Introduction: Recently, there has been a significant focus on developing extended-release tablets that regulate drug release at a predetermined rate to maintain optimal therapeutic plasma concentrations. Extended-release formulations offer several clinical advantages, including reducing the frequency of drug administration, minimizing fluctuations in plasma drug concentrations, decreasing adverse effects, and improving therapeutic outcomes.
According to Mongolia’s national pharmaceutical policy, it is essential to conduct quality assurance and safety monitoring studies on imported substitute products included in the national essential medicines list. The policy also mandates the quality control of pharmaceuticals in internationally accredited laboratories compliant with MNS ISO/ IEC 17025:2018 standards. Methods: The quality control parameters of Diclofenac Sodium Retard 100 mg tablets from three different manufacturers were evaluated by the methodologies outlined in the United States Pharmacopeia USP32 and USP44. The study assessed physical appearance, average weight, weight variation, friability, dissolution, and quantitative drug content determination. Results: The average weight and weight variation of Diclofenac Sodium Retard 100 mg tablets from three different manufacturers were as follows: Tablet A: (+3.60%, -2.84%), Tablet B: (+1.53%,-1.86%), Tablet C: (+2.53%,-1.96%). The friability and mechanical strength tests determined that all three tablets exhibited 99.9% friability resistance. The quantitative determination of Diclofenac Sodium content per tablet was: Tablet A: 0.098 g, Tablet B: 0.105 g, Tablet C: 0.104 g. Microbiological purity analysis showed that in all three tablets (A, B, and C), The total aerobic bacterial count was <101 CFU. The total mold and yeast count was <101 CFU and Escherichia coli was not detected. Dissolution test results showed the following percentage of drug released at different time points: Tablet A: 60 min: 16.1%, 120 min: 24.7%, 240 min: 39.6%, 360 min: 52.3%, 600 min: 73.6%. Tablet B: 60 min: 18.4%, 120 min: 26.1%, 240 min: 39.1%, 360 min: 55.8%, 600 min: 75.2%. Tablet C: 60 min: 18.6%, 120 min: 31.4%, 240 min: 52.9%, 360 min: 65.9%, 600 min: 77.0%. These results demonstrate that all tested tablets met the dissolution requirements of USP 44, 2021. Conclusion The findings indicate that the three manufacturers’ Diclofenac Sodium Retard 100 mg tablets comply with the quality standards set by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP 32 and USP 44) and Mongolian Pharmacopoeia 2011.

Introduction: Doxylamine succinate has an anticholinergic effect and is an antihistaminic active compound. Drugs containing this active compound relieve the symptoms of allergies, allergic rhinitis, and the common cold and treat short-term insomnia.
In Mongolia’s National Drug Registration list, five doxylamine succinate-based tablets are cataloged, and imported from France, Turkey, Slovenia, India, and South Korea. Doxylamine succinate tablets have not yet been introduced into production within domestic industries. Therefore, we have developed tablets featuring novel technology and standardization. Purpose: This study aims to investigate the research on technology and standardization of doxylamine succinate tablets and assess the viability of their introduction into domestic manufacturing. Methods: For the technological study, the main raw material was purchased from Apollo Healthcare Ltd. in China, and tablets of 5 versions were obtained by wet granulation compression method. Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio of the granules were calculated according to the British pharmacopeia.
For the standardization study, we purchased standards from Sigmaaldrich® and determined physical, and chemical parameters by Mongolian National Pharmacopoeia (MNP) and United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). Results: Version 2’s Carr’s index was 8.15%, and Hausner’s ratio was 1.09, indicating that the tablet’s compressibility and flowability of granules are excellent. Moreover, version 3’s Carr’s index was 10.70%, and Hausner’s ratio was 1.12, which indicates the tablet’s compressibility and flowability of granules are good.
Both versions above met the requirements as appearance, friability, breaking force, weight variation limits, dissolution, and assay according to USP and MNP. Despite that, only version 3 conformed to disintegration for requirements outlined in the MNP. Conclusion The assay determination method has been validated following ICH guidelines and the quality attributes of the tablet have been specified. Based on the results obtained, version 3 of the experimental tablets is deemed feasible for introduction into production.

