The chemical constituents from the fruits of Morinda citrifolia were systematically explored by chromatographic fractionation methods including silica gel, octadecylsilyl(ODS) gel, Sephadex LH-20 gel, and preparative high performance liquid chromatography(pre-HPLC). The chemical structures of all isolated compounds were identified on the basis of their physicochemical properties, spectroscopic analyses, as well as the comparisons of their physicochemical and spectroscopic data with the reported data in literature. As a result, 22 isolated compounds from the 90% ethanol extract of the fruits of M. citrifolia were identified, which were moricitritone(1), 2'-deoxythymidine(2), cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr)(3), methyl-5-hydroxy-2-pyridinecarboxylate(4), methyl pyroglutamate(5), bisbenzopyran(6), epipinoresinol(7), 3, 3'-bisdemethyl pinoresinol(8), 3, 3'-bisdemethyltanegool(9), trimesic acid(10), crypticin B(11), kojic acid(12), vanillic acid(13), protocatechoic acid(14), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural(15), blumenol A(16), 1-O-(9Z, 12Z-octadecadienoyl) glycerol(17), mucic acid dimethylester(18), methyl 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosylbenzoate(19), 2-phenylethyl-O-β-D-glucoside(20), scopoletin(21), and quercetin(22). Among them, compound 1 was a new pyrone derivative, compounds 2, 4-7, 10-12, and 17 were isolated from the plants belonging to Morinda genus for the first time, and compound 18 was obtained from M. citrifolia for the first time. Moreover, on the basis of testing the activities of all isolated compounds on inhibiting the proliferation of synovial fibroblasts in vitro by MTS assay, the anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities of all isolated compounds were initially evaluated. The results showed that compounds 1-6, 9, 19, and 20 exhibited remarkable anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities, which displayed the inhibitory effects on the proliferation of MH7A synovial fibroblast cells with the IC_(50) values in the range of(3.69±0.08) to(168.96±0.98) μmol·L~(-1).
Fruit/chemistry* ; Morinda/chemistry* ; Synoviocytes ; Cell Proliferation ; Arthritis

The chemical constituents from the stems and leaves of Morinda citrifolia were isolated and purified by column chromatography methods with silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analysis, as well as comparisons with the data reported in literature. 17 compounds were isolated from the 90% ethanol extract of the stems and leaves of M. citrifolia, and were identified as 9,10-dihydroxy-4, 7-megastigmadien-3-one(1), 5,12-epoxy-6,9-hydroxy-7-megastigmen-3-one(2), fukinone(3), β-eudesmol(4), sarmentol F(5), 4, 5-dihydroblumenol A(6), 3-hydroxy-β-ionone(7), aristol-8-en-1-one(8), ergosta-7-en-3β-ol(9), ergosta-7-ene-3β,5α,6β-triol(10),(22E)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol(11), olivil(12), 4-epi-larreatricin(13), chushizisin Ⅰ(14), rabdosia acid A(15), glycerol monolinoleate(16) and(9Z,12Z,15Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadeca-trienoate(17). All compounds were isolated from M. citrifolia for the first time. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities via examining their inhibitory activities on the proliferation of synoviocytes in vitro using MTS met-hod. Compounds 1-11 showed significant anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities, displaying the inhibitory effects on the proliferation of MH7 A synovial fibroblast cell with the IC_(50) values ranging from(38.69±0.86) to(203.45±1.03) μmol·L~(-1).
Cell Proliferation ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Molecular Structure ; Morinda ; Synoviocytes

Antineoplastic Agents ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cohort Studies ; Comorbidity ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Morinda ; Multivariate Analysis ; Myocardial Ischemia ; National Health Programs ; Observational Study ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Prostate ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Social Class

Cross-Sectional Studies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Morinda ; Oxygen ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Quality of Life

