Introduction: This research work was carried out as a joint project between the People’s Republic of China and Mongolia. Mongolian contract number is CHN-2022/278, Chinese contract number is YS2021YFE010725. The title of the project is “The underlying mechanism of the synergistic effect of Arsenic Trioxide and Interferon Alpha on the treatment of Arsenic Resistant Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia”. The main executing organisation of Mongolia is the Mongolian Academy of Medical Sciences, and the project implementing organisation of the Chinese is Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and the People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, China.
PML nuclear bodies (NB) are disrupted in PML-RARα–driven acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Arsenic trioxide (ATO) cures 70% of patients with APL, driving PML-RARα degradation and NB reformation. In non-APL cells, arsenic binding to PML also amplifies NB formation. Yet, the actual molecular mechanism(s) involved remain elusive. Methods: PML and PML-RARα condensate dynamics were examined using live-cell time-lapse imaging, confocal and STED super-resolution microscopy, and FRAP analysis in GFP-tagged PmlKO MEFs before and after arsenic trioxide (ATO) treatment.
Here, we establish that PML NBs display some features of liquid–liquid phase separation and that ATO induces a gel like transition. PML fusion to RARα altered its distribution in the nucleus, as GFP-PML-RAR α localised into many tiny dots with diam diameter below 100 nm in PmlKO MEFs. The basal dynamics of GFP-PML-RARα at these microdots were increased compared with PML at NBs, with a t1/2 of 1.37 minutes and, importantly, no immobile fraction. Here again, ATO treatment drastically decreased PML RARα exchange rates, closer to the dynamics of PML. Thus, ATO therapy drives the gel-like transition of both PML- or PML-RARα–driven condensates. Conclusion These findings show that arsenic trioxide (ATO) converts both PML and PML-RARα condensates from a liquid-like, highly dynamic state into a gel-like, immobilized structure, revealing a key biophysical mechanism underlying ATO’s therapeutic action in APL.

Introduction: In Mongolia, ancient lama doctors and maarambas called it rdo dug in Tibetan. The direct translation of arsenic in Mongolian is stone poison, and the common word is arsenic. Natural arsenic is extracted from stone poison and gold sulphur. It was used as a distinction between red poison and white stone poison. However, there is no specific study of stone arsenic based on ancient medical scriptures and books. Therefore, we have chosen this topic to collect, analyse, and summarise information about arsenic from ancient medical texts written in Tibetan and Mongolian. The purpose of the research work is to collect information and facts from ancient traditional medical scriptures and books written in Tibetan and Mongolian, and to clarify their uses and some terms. Methods: Source study method: The source-study method includes research activities of books, literary works, sources, and papers. We made a historical study on the date and the authors and their literary works in order of the written period, starting from the earliest, thus comparing special, innovative, and creative ideas in terms of content and mentality with other original literary works by using research materials per the research goal and objectives. Comparative method: Comparison is a fundamental tool of analysis. It sharpens our powers of description and plays a central role in concept formation by bringing suggestive similarities and contrasts among sources into focus. Conclusion The study found that there are many references to arsenic in ancient traditional medical scriptures and books written in Tibetan and Mongolian. The Tibetan name for arsenic is rdo dug, the Mongolian name is khuntsel, and the Latin name is arsenic. It was revealed that it is included in several formulas and is also the main ingredient in some traditional formulas.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess psychological distress among nursing students enrolled in bachelor’s and associate degree programs using the DASS-21 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21). Objective: To evaluate levels of depression, anxiety, and stress and analyze their differences by age, gender, and year of study. Methods:: A cross-sectional design was employed. Data were collected from students and analyzed by age, gender, and year of study. Depression, anxiety, and stress levels were measured using DASS-21 standard scoring and categorized accordingly.
The findings showed that psychological distress levels were generally consistent with international trends. Bachelor’s students demonstrated higher levels of depression and stress, particularly in the second and final years. Anxiety levels were moderate among first- to third-year bachelor’s students. In contrast, associate degree students mostly exhibited normal to mild levels across all three domains. Female students reported relatively higher levels of depression and anxiety. Academic workload, clinical practice demands, financial difficulties, and environmental stressors such as traffic congestion and air pollution were identified as contributing factors. Conclusion Psychological distress among nursing students varies by academic level and is influenced by multiple factors. The results highlight the importance of implementing targeted mental health support and preventive interventions tailored to students’ academic stages.

Introduction: Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory dermatosis characterized by erythematous, scaly plaques that substantially impair physical, psychological, and social well-being. Although modern therapies—topicals, phototherapy, systemic agents, and biologics—have improved disease control, many patients experience incomplete remission, adverse effects, or limited accessibility. Traditional Mongolian soaking therapy, particularly the “Five medicinal Springs” decoction, has historically been used to alleviate psoriasis-like conditions; however, contemporary evidence generated through rigorous clinical study remains limited. This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate its efficacy and safety. Methods: A total of 60 adults with psoriasis vulgaris were enrolled between October 2019 and February 2022 at the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities. Participants were randomized equally into an intervention group (n=30) and a placebo group (n=30). The intervention group received daily decoction baths prepared from ledum palustre. L, Juniferus dahurica Pall, Myricaria longifolia Willd. Ehrenb, Ephedra monosperma S.G.Gmel ex C.A.Mey, and Artemisia frigida Willd, combined with composite glycyrrhizic acid and a hyaluronic biological membrane. The placebo group received warm-water baths with identical adjunct therapy. Treatment spanned 4 consecutive weeks. Clinical outcomes included PASI and its sub scores (erythema, scaling, infiltration), lesion area, pruritus score, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and dermatoscopic grading. Statistical analysis employed Mann–Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and χ² tests, with significance set at p<0.05.
Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. After 4 weeks, the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvement in erythema (3.23→1.50), scaling (2.90→1.37), and infiltration (2.57→0.77) (all p<0.001). Overall clinical efficacy was higher in the intervention arm (76% vs 53%; p=0.031). DLQI, pruritus scores, and dermatoscopic findings also improved more prominently in the intervention group. No serious adverse events or abnormal laboratory findings were observed. Conclusion Four weeks of “Five medicinal Springs” decoction bathing produced meaningful clinical improvement in psoriasis severity, symptoms, and quality of life, with an excellent safety profile. Further multicenter, long-term randomized trials are warranted to validate these findings and elucidate underlying mechanisms.

Introduction: Mare’s milk and traditional Mongolian airag constitute a distinctive Eurasian fermented dairy ecosystem shaped by centuries of nomadic practice and characterized by complex multispecies microbial consortia. This system harbors diverse lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, and fermentative yeasts capable of producing a wide spectrum of bioactive metabolites, including organic acids, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriocins, and antioxidant compounds.
Such properties position airag as a promising source of next-generation probiotic and synbiotic formulations.
However, despite long-standing microbiological and biochemical investigations, critical gaps remain in defining the stable core microbiota, elucidating functional metabolic interactions, and translating traditional fermentation systems into standardized industrial platforms. Variability in raw materials, seasonal conditions, and spontaneous fermentation dynamics continues to limit reproducibility and large-scale application. Recent advances in genomics, metabolomics, and fermentation engineering now enable systematic characterization of strain-level diversity, functional pathways, and interspecies interactions, providing a scientific basis for rational consortium design. Methods: This review synthesizes historical and contemporary evidence on the microbiological diversity, biochemical composition, and functional potential of mare’s milk–derived fermentations, while identifying technological barriers to strain stabilization, encapsulation, and scalable production. We propose an integrated framework combining omics driven strain selection, targeted prebiotic matrices, and advanced microencapsulation technologies to establish a standardized synbiotic platform derived from Mongolian fermented dairy systems. Conclusion Such an approach could transform a traditional nutritional resource into a reproducible, high-value functional food technology, strengthening scientific validation of indigenous fermentation practices while supporting innovation, biotechnology development, and export-oriented functional nutrition.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally, responsible for 17.9 million deaths annually. In Mongolia, as of 2023, CVDs account for 43.7% of total mortality. In line with the global trend of integrating traditional medicine into modern healthcare, Mongolia has increased research into natural, plant-based remedies.
This study focuses on evaluating and standardizing selected natural raw materials commonly used in traditional prescriptions for cardiovascular conditions. The goal is to assess their quality, ensure safety, and support their scientific validation for modern clinical use. The findings aim to contribute to the development of effective, evidence based traditional medicines aligned with national health policy priorities. Methods: All of three medicinal plants (Santalum album L., Myristica fragrans Hountt., Choerospondias axillaris Roxb.) used in this study were purchased from the Chinese. The dried raw materials of all selected plants were authenticated and analyzed using the standards outlined in the Pharmacopoeia of the people’s republic of China 2020 and Japanese pharmacopoeia 18^th edition.