Introduction: Antibiotics are commonly prescribed in paediatrics.¹ Children were 1.3 times more likely to be treated with antibiotics compared to adults.² Especially, antibiotic prescription is higher in children aged under 5 years.³ Purpose: To identify the most widely used antibiotics in the age group of 0-5. Objectives of the study:
1. To identify the most widely used antibiotics and classify them by pharmacological group
2. To analyze the pharmaceutical dosage forms of commonly prescribed antibiotics for infants and toddlers Methods: In our study, we selected 20 pharmacies from 6 districts (Bayanzurkh, Bayangol, Khan-Uul, Songinokhairkhan, Chingeltei, and Sukhbaatar) of Ulaanbaatar city using a single random sampling method. A total of 496 antibiotic prescriptions written for children aged 0-5 years in 20 pharmacies were analyzed. Antibiotic prescription forms for children aged 0-5 years registered in the pharmacies in November, December 2023, and January 2024 were collected. The results were processed using “SPSS 29.0.2” program. Result: Among a total of 496 antibiotic prescriptions written for children, 341 were written in solid dosage form and 155 were in liquid dosage form (suspension). Amoxicillin 250 mg and Amoxiclav 312.5 mg were mostly used from Penicillin group for the treatment of infants and toddlers. Clarithromycin 125mg/5ml from Macrolide group had an important role in treatment. Cefixime 400 mg from the Cephalosporin group was used in some cases such as diarrhea and vomit. Conclusions
1. Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav, Clarithromycin (Penicillin, Macrolide) antibiotics are the most widely used in the treatment of infants and toddlers.
2. It has concluded that antibiotic prescriptions for infants and toddlers mainly include solid and suspension antibiotics.

Introduction: The development of Mongolian traditional medicine (MTM) has historical roots in Indian Ayurvedic and Tibetan medical systems. The Four Medical Tantras significantly influenced MTM’s education, theory, and practice. Disease classifications within the Four Medical Tantras have long been foundational for diagnosis, treatment, and teaching.
Mongolian scholar Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan expanded the Four Medical Tantras’ classification system in his seminal work, A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation from the Decrees of Khamba Nomun Khan. This study compares disease classifications from this work with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) specific to Traditional Medicine (TM). Goal: To analyze and compare the disease classifications in A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation from the Decrees of Khamba Nomun Khan with ICD-10 TM classifications, providing detailed insights. Methods: The study utilized the following materials:
• Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan’s A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation from the Decrees of Khamba Nomun Khan.
• ICD-10 classifications of diseases. Research methods included source study, comparative analysis, and systematic categorization. Results: Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan authored four volumes comprising 79 sections and 220 chapters, detailing 404 diseases classified by “place,” “cause,” “nature,” and “root.” While aligned with the Four Medical Tantras, his classifications offer deeper specificity, such as diseases caused by combinations of the five vital energies (wind, bile, phlegm, etc.).
This study focused on 101 diseases classified by “place” and 101 by “cause” for comparison. The ICD-10 TM classification system organizes diseases into 15 segments based on diagnostic criteria and etiology. A comparative analysis of the 202 diseases from Lama Gegeen’s text revealed alignment and divergence in categorization principles. Conclusion Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan’s “A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation” (1639–1704), written in Tibetan, provides an extensive classification of 404 diseases. While the ICD-10 TM system organizes diseases into 15 categories with etiology-based diagnostics, it lacks the detailed elaboration found in Lama Gegeen’s work. Integrating these classification systems could enhance diagnostics, treatment strategies, and research in traditional medicine.

