Objective:To explore the clinical features and genetic mutation sites of 28 patients with Congenital fibrinogen disorders (CFDs).Methods:A total of 28 unrelated CFDs patients admitted to Wenzhou People′s Hospital from June 2018 to April 2023 were enrolled into this research. A total of 2.7 mL of peripheral blood was collected from each patient for coagulation function tests, which included thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen activity (Fg: C), fibrinogen antigen (Fg: Ag), and gene detection. The Sanger sequencing method was employed to verify variations in the fibrinogen (Fg) protein-coding gene across 28 patients. Bioinformatics analyses, including harmfulness analysis, conservation analysis across different species, and spatial simulation predictions of variant proteins, were conducted by PolyPhen-2, PROVEAN, SnapGene, and Pymol softwares on the variant sites of these patients. Pathogenicity ratings for the detected variant sites were performed in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for the Interpretation of Sequence variants by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) (hereafter referred to as the ACMG Guidelines). This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou People′s Hospital (Approval No. KY-2023-269), and informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrollment.Results:The clinical and genetic characteristics of 28 patients with CFDs in this study were as follows. ①Clinical data: Among the 28 patients, 2 cases were diagnosed with type I CFDs, while 26 cases were diagnosed with type II CFDs. And 50.0% (14/28) of the patients exhibited no clinical manifestations, while 28.6% (8/28) presented with bleeding manifestations, and 7.1% (2/28) exhibited thrombus manifestations, 3.6% (1/28) experienced both bleeding and thrombosis. Among female patients, 13.0% (3/23) exhibited a history of habitual abortion. All patients demonstrated TT and a significant decrease in Fg: C. ②Sanger sequencing revealed a total of 10 types of heterozygous variations in the FGA, FGB, and FGG genes across 28 patients, distributed among 9 loci. The variation at the γ c. 902G>A/c.901C>T accounted for the highest proportion (35.7%, 10/28), followed by the Bβ c. 569 A>G (28.6%, 8/28). ③Biological informatics analysis: the Aα c. 180+ 1G>T mutation was predicted to be highly deleterious. And the Aα c. 104G>A, Bβ c. 425T>G, Bβ c. 586C>T, and γ c. 902G>A/c.901C>T variations were also predicted to be harmful. Conservation analysis indicates that the 9 variant sites were highly conserved among homo sapiens, musculus, ovis aries, scrofa, and rattus. Spatial conformation analysis revealed that some variations lead to an increase or decrease in the number of hydrogen bonds. ④ACMG guideline rating analysis: Among the ten variations in the Fg protein-coding genes FGA, FGB, and FGG identified in 28 patients, 9 variations (Aα c. 104G>A, Aα c. 180+ 1G>T, Bβ c. 425T>G, Bβ c.569A>G, Bβ c. 586C>T, Bβ c. 643G>A, γ c. 901C>T, γ c. 902G>A, γ c. 1001A>C) were classified as pathogenic, while one variation (γ c. 908C>G) was classified as likely pathogenic. Conclusion:In this study, the majority of CFDs patients are diagnosed with type II CFDs, with 50% presenting clinical symptoms predominantly manifesting as bleeding, thrombosis, and recurrent miscarriage. The mutation hotspots are mainly located in exon 2 of FGA, exon 4 of FGB, and exon 8 of FGG.