Noni is a dry and mature fruit of Morinda citrifolia, which is widely distributed in the islands in the southern Pacific Ocean and the Indochina Peninsula in Asia. It is edible and has been used as a natural medicine for thousands of years. At present, Noni has been legally introduced into China, but there is no clear standard of traditional Chinese medicine properties and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine, which greatly limits the application of compatibility with traditional Chinese medicine in China. This article appllied our pioneering modern research technology of new herbal medicine outside of China, theoretically studied the traditional Chinese medicine properties of Noni, and scientifically guided the reasonable compatibility and application of Noni with traditional Chinese medicine. The Web of Science and PubMed databases were selected to access the literatures on Noni. The retrieval time was August 1, 2018, with Noni or Morinda citrifolia as the search term. A total of 862 articles were retrieved. By reading the titles and abstracts of the articles, in addition to repetitive and irrelevant literature, 251 scientific research literatures with reasonable design and high credibility were selected, including 25 clinical trials, 94 pharmacological experiments, and 51 chemical composition literatures. Through analysis of scientific research literatures, led by clinical experiments, supported by pharmacological experiments, combined with the research progress of chemical components, the medicinal properties were studied under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory. The Chinese medicine property of Noni is flat, with acid and sweet flavor.The channel tropisms of Noni included kidney, liver and spleen. The function of Noni included tonifying kindey and liver, strengthening tendon and bone, yiqi yangyin. The clinical application of Noni is used for liver and kidney deficiency, waist and knee weakness, weak muscles and bones; Qi and Yin deficiency, tiredness and thirst. Taken as fruit pulp or dry powder, the equivalent of dried product is 1-4 g. Noni is also distributed in Taiwan, Hainan in China. Hainan, Yunnan have been cultivated and introduced. Give Noni a clear Chinese medicine property, and lay a theoretical foundation for the compatibility of Noni with traditional Chinese medicine, which can enrich the Chinese medicine resources and promote the development of Chinese medicine.
China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Fruit/chemistry* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Morinda/chemistry* ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts ; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry*

The aim of the study was to obtain the secondary metabolites in the stem segment of noni and to establish genetic transformation system. The stem segments (no axillary buds) of noni were used as explants to induce the callus, and then to establish the cell suspension system. The factors affecting callus induction and cell suspension were studied. The results showed that the optimal culture medium for induction was MS with 1.0 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the optimum culture medium for suspension was MS with 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D, 3% sucrose and the pH of 5.85, with the initial inoculation amount of 37.5 g/L, and the speed of 110 r/min and 25±2 °C applying darkness culture. The suspension cells grew well and showed the maximum growth rate. The growth curve of the suspension cells from the stem segment of noni was in "S-typed" trend, and it should be transformed to the fresh medium between 12 and 20 d. During the culture, the pH of the culture medium decreased and then slowly increased, and the optimum pH for the suspension cells culture of callus from noni's stem segments was 4.5-5.0. In this study, the stable cell suspension system of the stem segment of noni was successfully established.
Cell Culture Techniques ; Culture Media ; Morinda ; Sucrose ; Suspensions

PURPOSE: Youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated if metformin or statin use was associated with surrogate measures of improved CVD. METHODS: We included participants from the SEARCH observational study. Participants treated with insulin plus metformin (n=42) or insulin plus statin (n=39) were matched with 84 and 78 participants, respectively, treated with insulin alone. Measures of arterial stiffness obtained were pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AI75), and heart rate variability as standard deviation of the normal-to-normal interval (SDNN) and root mean square differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD).
Adolescent ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Insulin ; Metformin ; Morinda ; Observational Study ; Prospective Studies ; Pulse Wave Analysis ; Vascular Stiffness