The sample solution showed a spot at the level as the standard santalol, with an Rf value of 0.35. The total volatile oil content of the santalol residue was found to be 3.3% The sample solution showed a spot at the level as the standard myristicin, with an Rf value of 0.6±0.0001 The dehydrodiisoeugenol content in Myristica fragrans was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and the result was /0.17±0.0001/ % The sample solution showed a spot at the level as the standard gallic acid, with an Rf value of 0.7±0.0001 The gallic acid content in Choerospondias axillaris was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and the result was /0.097±0.0001/%. Conclusion According to our research, all raw materials in the Santalum album, Myristica fragrans, Choerospondias axillaris preparation meet the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s of China.

Introduction: This study highlights the importance of access to treatment services and medicines. Research has shown that a significant portion of direct expenses for individuals who are not covered by health insurance is allocated to treatment, diagnostics, and medication costs, indicating issues with the accessibility and quality of health services.
According to the World Health Organization recommendations, if out-of-pocket health expenses exceed 25% of total health financing, it heightens the risk of deepening poverty and creates inequalities related to income.
Although policies and programs aimed at increasing access to subsidized medicines are being implemented, the expected outcomes and actual implementation of these initiatives have not fully met the health needs of the entire population.
Therefore, addressing these issues is essential. For instance, improving the regulation of medicine prices, ensuring adequate supply, and enhancing the subsidy system may be necessary steps moving forward. Methods: This study was conducted using a cross sectional design, employing methods such as document analysis, comparative study, and synthesis.
The list of discounted medicines provided by the health insurance fund includes 650 items from 161 manufacturers across 40 countries. Among these medicines, 7% have expired registration, 9% have been removed from registration, 11% are out of stock, and 73% are supplied normally. Of the medicines listed, 7% are domestic, and 93% are imported, with 39% coming from Asian countries and 54% from European countries, indicating a high reliance on imports for medicine supply and accessibility. A study of the medicines supplied by the pharmaceutical supply organizations shows that 16.5% of the prices are above the maximum price set by the health insurance fund, indicating the need for establishing medicine prices based on research and evidence. Conclusion Out of the 650 types of medicines registered in the list of subsidized medicines, 27% are in a status of expired, removed, or out of stock. The price from the pharmaceutical supply organizations exceeds the upper limit of the subsidized medicine prices set by the insurance fund, covering 83.5% of the total group of medicines.
Therefore, it is necessary to update the list of subsidized medicines from the health insurance fund based on research and evidence.

Introduction: Problems related to sleep affect approximately 23-56% of the world’s population. In Mongolia, the prevalence of non-organic sleep disorders is estimated at 27.9%, among which 42.2% of the population have poor sleep quality. Long-term insomnia can have a negative impact on an individual’s normal work and life, increasing the risk of various health problems. Severe insomnia can reduce work efficiency and concentration, thereby causing serious harm. Traditional medicine has a long history of treating insomnia. However, there are currently no systematic studies on insomnia based on ancient traditional medical books. Methods & Materials: “Gjes bsdus snying nor”. We adopted the checklist method to list the relevant information of insomnia from the literature, providing a prerequisite for further analysis and the issue of syndrome differentiation of insomnia was analyzed by using comparison and theoretical analysis methods.
The research materials we selected did not describe insomnia as a dedicated chapter, but mentioned the content related to insomnia in the form of disease symptoms, such as terms like “sleeplessness”, “reduced sleep” and “light sleep”. We explore the underlying diseases of insomnia based on the above symptoms related to insomnia and analyze the syndrome differentiation of insomnia. Exploring the primary disease of insomnia:
1. Sleeplessness is mentioned among the common symptoms of wind disease, wind palpitation and bone marrow wind, heart wind and lung wind diseases also respectively present with symptoms of reduced sleep.
2. Heat Tri-pa and heart Tri-pa disease can lead to reduced sleep.
3. Mugpo spreads to the heart, it can cause sleeplessness.
4. Deficiency heat, Invisible heat and epidemic heat etc. can present with symptoms such as reduced sleep and light sleep.
5. Wind induced diabetes can also cause reduced sleep.
6. Palpitations and rheumatic heart disease can cause symptoms of reduced sleep.
7. Trichomoniasis can also lead to symptoms of reduced sleep.
These underlying diseases have both similar symptoms and differences, and they need to be differentiated. Conclusion According to our research, the syndrome types of insomnia include wind, Tri-pa, mugpo and microorganisms. Treatment should be based on syndrome differentiation, combining the treatment of the underlying disease with hypnotherapy.