Liquid chip technology is based on liquid carrier. Comparing to the traditional detection methods, it has unique characteristics such as multiple detection ability, high throughput, high sensitivity, good repeatability, less sample and fast analysis. It can analyse proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules in liquid. At present, it has been widely used in the laboratory diagnosis of tumors, autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, cytokines related diseases, as well as infectious diseases. This article discussed the principles, detection performances, clinical applications and future prospects of liquid chip technology.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical features and genetic mutation sites of 28 patients with Congenital fibrinogen disorders (CFDs). METHODS: A total of 28 unrelated CFDs patients admitted to Wenzhou People's Hospital from June 2018 to April 2023 were enrolled into this research. A total of 2.7 mL of peripheral blood was collected from each patient for coagulation function tests, which included thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen activity (Fg:C), fibrinogen antigen (Fg:Ag), and gene detection. The Sanger sequencing method was employed to verify variations in the fibrinogen (Fg) protein-coding gene across 28 patients. Bioinformatics analyses, including harmfulness analysis, conservation analysis across different species, and spatial simulation predictions of variant proteins, were conducted byPolyPhen-2, PROVEAN, SnapGene, and Pymol softwares on the variant sites of these patients. Pathogenicity ratings for the detected variant sites were performed in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for the Interpretation of Sequence variants by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) (hereafter referred to as the ACMG Guidelines). This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou People's Hospital (Approval No. KY-2023-269), and informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrollment. RESULTS: The clinical and genetic characteristics of 28 patients with CFDs in this study were as follows. CLINICAL DATA: Among the 28 patients, 2 cases were diagnosed with type I CFDs, while 26 cases were diagnosed with type II CFDs. And 50.0% (14/28) of the patients exhibited no clinical manifestations, while 28.6% (8/28) presented with bleeding manifestations, and 7.1% (2/28) exhibited thrombus manifestations, 3.6% (1/28) experienced both bleeding and thrombosis. Among female patients, 13.0% (3/23) exhibited a history of habitual abortion. All patients demonstrated TT and a significant decrease in Fg:C. Sanger sequencing revealed a total of 10 types of heterozygous variations in the FGA, FGB, and FGG genes across 28 patients, distributed among 9 loci. The variation at the γ c.902G>A/c.901C>T accounted for the highest proportion (35.7%, 10/28), followed by the Bβ c.569 A>G (28.6%, 8/28). Biological informatics analysis: the Aα c.180+1G>T mutation was predicted to be highly deleterious. And the Aα c.104G>A, Bβ c.425T>G, Bβ c.586C>T, and γ c.902G>A/c.901C>T variations were also predicted to be harmful. Conservation analysis indicates that the 9 variant sites were highly conserved among homo sapiens, musculus, ovis aries, scrofa, and rattus. Spatial conformation analysis revealed that some variations lead to an increase or decrease in the number of hydrogen bonds. ACMG guideline rating analysis: Among the ten variations in the Fg protein-coding genes FGA, FGB, and FGG identified in 28 patients, 9 variations (Aα c.104G>A, Aα c.180+1G>T, Bβ c.425T>G, Bβ c.569A>G, Bβ c.586C>T, Bβ c.643G>A, γ c.901C>T, γ c.902G>A, γ c.1001A>C) were classified as pathogenic, while one variation (γ c.908C>G) was classified as likely pathogenic. CONCLUSION In this study, the majority of CFDs patients are diagnosed with type II CFDs, with 50% presenting clinical symptoms predominantly manifesting as bleeding, thrombosis, and recurrent miscarriage. The mutation hotspots are mainly located in exon 2 of FGA, exon 4 of FGB, and exon 8 of FGG.
Humans ; Female ; Male ; Afibrinogenemia/congenital* ; Fibrinogen/metabolism* ; Mutation ; Genotype ; Adult ; Child ; Adolescent ; Child, Preschool ; Infant

Liquid chip technology is based on liquid carrier. Comparing to the traditional detection methods, it has unique characteristics such as multiple detection ability, high throughput, high sensitivity, good repeatability, less sample and fast analysis. It can analyse proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules in liquid. At present, it has been widely used in the laboratory diagnosis of tumors, autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, cytokines related diseases, as well as infectious diseases. This article discussed the principles, detection performances, clinical applications and future prospects of liquid chip technology.