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of adding basal insulin to initiating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and metformin and/or sulfonylurea (SU) in achieving the target glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This was a single-arm, multicenter, 24-week, open-label, phase 4 study in patients with inadequately controlled (HbA1c ≥7.5%) T2DM despite the use of DPP-4 inhibitor and metformin. A total of 108 patients received insulin glargine while continuing oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of subjects achieving HbA1c ≤7.0%. Other glycemic profiles were also evaluated, and the safety endpoints were adverse events (AEs) and hypoglycemia. RESULTS: The median HbA1c at baseline (8.9%; range, 7.5% to 11.1%) decreased to 7.6% (5.5% to 11.7%) at 24 weeks. Overall, 31.7% subjects (n=33) achieved the target HbA1c level of ≤7.0%. The mean differences in body weight and fasting plasma glucose were 1.2±3.4 kg and 56.0±49.8 mg/dL, respectively. Hypoglycemia was reported in 36 subjects (33.3%, 112 episodes), all of which were fully recovered. There was no serious AE attributed to insulin glargine. Body weight change was significantly different between SU users and nonusers (1.5±2.5 kg vs. −0.9±6.0 kg, P=0.011). CONCLUSION: The combination add-on therapy of insulin glargine, on metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors with or without SU was safe and efficient in reducing HbA1c levels and thus, is a preferable option in managing T2DM patients exhibiting dysglycemia despite the use of OADs.
Blood Glucose ; Body Weight ; Body Weight Changes ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Fasting ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Insulin Glargine ; Insulin ; Metformin ; Morinda

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the epidemiological characteristics of bicycle injuries and the wearing of a helmet. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using the emergency department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance data from 2013 to 2016. The study population consisted of patients related to bicycles of all ages. The variables associated with helmet wearing were sex, age, type of location, activity at injury, alcohol use at injury, and time of injury. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the risks of nonuse of helmets. RESULTS: Among the 31,923 eligible patients, 3,304 patients (10.3%) were wearing helmets at the time of the injury. The adjusted logistic regression model showed that females (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.675; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.614–0.742), teenagers (aOR, 0.265; 95% CI, 0.232–0.302), old age (aOR, 0.378; 95% CI, 0.326–0.438), road except for bicycle lanes (aOR, 0.510; 95% CI, 0.467-0.557), leisure (aOR, 0.290; 95% CI, 0.252–0.334) or vital activity (aOR, 0.188; 95% CI, 0.162–0.218) at injury, alcohol use at injury (aOR, 0.329; 95% CI, 0.253–0.427), night time (aOR, 0.609; 95% CI, 0.560–0.663), and winter (aOR 0.734; 95% CI 0.619–0.872) were significantly associated with the nonuse of helmets. CONCLUSION: This study identified the factors associated with helmet use during bicycle riding. Strategies aimed at increasing the use of bicycle helmets targeting the risk population are needed.
Adolescent ; Bicycling ; Emergencies ; Female ; Head Protective Devices ; Humans ; Leisure Activities ; Logistic Models ; Morinda ; Observational Study ; Odds Ratio

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to investigate the association between the systemic intake of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and the early failure of dental implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study involving 1,918 dental implants in 592 patients (69 implants in 24 PPI users and 1,849 implants in 568 nonusers, respectively) was conducted. The effect of PPI intake on the osseointegration of dental implants was evaluated using patient- and implant-level models. RESULTS: Among 24 PPI users, two patients experienced implant failure, one of whom had three and the other of whom had one failed implant, respectively. Thus, the rate of failure for this population was 8.3%. Separately, 11 nonusers each experienced one implant failure, and the failure rate for these patients was 1.9%. Fisher's exact test revealed statistically significant differences between PPI users and nonusers at the implant level (P=0.002) but failed to show any significance at the patient level (P=0.094). The odds of implant failure were 4.60 times greater among PPI users versus nonusers. Dental implants that were placed in patients using PPIs were found to be 4.30 times more likely to fail prior to loading. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that PPI intake may be associated with an increased risk of early dental implant failure.
Cohort Studies ; Dental Implantation ; Dental Implants ; Humans ; Morinda ; Osseointegration ; Proton Pump Inhibitors ; Proton Pumps ; Protons ; Rehabilitation ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors