BACKGROUND: Motion sickness is a common transportation issue worldwide. Vestibular dysfunction has been reported to be a key etiology of motion sickness. However, there are limited technologies for alleviating motion sickness. METHODS: The most appropriate frequency (Hz) and level (dBZ) of pure tone for modulation of vestibular function were determined by an ex vivo study using murine utricle explants. The preventive effects of the selected pure tone on motion sickness were then confirmed by using a beam balance test in mice. The alleviating effects of pure tone on motion sickness induced by a swing, driving simulator or real car were objectively assessed by using posturography and electrocardiography (ECG) and were subjectively assessed by using the Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire (MSAQ) in humans. RESULTS: The effect of short-term (≤5 min) exposure to a pure tone of 80-85 dBZ (= 60.9-65.9 dBA) at 100 Hz on motion sickness was investigated in mice and humans. A mouse study showed a long-lasting (≥120 min) alleviative effect on shaking-mediated exacerbated beam test scores by 5-min exposure to a pure tone of 85 dBZ at 100 Hz, which was ex vivo determined as a sound activating vestibular function, before shaking. Human studies further showed that 1-min exposure to a pure tone of 80-85 dBZ (= 60.9-65.9 dBA) at 100 Hz before shaking improved the increased envelope areas in posturography caused by the shakings of a swing, a driving simulator and a vehicle. Driving simulator-mediated activation of sympathetic nerves assessed by the heart rate variable (HRV) and vehicle-mediated increased scores of the MSAQ were improved by pure tone exposure before the shaking. CONCLUSION: Since the exacerbated results of posturography and HRV reflect shaking-mediated imbalance and autonomic dysfunction, respectively, the results suggest that the imbalance and autonomic dysregulation in motion sickness could be improved by just 1-min exposure to a pure tone with daily exposable sound pressure levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registration number: UMIN000022413 (2016/05/23-2023/04/19) and UMIN000053735 (2024/02/29-present).
Motion Sickness/therapy* ; Animals ; Mice ; Humans ; Male ; Adult ; Female ; Sound ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

Visually induced motion sickness(VIMS)is the major barrier to be broken in the development of virtual reality(VR)technology,which seriously affects the progress in the VR industry.Therefore,the detection and evaluation of VIMS has become a hot research topic nowadays.We review the progress in physiological assessment of VIMS in VR based on several physiological indicators,including electroencephalogram(EEG),postural sway,eye movements,heart rate variability,and skin electrical signals,and summarize the available therapies,aiming to provide an outlook on the future research directions of VIMS.
Humans ; Motion Sickness/diagnosis* ; Virtual Reality ; Heart Rate

Objective: To explore the feasibility of applying quantitative analysis of the facial skin color to evaluate the severity of motion sickness objectively and to seek objective indicators that can reflect the severity of motion sickness. Methods: Motion sickness was induced in 51 male adult subjects recruited at the Air Force Medical University by Coriolis acceleration stimulation, and facial skin colorimetric values were acquired using a portable spectrophotometer at five time points: before stimulation and at 0 min, 10 min, 20 min and 30 min after the end of stimulation. The Graybiel rating scales were applied to assess the severity of motion sickness in subjects at each time point after stimulation, and the correlation between the magnitude of change in each colorimetric value and the maximum Graybiel's score was analyzed. The ROC curves were used to compare the evaluation performance of colorimetric value indicators which could reflect the severity of motion sickness. Results: Each colorimetric value in the CIE-L^*a^*b^* color system changed significantly after exposure to provocative motion stimuli, and the trend was consistent with the typical sign of pallor in motion sickness. The magnitudes of the increase in the colorimetric value CIE-L^*, the decrease in CIE-a^*, and the increase in CIE-b^* were all significantly and positively correlated with the maximum of Graybiel's scores (r=0.490 0, P=0.000 3; r=0.549 3, P<0.000 1; r=0.540 9, P<0.000 1). Comparing the performance of three colorimetric indicators to assess the severity of motion sickness, CIE-a^* had an area under the ROC curve of 0.875 0, a sensitivity of 85.71%, and a specificity of 87.50%, which was better than CIE-L^* and CIE-b^*. Conclusions: The CIE-L^*a^*b^* colorimeter values can be considered as objective indicators of the severity of motion sickness, among which the colorimetric indicator CIE-a^* has the most diagnostic significance, and the method of quantitative analysis of the facial skin color can provide a new reference for the objective evaluation of the severity of motion sickness.
Adult ; Face ; Feasibility Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Motion Sickness ; Skin Pigmentation

With an introduce of virtual reality (VR) technology, the issue of unpleasant side effect of VR immersion has been raised as “cybersickness.” Although exact mechanism of cybersickness is still elusive, sensory conflict theory has been generally accepted as in classic motion sickness. The absence of expected correlated vestibulo-proprioceptive sensory information during VR experience causes sensory conflict, which leads to dizziness, disorientation, nausea and fatigue. Herein, we review the recent literature to build the conceptual scheme for understanding cybersickness. From the brief description of motions sickness, assessment and management of cybersickness is also outlined.
Dizziness ; Fatigue ; Immersion ; Motion Sickness ; Nausea

Vertigo, dizziness, and disequilibrium are common symptoms following concussion or traumatic brain injury. Dizziness and vertigo may be the result of trauma to the peripheral vestibular system or the central nervous system, or, in some cases, may be due to anxiety, depression, or posttraumatic stress disorder; these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. While most peripheral vestibular disorders can be identified by testing and examination, those without inner ear causes that have persisting complaints of dizziness and motion sickness are more difficult to understand and to manage. Some of these patients exhibit features compatible with vestibular migraine and may be treated successfully with migraine preventative medications. This paper reviews the neurological causes of persisting dizziness, the possible mechanisms, and the pathophysiology, as a framework for patient management and for future research.
Anxiety ; Brain Injuries ; Central Nervous System ; Depression ; Diffuse Axonal Injury ; Dizziness ; Ear, Inner ; Humans ; Migraine Disorders ; Motion Sickness ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Vertigo

BACKGROUND: Aprepitant is effective in prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, when administrated with other antiemetics. We compared the effectiveness of aprepitant to ondansetron for prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients who received a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) containing opioids. METHODS: 198 patients were randomized into two groups. The treatment group was received an aprepitant, 80 mg, and the control group received a placebo. General anesthesia with inhalational anesthetics–N2O was performed, and PCA was supplied, which contained opioids-NSAIDs-ondansetron. The primary end-point was the incidence of PONV for postoperative 48 hours, and the secondary end-point was the changes in the relationship between PONV incidence and risk factors. RESULTS: PONV incidence in the treatment group was lower than in the control group (18.6% [95% CI: 10.8–26.3], 33.3% [95% CI: 23.6–43.1], respectively, P = 0.021). Relative risk of PONV in the control group was 1.80 (95% CI: 1.08–3.00, P = 0.010). PONV scores peaked at around postoperative 6 hours, then gradually decreased in the control group but not in the treatment group, which showed lower values than the control group (P = 0.001), and no changing patterns were observed (P < 0.001). Risk factors analyzed were sex, surgery type, history of motion sickness or PONV, and smoking habits. Their effects of all risk factors except sex were abolished in the treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic aprepitant with ondansetron was more effective than ondansetron-only regimen in preventing PONV after volatile anesthesia with opioid-containing PCA. Aprepitant abolished the effects of most of risk factors, so it could be efficacious in a high-risk PONV group.
Analgesia, Patient-Controlled* ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Antiemetics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Motion Sickness ; Nausea ; Ondansetron ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting* ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the most common postoperative complications. Despite this, few papers have reported the incidence and independent risk factors associated with PONV in the context of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). Therefore, we sought to determine the incidence of PONV, as well as to identify risk factors for the condition in patients who had undergone OMFS under general anesthesia. METHODS: A total of 372 patients' charts were reviewed, and the following potential risk factors for PONV were analyzed: age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, history of PONV and/or motion sickness, duration of anesthesia, amount of blood loss, nasogastric tube insertion and retention and postoperative opioid used. Univariate analysis was performed, and variables with a P-value less than 0.1 were entered into a multiple logistic regression analysis, wherein P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The overall incidence of PONV was 25.26%. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the following variables were independent predictors of PONV: age < 30 years, history of PONV and/or motion sickness, and anesthesia duration > 4 h. Furthermore, the number of risk factors was proportional to the incidence of PONV. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PONV in patients who have undergone OMFS varies from center to center depending on patient characteristics, as well as on anesthetic and surgical practice. Identifying the independent risk factors for PONV will allow physicians to optimize prophylactic, antiemetic regimens.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Body Mass Index ; Humans ; Incidence ; Logistic Models ; Motion Sickness ; Postoperative Complications ; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting* ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Surgery, Oral*