Introduction: This time, we will clarify the terms used to express the traditional medical knowledge of Turks, Arabs, Persians, Khotons, or Uyghurs that have not been deeply explored by researchers in the book “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink.” In addition, we propose to lay the foundation for studying the level of ancient medical relations between the ancient Mongols and Islamic countries and to create a new direction of research. Therefore, it is important to conduct a detailed study based on the sample of words related to food, drink, and herbal medicine of Islamic countries such as Turks, Arabs, Persians, and Uyghurs in the book “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” besides from Chinese medicine. The aim of the research: To explain the names of food and drink of Turkic, Arabic, and Khoton (Uyghur) origin in the “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” of 1330 AD. Research results Paul D. Buell and Eugene N. Anderson (2010), who translated the book “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink” into English titled “A Soup for the Qan” with an explanation, have extensively and seriously considered how the book relates to the Islamic world. These researchers also say that “the diet, medicinal plants, and grains of the Islamic world reflect a common Middle Eastern (Iranian-Arab) culture rather than the specifics of the Turkic peoples. However, since Turkic elements are dominant in other parts of Islamic culture, there is no doubt that the Turkic forms of some Arabic and Iranian words are often found in “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink.” Therefore, we have selected some words from Paul D. Buell and Eugene N. Anderson’s book “A Soup for the Qan” and considered them to be Turkic, Persian, and Arabic words. In fact, there are 36 Turkic origin words, 4 Persian origin words, and 5 Arabic origin words. However, if we look closely, we find that there are quite a few Mongolized Turkic words and Turkized Mongolian words. Conclusion: In the book “A Soup for the Qan” translated from Chinese with commentary into English by Paul D. Buell and Eugene N. Anderson, words of Turkic, Persian, and Arabic origin, namely 36 Turkic words, 4 Persian words, and 5 Arabic words, were selected and noted. Our research revealed that 11 of these 45 chosen words were Mongolian or Mongolian words of Turkic origin after thorough analysis. This result is in line with Bold Sharav’s 2022 book, which explained and noted that there were 23 Mongolian words in “Fundamental Principles of Food and Drink,” and it became clear that there were a total of 34 Mongolian or Mongolian words of Turkic origin words.

Introduction: Among the ancient medical books, manuscripts written in clear script, with unique vocabulary and treatment methods, have been found. The vocabulary in this work is very ancient, and the treatment methods are systematic, with few mentions of theoretical concepts. Most of the unfamiliar words were written in the pronunciation of the ancient Oirat Torghut and Dorbet. Some of these words were of Uyghur and Sartuul (Khui Khui) origin. Therefore, we worked to determine when and by whom this book was written, what its content was, and which direction of medicine it belongs to. Objectives: To study an ancient book written in clear script, containing Islamic medical knowledge, found in Mongolia. Results “The Healing Charm of Blue Ram” (Khökh khutsyn uvdis orshivai) records that Genghis Khan ordered Chagatai Khan to send him medical books from his land. He may have been in poor health shortly after the founding of the Chagatai state in 1225. Thus, he ordered Chagatai to send him books containing medical methods. It is reasonable to assume that the books were sent in 1226. At that time, the Chagatai state was highly developed, consisting of many ethnic groups, including Khorezm, Sartuul, and Uyghurs, who practiced Islam. In particular, the medical field was well advanced, resulting in many excellent doctors and medical books. We tried to list and explain a total of 15 words from “The Healing Charm of Blue Ram,” with many more to explore in the future. In general, it is hypothesized that many vocabulary related to medicine have spread to the Mongolian vocabulary through Arabic, Turkic, Uyghur, and Sartuul among the Western Mongolians. Conclusion: The ancient book “The Healing Charm of Blue Ram” found in Mongolia, written in clear Mongolian script, contains Islamic medical knowledge, as well as traditional Mongolian medicine methods, as is clear from the explanations of some vocabulary related to medicine. In the future, it is important to further clarify how Mongolian medicine and Islamic medical knowledge influenced each other and the contribution of Mongol khans to the development of the Ilkhanate and the Chagatai state in the study of the history of Mongolian medicine.

: Researchers and scientists are developing practical clinical recommendations for behavioral and psychological treatments of chronic insomnia in adults. This also aims to create one of these recommendations.
To calculate the effects of insomnia, the research method used a decision tree based on the results of 10 questionnaires from 43 people suffering from insomnia who are patients at “Enerel” hospital in Bayanzurkh district. The study focused solely on individuals with insomnia, it serves as a decision tree to assist those experiencing insomnia-Indiviuals-Individual who do not have insomnia were excluded from the study. Method: We used a questionnaire method in this study. Conclusion All questionnaires pertain to the effects of insomnia when constructing a decision tree to produce insomnia effects as training data from 43 data points with 10 characteristics. It can be concluded with an average of five questions. If the training data is enhanced, it will get closer to reality. The decision tree will assist doctors and nurses in estimating, advising, and preventing the consequences of insomnia.
In the next phase, a survey will be conducted with individuals who have insomnia and those who have insomnia and those who do not, and an expanded decision tree will be developed.