Introduction: Considering that the population density, social stress and frustrations, environmental and air pollution, and diseases directly related to unhealthy lifestyle are high, it is necessary to ensure the protection and support of public health, and to improve the quality and accessibility of localized healthcare services evenly, which in turn must meet the satisfaction of clients and professionals.
Statistical data indicates that between 2022-2023, a total of 2595 pharmacies operated in Mongolia, including 268 (10.3%) first-level pharmacies, 2178 (83.9%) second-level pharmacies, and 149 (5.7%) circulating pharmacies. In the first quarter of 2024, a total of 2916 pharmacies are active, comprising 249 (8.5%) first-level, 2531 (86.8%) second-level, and 136 (4.5%) circulating pharmacies. Based on these statistical figures, the number of pharmacies has been increasing year by year, making it necessary to study the satisfaction levels of professionals and clients. Methods: The satisfaction survey of pharmacy customers and pharmaceutical professionals was conducted using a single-stage sampling method. The sample size was calculated considering the representativeness of the population using the Surveysystem calculator and proportional allocation methods with a table for accurate estimation. Data collection was carried out between the second quarter of 2024 and the first quarter of 2025, using two types of questionnaires based on the SERVQUAL model, with five likert-scale measures, along with informed consent forms.
The survey was conducted among pharmacy staff and customers in Ulaanbaatar districts: Bayangol, Baganuur, Bagakhangai, Nalaikh, Sukhbaatar, Chingeltei, Khan-Uul, Songinokhairkhan, and Bayanzurkh, using random sampling methods. Data processing was performed with microsoft excel and spss 25.0.
A total of 1381 participants were involved, including n=997 pharmacists and n=384 customers from nine districts of Ulaanbaatar, to evaluate and analyze satisfaction levels. The findings are as follows: Among the customers who participated in the survey, 45.8% (176) were male and 54.2% (208) were female. A total of (n=384) customers took part in the study, of whom 67.7% (260) reported being satisfied with the pharmacy services the highest proportion in the dataset. Examining satisfaction by age group showed that customers under 25 years old (94) and those aged 26–35 (70) were satisfied with the services.
In the survey on job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals, 11.9% (124) of respondents were male and 83.9% (873) were female. When evaluating the job satisfaction of professionals across districts (n=997), no major differences were observed between districts. However, the proportion of respondents who reported being “Very satisfied” and “Satisfied” were relatively higher in the following districts: Bayangol at 10.3% (103), Khan-Uul at 7.9% (79), Bayanzurkh at 11.1% (111), Sukhbaatar at 7.02% (70), and Songinokhairkhan at 8.4% (84). By age group, the highest levels of job satisfaction were seen among professionals aged 26–35 (52.4%, 230) and 36–45 (55.2%, 112). Conclusion
1. Among the 384 clients involved in the study, 67.7% (n=260) were satisfied with the pharmacy services, assistance, and environment.
2. When assessing the job satisfaction of pharmacists, 77.4% (n=772) of the 997 pharmacists across 9 districts reported being confident in their career choice and “Satisfied” or “Very satisfied”.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion or action. The global prevalence of DM is increasing rapidly, threatening public health and quality of life. In Mongolia, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has shown a continuous upward trend, highlighting the need for effective plant-derived formulations with glucose-lowering potential.
This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of composite formulations containing Lagerstroemia speciosa L. (Banaba), Helianthus tuberosus L., and Dasiphora fruticosa L. in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: T2DM was induced in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (170 mg/kg). The rats were divided into seven groups: Group 1: healthy control, Group 2: diabetic control, Group 7: metformin-treated (40 mg/200 g), and four treatment groups (Groups 3-6) receiving different combinations of Banaba, Jerusalem artichoke, and Shrubby cinquefoil extracts for 19 consecutive days. Blood glucose levels were measured daily using a GluNeo® Lite glucometer.
After 19 days, animals in Group and Group 6 exhibited significant reductions in blood glucose levels compared with the diabetic (Group 2) and metformin-treated (Group 7) controls (p<0.01). Group 5 demonstrated the greatest hypoglycemic effect, reducing glucose levels by 43.4% relative to the diabetic control group (Group 2). Conclusion Composite formulations containing Banaba, Helianthus tuberosus L., and Dasiphora fruticosa L. exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The formulation with Banaba (24 mg) + Helianthus tuberosus L. (200 mg) + Dasiphora fruticosa L. (100 mg) showed the most potent glucose-lowering effect, comparable to metformin, indicating its potential as a promising herbal formulation for T2DM management.