Background: Plants of the genus Achillea are widely used in both traditional and modern medicine and are known to be rich in biologically active secondary metabolites. Numerous phytochemical and histochemical studies have been con ducted on Achillea millefolium L.; however, Achillea asiatica Serg., which is widely distributed in Mongolia, remains comparatively underexplored. Therefore, investigating the distribution of biologically active compounds, the content of polyphenolic compounds, and the optimal extraction conditions of this species is of significant scientific and practical importance. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify biologically active compounds in Achillea asiatica Serg. using histochemical methods, to determine the content of polyphenolic compounds and optimal extraction conditions, and to evaluate the total and internal absorption coefficients of the plant raw material. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of Achillea asiatica Serg. were collected in August 2025 from Erdene soum, Tuv province, Mongolia. Histochemical analysis was performed on transverse stem sections and flower petals using potassium dichromate, ferric chloride (III), methylene blue, Lugol’s iodine, and Dragendorff’s reagent, followed by ob servation under a light microscope. The total polyphenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents. Extraction experiments were conducted using powdered plant material sieved to par ticle sizes of 1, 2, and 3 mm and extracted with 20–80% ethanol. In addition, the total and internal absorption coefficients of the plant material were determined according to standard procedures. Results: Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of essential oils, polyphenolic compounds (tannins and flavo noids), and starch, while alkaloids were not detected. Polyphenolic compounds were observed in both stems and flow ers, with more pronounced accumulation in the vascular tissues. The highest total polyphenolic content (0.421%) was obtained from the 1 mm particle-size fraction extracted with 70–80% ethanol. Using 60% ethanol, the total absorption coefficient of the plant material was determined to be 5.74, and the internal absorption coefficient was 1.885. Conclution Achillea asiatica Serg. is rich in polyphenolic compounds, and their anatomical distribution is closely as sociated with the plant’s protective and biological functions. The use of 1 mm particle-size material and 70–80% ethanol was identified as the most suitable condition for extracting polyphenolic compounds. These findings provide a scientific basis for the standardization of Achillea asiatica Serg. as a medicinal and phytopharmaceutical raw material and support its further pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation.

Background: Traditional medicine has long utilized herbal and animal-derived materials worldwide, and traditional formulations for the management of male sexual dysfunction continue to be actively investigated. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant effects of Anti-Impotence-4, an herbal–animal formulation, in an experimental model of chronic stress-induced erectile dysfunction (ED). Aim: To investigate the bioactive compounds present in the plant- and animal-derived formulation Anti-Impotence-4 and its effects against oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups, including healthy control, disease control, reference, and treatment groups. Chronic stress was induced once daily for 56 days using a random stress protocol, as described by Peng Zou (2019). Oxidative stress parameters were determined using ELISA. The chemical constituents of the methanolic extract of Anti-Impotence-4 were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatogra phy–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) in both positive and negative ionization modes. Results: In an experimental model of erectile dysfunction induced by chronic stress, treatment with Anti-Impotence-4 led to a dose-dependent attenuation of oxidative damage. Specifically, levels of the DNA oxidation marker 8-hydroxy-2′-de oxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were reduced by 13.3–32.5% following administration of Anti-Impotence-4 at doses of 42, 84, and 210 mg/kg. Likewise, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations decreased by 7.9–23.7% at therapeutic doses (p<0.05). In contrast, antioxidant defense mechanisms were markedly enhanced, as evidenced by significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (34.1%, 38.1%, and 44.6%, respectively; p<0.05) and glutathione (GSH) levels, which rose by 37.0–55.4%. Biological substances identified a total of 10 compounds, including six amino acids, flavo noids, and iridoids, in the positive ion mode. In negative-ion mode, 18 bioactive compounds were detected, including amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Conclusion Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of the Anti-Impotence-4 formulation demonstrated the presence of diverse bioactive constituents, including amino acids, purine derivatives, nucleosides, carbohydrates, organic and fatty acids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and iridoids. In a chronic stress-induced erectile dysfunction model, treatment with Anti-Impotence-4 significantly enhanced antioxidant defense by increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels, while markedly reducing oxidative stress markers such as 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and malond ialdehe indicating significant antioxidant and protective effects.

