), diet (n = 524; 0.2%, 92.4%, and 7.4%), smoking (n = 619; 20.7%, 2.9%, and 76.4%), and body mass index (n = 259; 6.6%, 35.5%, and 57.9%).

CONCLUSIONSFew Chinese patients undergoing stroke prevention had optimal CVH (determined using LS7). Additionally, fewer patients undergoing secondary prevention had optimal CVH than those undergoing primary prevention. In particular, physical activity and diet status in this population require improvement.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; American Heart Association ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Activity ; physiology ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; adverse effects ; Stroke ; blood ; prevention & control ; United States

Child ; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Complementary Therapies ; methods ; Constipation ; etiology ; physiopathology ; psychology ; therapy ; Diet Therapy ; methods ; Disease Management ; Environment ; Humans ; Motor Activity ; physiology

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, is involved in sleep physiology. Caffeine is widely used psychoactive substance known to induce wakefulness and insomnia to its consumers. This study was performed to examine whether GABA extracts from fermented rice germ ameliorates caffeine-induced sleep disturbance in mice, without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity and motor coordination. Indeed, caffeine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) delayed sleep onset and reduced sleep duration of mice. Conversely, rice germ ferment extracts-GABA treatment (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg, p.o.), especially at 100 mg/kg, normalized the sleep disturbance induced by caffeine. In locomotor tests, rice germ ferment extracts-GABA slightly but not significantly reduced the caffeine-induced increase in locomotor activity without affecting motor coordination. Additionally, rice germ ferment extracts-GABA per se did not affect the spontaneous locomotor activity and motor coordination of mice. In conclusion, rice germ ferment extracts-GABA supplementation can counter the sleep disturbance induced by caffeine, without affecting the general locomotor activities of mice.
Animals ; Anxiety ; Caffeine ; Central Nervous System ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid* ; Mice* ; Motor Activity ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Physiology ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Wakefulness