Introduction There are determined that three species of Paeoniaceae Raf in Mongolia. Paeonia anomala L, Paeonia lactiflora Pall, and Paeonia intermedia C.A. Mey. The researchers of our country conducted a detailed chemical study of the medicinal raw materials of Paeonia anomala L and Paeonia lactiflora Pall. As a result of a relative study widely of the chemical composition of medicinal raw materials, it was found that they contain simple phenolic compounds, flavonoids, monoterpene glycosides, and tannins. However, it was found that there are biologically active compounds in the raw materials of Paeonia anomala L. It is essential to establish, explain, and study in detail the action of the leading chemical compounds and secondary compounds contained in the Paeonia anomala L, which are essential in traditional medicine treatment and are part of the prescription. In our study, ellagic acid, gallic acid, brevifolin carboxylic acid, and 1-O-galloyl-6 O-luteoyl-α-D-glucopyranose were isolated from the roots of the Paeonia anomala L. Among them, brevifolin carboxylic acid and 1-O-galloyl-6-O-luteoyl-α-D-glucopyranose were newly identified for the first time. These compounds have been found to be effective in treating liver disease. On the other hand, the traditional medicinal use of Paeonia anomala L is used as an important medicinal raw material for the treatment of ulcers, urinary tract stones, and dysentery. It is also used as a tonic for women in Chinese medicine. In traditional Mongolian medicine, Paeonia anomala L is used to improve men’s vitality and erectile function.

Introduction: Researchers Herbert Schwabl and Cecile Vennos highlight Tibetan medicine’s significance, noting that Gabur-25 was registered in Switzerland as Padma-28 in 1977. This formula is used internationally for improving blood circulation and treating heart pain, limb numbness, skin discoloration, ulcers, chronic inflammation, tinnitus, and dizziness. The primary ingredient in Padma-28 is Gabur-25.
The framework “Mkhan Chen Chos Kyi Rgyal Po’i Gsung ‘Bum Las Nyer Lnga’i Sde Tshan,” written by Mongolian healer Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan (1639–1704), compiles 30 medicinal formulas, each containing 25 ingredients, including Gabur-25. This study examines its composition, quality, and efficacy. Results: A comparative analysis of Gabur-25 from Luvsandanzanjantsan’s work with compositions from “The Four Tantras of Medicine,” “Abstract of Nandin Erdene Extract,” and “The Four Mineral Waters” revealed 17 shared ingredients and 8 variations. These differences suggest adaptations for treating excessive heat-related conditions, gout, and cerebral palsy disorders. Conclusion Gabur-25 in Luvsandanzanjantsan’s work differs from other sources by seven medicinal ingredients. It is particularly effective for dispersing excess heat, treating gout-related disorders, and aiding paralysis-influenced conditions. This distinction highlights Gabur-25 as a modified formulation tailored to regional ailments based on the author’s experience. The study underscores the evolving nature of traditional Tibetan medicine and its adaptation to specific health conditions.

Introduction: The job satisfaction of family health center nurses, and the factors affecting it, directly affect the stability of the nursing workforce and the quality and performance of their work. This in turn impacts nursing care provided to family clients of all ages. It is important to value nurses’ work, productivity, and job satisfaction with certain periodicity to improve the nursing management system. Aim: To determine the job satisfaction of family health center nurses. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used for the study. 102 nurses from family health centers participated in the survey. The Nurse's satisfaction instrument (The American Nursing Associations’ "Satisfaction of Nurses ",2021) has 43 items, and 3 subscales (nurses satisfaction, influencing factors for nurses' satisfaction, and possible solutions). The nurse’s satisfaction was rated as poor <0-60, average <61-122, and good <123-180 points. Questions were collected on paper from December 2022 to March 2023. The survey took 15-20 minutes to complete. Results: The job satisfaction of family health center nurses is at a good level (131.98±13.06). Considering the results of the subgroups, the nurse satisfaction group was (mean=32.8±4.06) average, the factors affecting nurse satisfaction were (mean=58.6±8.05) good, and the possible solutions were (mean=40.4±3.04) indicating agreed. There were results that nurses' workload, professional value, salary, and human resources are the most important factors affecting for job satisfaction of nurses. Conclusion According to the research, there is a need for an integrated policy program to improve the job satisfaction of family health center nurses and the factors affecting it.