Background: In atopic dermatitis, impairment of the skin barrier function leads to increased susceptibility to environ mental particles and pollutants, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis and complications, as well as to an increased risk of fungal skin infections. In children with atopic dermatitis, infections caused by Candida species exacerbate the dis ease and reduce the effectiveness of treatment. Candida species are common opportunistic pathogens colonizing the skin and mucosal surfaces, and more than 200 species have been described. Among these, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei are most frequently isolated from the skin, mucosa, and oral cavity. In Mongolia, studies culturing skin fungi and determining their metabolic activity and virulence factors are limited, which constituted the rationale for the present study. Aim: To determine virulence factors and selected biochemical activities of Candida species. Materials and Methods: In this study, Candida species strains cultured from clinical samples of children with atopic der matitis were used with research approval. The fungal strains preserved at –80°C were revived by culturing on Sabouraud Chloramphenicol Agar and evaluated microscopically after Gram staining. Biofilm-forming activity was determined us ing the microtiter plate method, in which cultures were grown in broth, optical density was measured using a microplate reader, and values were calculated using a standard formula. Phospholipase activity was assessed using egg yolk agar according to the method developed by Price et al. Results: Of the total cultured isolates, 54.1% (n=33) demonstrated weak biofilm-forming activity (≤ODc / ODc < ~ ≤2×ODc), while 32.79% (n=20) showed moderate biofilm-forming activity (2×ODc < ~ ≤4×ODc). Isolates exhibiting strong biofilm-forming activity (>4×ODc) accounted for 13.1% (n =8) Regarding phospholipase activity, 50% of the isolates showed strong activity, 30% showed moderate activity, 10% showed low activity, and 10% exhibited very weak activity. Conclusions 1. Virulent fungal strains capable of attaching to host cells are involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. 2. Atopic dermatitis is shown to contain fungal strains that damage host cells and are involved in the process of inva sion.

Background: Early recognition and prevention of common childhood illnesses are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality among children under five. Aim: To assess parental knowledge and preventive practices related to childhood illnesses in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 175 parents and caregivers of children aged 0–59 months attending primary health care facilities in urban and rural areas. Data were collected using structured interviews assessing knowledge of general danger signs, prevention of diarrhea and respiratory illnesses, household environmental risk factors, and injury prevention. Descriptive statistics and comparative analyses were performed, with statistical sig nificance set at p<0.05. Results: Urban caregivers identified significantly more general danger signs than rural caregivers (mean 5.3 vs 3.2; p<0.001). Knowledge levels did not differ between caregivers of ill and healthy children. Preventive practices related to diarrhea showed no significant association with child illness status. Rural households reported higher exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuel use. Injuries requiring medical attention were reported in 22.9% of children, with no signifi cant differences in injury prevention knowledge. Conclusion Parental knowledge varied by place of residence rather than child health status, underscoring the need for context-specific health education within primary health care services, particularly in rural settings.

Background: Skin wounds can occur for many reasons, including UV radiation, mechanical burns, trauma, and chronic inflammation caused by metabolic factors. In Mongolia, as of 2022, household burns were the top 5 causes of injuries, the leading cause of injuries in children aged 0-5, and accounted for 18.4% of all illnesses in children aged 0-5. Skin burns and wounds take a long time to heal, which causes emotional, aesthetic, and economic stress for doctors. Developing in novative, effective, and low-side effects therapeutic products to improve wound healing is of great clinical and economic importance. The lack of research on the effects of bacterial metabolites and aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) on burn wounds was the basis for our research. Aim: To determine the effects of a mixture of bacterial metabolites and aloe vera on burn wounds in experimental animals. Materials and Methods: Eight-week-old BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: control group, bacterial metabo lite group, and aloe vera group. The mice were anesthetized, and the dorsal hair was shaved over a 2×2 cm area using an electric clipper. A second-degree burn wound model was created by exposing the shaved dorsal skin to hot air at 200°C for 10 seconds. A total of 100 μL of a bacterial metabolite suspension mixed with aloe vera at a 1:1 ratio was applied evenly to the center of the wound. Wound images were captured daily, and wound areas were measured using ImageJ software. Healing was evaluated on days 7, 14, and 21 of treatment and compared with the control group. The initial wound size was defined as 100%, and wound closure percentages were calculated accordingly. Burn skin tissues from both experimen tal and control groups were subjected to immunofluorescence staining for the vascular marker α-SMA (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Statistical analysis: The differences between the control and experimental groups were analyzed using an independent t-test using GraphPad Prism 10 software, and the mean, standard deviation, and statistical correlation were calculated. Results: The effect of the mixture of bacterial metabolites and aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) on the healing of burn wounds in experimental mice was compared with the control group. The wound size at 7 days was 82.1% in the control group and 83.7% in the experimental group (p<0.197), at 14 days was 62.6% in the control group and 58.1% in the exper imental group (p<0.0001), at 21 days was 50.7% in the control group and 32.7% in the experimental group (p<0.0001). No statistically significant difference in wound healing was observed between the groups at day 7; however, significant differences were observed at days 14 and 21. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed uniform expression of α-SMA-pos itive cells in the experimental group at 7, 14, and 21 days of treatment, whereas α-SMA expression was not detected in the control group. Conclusion The combination of bacterial metabolites and aloe vera promotes wound healing in experimental mouse burn wounds.

Background: The surgical neck of the humerus is located approximately 2–3 cm distal to the anatomical neck (collum anatomicum) at the junction of the greater and lesser tubercles and the humeral shaft. Owing to the transition between cortical and cancellous bones, this region is biomechanically vulnerable and prone to fractures, particularly in older adults. Fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus are classified under the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10), with diagnostic codes S42.21.3, S42.22, and S42.23. National statistics indicate that 210,763 new trauma cases were reported in Mongolia in 2023, representing an 11.6% increase compared to the previous year, of which 11,452 cases (5.4%) involved shoulder and humeral injuries. Aim: This study aimed to compare the clinical effects of traditional Mongolian bone-setting therapy and surgical treatment on pain intensity, shoulder function, range of motion, and activities of daily living in patients with surgical neck of the humerus fractures. Materials and Methods: Based on the Department of Traditional Therapies of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) and the Department of Orthopedic Trauma of the Inner Mongolia International Hospital, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, a total of 60 patients diagnosed with surgical neck fractures of the humerus were enrolled in this study between January 2024 and December 2025. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups: a Mongolian traditional bone-setting therapy group (n=30) and a surgical treatment group (n=30). Assessments were conducted before treatment and at 1 month and 3 months after treatment. Shoulder joint range of motion, activities of daily living, and muscle strength were evaluated using the Constant–Murley score, while pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The collected data were systematically analyzed, and the therapeutic outcomes of the two treatment modalities were comprehensively compared and summarized. Result: The baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between the groups. In the traditional bone-setting group, VAS scores decreased significantly, whereas Constant–Murley scores improved markedly at both follow-up points. The overall outcomes in the traditional bone-setting group were significantly better than those in the surgical group (P<0.05). Conclusion Traditional Mongolian bone-setting therapy offers rapid pain relief, superior long-term functional recovery, and fewer complications, making it a valuable treatment option, particularly for elderly patients and those unsuitable for surgery.

Background: Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb a relatively widely distributed annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, grows predominantly in the dry steppe regions of Mongolia. In recent years, the global use of traditional medicine and natural products has increased substantially. In this context, elemental studies of medicinal plants including macroelements, microelements, and heavy metals provide a fundamental scientific basis for evaluating their nutritional value, therapeutic efficacy, safety, and standardization. Therefore, the investigation of the elemental composition of Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb is of significant importance as a foundational study supporting its medicinal application. Aim: To investigate the chemical elements, present in Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb. Objectives: 1. To prepare plant samples and determine the contents of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, iron oxides, and calcium oxide in the plant material. 2. To identify and quantify the mineral elements present in the plant material. 3. To investigate the heavy metals in the plant material. Materials and Methods: Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb were collected from Altanbulag soum, Töv Province, Mongolia, during the flowering stage in June 2023. The collected plant materials were air dried in accordance with standard procedures and used for analysis. The quantitative contents of macroelements, microelements, and ultra-trace elements in the plant were determined using high precision X ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Result: In the raw plant material of Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb, the silicon dioxide (SiO₂) content was 15.99%, which increased to 33.69% in the extracted residue. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was present at 0.16% in the raw material and 0.379% in the plant residue. Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) was 3.54% in the raw material and 7.52% in the extracted residue. Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) was 1.14% in the raw material and 2.51% in the residue. Other oxides, including calcium oxide (CaO), potassium oxide (K₂O), and phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅), remained in the extracts. The concentrations of trace elements in the plant were determined as follows: copper (Cu) 40.5 mg/kg, zinc (Zn) 211 mg/kg, chromium (Cr) 8.5 mg/kg, and nickel (Ni) 8 mg/kg. The levels of Zn (211 mg/kg) and Cu (40.5 mg/kg) were found to be relatively higher compared to those reported in other plant species. Conclusion 1. In the raw plant material of Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb, silicon dioxide (SiO₂) content was 15.99%, increasing to 33.69% in the extracted residue. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was 0.16% in the raw material and 0.379% in the residue. Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) was 3.54% in the raw material and 7.52% in the extracted residue. Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) was 1.14% in the raw material and 2.51% in the residue. Other oxides, including calcium oxide (CaO), potassium oxide (K₂O), and phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅), were retained in the extracts. 2. The trace element analysis revealed the following concentrations: copper (Cu) 40.5 mg/kg, zinc (Zn) 211 mg/kg, chromium (Cr) 8.5 mg/kg, and nickel (Ni) 8 mg/kg. The levels of Zn (211 mg/kg) and Cu (40.5 mg/kg) were higher than those typically found in most plants; however, these concentrations are below the threshold considered toxic to plant physiology. Rubidium (Rb) at 49 mg/kg and zirconium (Zr) at 69 mg/kg were also relatively high compared to other elements. This may be related to the ability of Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb to accumulate certain elements when growing in moderately contaminated soils near cultivated fields. 3. Rare earth elements, such as cerium (Ce) and ytterbium (Yb), were found to be below the general concentration range and can be considered within normal limits. Furthermore, the plant contains numerous trace elements that participate in various enzymatic activities and contribute to the components of the blood coagulation system.

Background: Hemophilia is a congenital bleeding disorder caused by a lack of clotting factor in the blood. Hemophilia A, B, and C are caused by congenital deficiencies of clotting factors VIII, IX, and IX which are involved in thrombin generation of intrinsic coagulation pathway. Hemophilia A and B is a recessive X-linked congenital bleeding disorder but hemophilia C is typically inherited in an autosomal recessive, these are rare inherited coagulation disorders. This study was conducted based on the lack of database on the epidemiology, clinical type and severity in hemophilia in Mongolia. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between clotting factor levels and bleeding severity of hemophilia. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study included a total of 30 patients with hemophilia who were registered from May to October 2025 at the Comprehensive Hemophilia Center, MNUMS. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of MNUMS. Result: In this study 30 patients with hemophilia mean age was 18.4±15.7 years, and 96.7% were male. When categorized by age group, 13.4% (n=4) were under 4 years, 40% (n=12) were 5–13 years, 10% (n=3) were 14–18 years, 33.3% (n=10) were 19–44 years, and 3.3% (n=1) were over 45 years. Of the total cases, 83.3% (n=25) had Hemophilia A and 16.7% (n=5) had Hemophilia B. Of the total case, 80% of cases were classified as severe and 20% as moderate hemophilia. Additionally, 40% of cases had joint complications. Conclusion Joint bleeding was observed in 41.6% of patients with severe hemophilia and in 33.3% of those with moderate hemophilia. Target joint damage was found in 40% of the study population because 86.6% of patients were not able to receive prophylactic factor replacement therapy. Joint damage, joint deformities, reduced range of motion, and deterioration in quality of life were all adverse outcomes related to the early onset of joint bleeding.