OBJECTIVETo verify the efficacy of Jianpi-xingniao needling therapy on prevention and treatment of motion sickness.

METHODSSixty volunteers of motion sickness were randomized into an acupuncture group and a delayed acupuncture group, 30 cases in each one. In the acupuncture group, acupuncture was given at Baihui (GV 20), Sishencong (EX-HN 1), Neiguan (PC 6), Zusanli (ST 36) and Hegu (LI 4). The needles were retained for 20 min. The treatment was given twice a week and 10 treatments were required. In the delayed acupuncture group, acupuncture was postponed, meaning no acupuncture during observation stage. Graybel scale was adopted to observe the score of symptoms and physical signs of the subjects of motion sickness before and after intervention. The efficacy was compared between the two groups.

RESULTSTwenty-five cases in the acupuncture group and 22 cases in the delayed acupuncture group were included in the statistical analysis. The score of symptoms and physical signs of motion sickness was reduced significantly after treatment in the acupuncture group as compared with that before treatment (10.12 +/- 3.37 vs 0.92 +/- 0.40, P < 0.05). The score in the acupuncture group was lower apparently than that in the delayed acupuncture group (0.92 +/- 0.40 vs 9.86 +/- 2.53, P < 0.05). The difference was not significant before and after treatment in the self-comparison of the delayed acupuncture group (P > 0.05). The total effective rate was 96.0% (24/25) in the acupuncture group, which was significantly better than 0.0% (0/22) in the delayed acupuncture group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONJianpixingniao needling therapy relieves the symptoms of motion sickness in the patients and achieves a better clinical efficacy.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Motion Sickness ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Humans ; Motion Sickness ; diagnosis ; Travel

OBJECTIVEIncidence and severity of motion sickness (MS) in hot-humid environment are extremely high. We tried to know the effect of two-stage training for reducing incidence and severity of ms.

METHODSSixty male subjects were divided into experimental group and control group randomly. Subjects in experimental group received: (2) adaptation training including sitting, walking and running in hot lab. After adaptation confirmation based on subjective feeling, rectal temperature, heart rate, blood Pressure, sweat rates and sweat salt concentration, we tested both groups by Coriolis acceleration revolving chair test and recorded Graybiel's score and grading of severity to evaluate whether adaptation training was useful; (2) Anti-dizzy training 3m later of deacclimatization contained revolving chair training for 10 times. Then we did the same test as mentioned above to evaluate effect of anti-dizzy training. RESULST: Graybiel' s score and grading of severity had no difference between two groups through acclimatization training (P > 0.05). While they had difference through anti-dizzy training (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONAdaptation training seems useless for reducing incidence and severity of MS in hot-humid environment, but anti-dizzy training is useful.

Acclimatization ; physiology ; Adolescent ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Male ; Motion Sickness ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Young Adult