Background: Although food-borne infectious diseases occur across all age groups globally, evidence indicates that young children, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals are disproportionately affected due to their increased susceptibility to enteric pathogens. Young children in particular are at higher risk because their immune systems are not yet fully developed and they have lower body mass, which together reduce their ability to resist and recover from food-borne infections. In Mongolia, reported cases of intestinal infectious diseases in 2024 exceeded the ten-year historical average by 504.5 cases, and food- and water-related infections such as hand-foot-and-mouth disease, dysentery, and salmonellosis remain predominant among these conditions. Aim: The objective of this study was to conduct microbiological analyses of school lunches and drinking water provided to general education school students and to evaluate their compliance with relevant national standards. Materials and Methods: A total of 107 school lunch samples and 35 drinking water samples collected from general education schools were included in the study. Microbiological analyses were performed to assess hygiene and safety indicators, including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., total coliform count, total viable microbial count (TVC), and intestinal bacteria. Laboratory analyses were conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Food Safety Reference Laboratory under the Standardization and Metrology Authority. Confirmatory identification of microorganisms was performed using the VITEK 2 Compact system. Result: Of the 35 drinking water samples analyzed for 105 parameters, 8.5% (n=3) exceeded the permissible limits for total microbial counts. In the 107 school lunch food samples, a total of 428 microbiological parameters were examined, of which 26.1% (n=28) showed coliform counts above the allowable limits specified in the MNS 6308:2012 standard. Additionally, enterobacteriaceae were detected in 42.9% (n=46) of the food samples. When analyzed by school, 51.5% of the 35 schools (18 schools) had food samples with coliform counts that did not meet the standard requirements, whereas 49.5% (17 schools) showed compliance with the standards. These findings indicate that, on average, one out of every two schools fails to meet the required hygiene practices, proper food production procedures, and microbiological safety standards in meal preparation. Conclusion Microbiological analysis of 107 food samples from 35 general education schools across 428 indicators revealed that 26.1% did not meet the requirements of the MNS 6308:2012 “Microbiological safety and hygiene criteria for food products” standard due to excessive coliform counts. Of the 35 drinking water samples analyzed for 105 indicators, 5.7% (n=2) failed to meet the requirements of the MNS 0900:2018 “Drinking water: Hygiene requirements, quality, and safety assessment” standard with respect to total viable microbial count.

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, accounting for approximately 85% of lung cancers. Although the level of diagnosis and treatment continues to improve, the patient’s prognosis is still unsatisfactory due to the high recurrence and metastasis rates. Searching for potential molecular markers is of great significance for early diagnosis, prognostic assessment and targeted treatment. Human aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family member A1 (ALDH18A1) has been found to be associated with tumor proliferation and prognosis in a variety of cancers, but its expression and clinical significance in NSCLC are unclear. Aim: To verify the protein expression characteristics of NSCLC through immunohistochemical experiments on tissue chip, and provide theoretical basis for molecular diagnosis and targeted treatment of NSCLC. Materials and Methods: In this study, ALDH18A1 protein expression was determined in 80 cases of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), 52 cases of adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and adjacent tissues of combined tumors using TMA and IHC methods. Indirect IHC staining was performed on 4-μm-thick sections, and semiquantitative evaluation was performed based on the staining intensity and percentage of positive cells. ALDH18A1 expression was analyzed in relation to clinicopathological parameters (age, sex, TNM stage, clinical grade) and patient survival. Result: ALDH18A1 was highly expressed in the tumor tissues of 132 cases of LBCL, but was low or absent in the surrounding normal tissues. In LUSC, high ALDH18A1 expression was significantly associated with poor tissue differentiation (P<0.001), advanced TNM stage (P<0.001), distant metastasis (P=0.0327) and tumor size (P=0.0166). In LUAD, it was associated with poor tissue differentiation (P<0.001), advanced TNM stage (P<0.001) and tumor size (P=0.00302). According to Kaplan–Meier analysis, OS of patients with high ALDH18A1 expression was significantly shorter than that of those with low expression (LUSC: P=0.0014, LUAD: P<0.0001). The results showed that high ALDH18A1 expression was strongly associated with the infectivity of HLH and poor prognosis. Conclusion ALDH18A1 is highly expressed in NSCLC tissue and is related to tumor progression. It may serve as a potential molecular marker and treatment target, providing reference for the diagnosis and prognosis of NSCLC.