Objective:To explore the clinical features and genetic mutation sites of 28 patients with Congenital fibrinogen disorders (CFDs).Methods:A total of 28 unrelated CFDs patients admitted to Wenzhou People′s Hospital from June 2018 to April 2023 were enrolled into this research. A total of 2.7 mL of peripheral blood was collected from each patient for coagulation function tests, which included thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen activity (Fg: C), fibrinogen antigen (Fg: Ag), and gene detection. The Sanger sequencing method was employed to verify variations in the fibrinogen (Fg) protein-coding gene across 28 patients. Bioinformatics analyses, including harmfulness analysis, conservation analysis across different species, and spatial simulation predictions of variant proteins, were conducted by PolyPhen-2, PROVEAN, SnapGene, and Pymol softwares on the variant sites of these patients. Pathogenicity ratings for the detected variant sites were performed in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for the Interpretation of Sequence variants by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) (hereafter referred to as the ACMG Guidelines). This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou People′s Hospital (Approval No. KY-2023-269), and informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrollment.Results:The clinical and genetic characteristics of 28 patients with CFDs in this study were as follows. ①Clinical data: Among the 28 patients, 2 cases were diagnosed with type I CFDs, while 26 cases were diagnosed with type II CFDs. And 50.0% (14/28) of the patients exhibited no clinical manifestations, while 28.6% (8/28) presented with bleeding manifestations, and 7.1% (2/28) exhibited thrombus manifestations, 3.6% (1/28) experienced both bleeding and thrombosis. Among female patients, 13.0% (3/23) exhibited a history of habitual abortion. All patients demonstrated TT and a significant decrease in Fg: C. ②Sanger sequencing revealed a total of 10 types of heterozygous variations in the FGA, FGB, and FGG genes across 28 patients, distributed among 9 loci. The variation at the γ c. 902G>A/c.901C>T accounted for the highest proportion (35.7%, 10/28), followed by the Bβ c. 569 A>G (28.6%, 8/28). ③Biological informatics analysis: the Aα c. 180+ 1G>T mutation was predicted to be highly deleterious. And the Aα c. 104G>A, Bβ c. 425T>G, Bβ c. 586C>T, and γ c. 902G>A/c.901C>T variations were also predicted to be harmful. Conservation analysis indicates that the 9 variant sites were highly conserved among homo sapiens, musculus, ovis aries, scrofa, and rattus. Spatial conformation analysis revealed that some variations lead to an increase or decrease in the number of hydrogen bonds. ④ACMG guideline rating analysis: Among the ten variations in the Fg protein-coding genes FGA, FGB, and FGG identified in 28 patients, 9 variations (Aα c. 104G>A, Aα c. 180+ 1G>T, Bβ c. 425T>G, Bβ c.569A>G, Bβ c. 586C>T, Bβ c. 643G>A, γ c. 901C>T, γ c. 902G>A, γ c. 1001A>C) were classified as pathogenic, while one variation (γ c. 908C>G) was classified as likely pathogenic. Conclusion:In this study, the majority of CFDs patients are diagnosed with type II CFDs, with 50% presenting clinical symptoms predominantly manifesting as bleeding, thrombosis, and recurrent miscarriage. The mutation hotspots are mainly located in exon 2 of FGA, exon 4 of FGB, and exon 8 of FGG.

OBJECTIVETo explore the genetic basis for a Chinese pedigree affected with congenital hypofibrinogenamia.

METHODSPeripheral blood samples were collected from 9 members from the pedigree. Routine coagulation tests including activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), the prothrombin time (PT) were carried out. The activity of fibrinogen (Fg: C) was measured using Clauss method, and fibrinogen antigen (Fg: Ag) was measured with immunoturbidimetry. All exons and exon-intron boundaries of the fibrinogen Aα, Bβ and γ chain genes were amplified using PCR, which was followed by direct sequencing. Suspected mutation was confirmed by reverse sequencing. The mutant fibrinogen was analyzed with Swiss-PdbViewer.

RESULTSThe proband showed prolonged APTT, PT and TT. Her functional fibrinogen (Fg: C) and antigen fibrinogen (Fg: Ag) levels were reduced to 0.69 g/L and 0.72 g/L, respectively. Her mother and grandmother also had a low levels of fibrinogen, which were 0.99 g/L and 0.83 g/L for Fg: C, 1.02 g/L and 0.87 g/L for Fg: Ag, respectively. The results of other members from the pedigree were all within the normal range. Genetic analysis reveled a heterozygous G>T mutation at nucleotide 7590 in exon 8 of γ gene in the proband, which was predicted to be a novel Ser313Ile mutation. The mutation was also found in her mother and grandmother. Model analysis showed that the Ser313Ile mutation disturbed the hydrogen bonds between Ser313, Asn319 and Asp320. Moreover, the mutation also altered the mutual electrostatic force and affected the folding and instability of the mutant fibrinogen.

CONCLUSIONThe heterozygous Ser313Ile mutation probably underlies the hypofibrinogenemia in this pedigree.

Adult ; Afibrinogenemia ; genetics ; Female ; Fibrinogen ; chemistry ; genetics ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Pedigree

Objective To analyze the mutations of F12 gene in one pedigree with congenital factor FⅫ(FⅫ)deficiency, and investigate the molecular mechanisms of FⅫ deficiency.Methods Pedigree investigation.In February 2015,a patient with hereditary FⅫdeficiency was admitted to the Third Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University.Activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), prothrombin time (PT),FⅫactivity(FⅫ:C),FⅫ antigen(FⅫ:Ag)and other coagulant parameters were tested in the proband and his family members.5′and 3′UTR, all exons and their exon-intron boundaries of F12 gene were analyzed by direct sequencing.The detected mutations were confirmed by reverse sequencing.The conserved amino acids were analyzed by ClustalX-2.1-win software, and four bioinformatics softwares (PolyPhen-2,PROVEAN,SIFT and MutationTaster)were also used to analyze the effect of mutations on protein function.Results The proband and her younger brother showed a markedly prolonged APTT which were 116.4 s and 101.3 s, while her father had slightly prolonged APTT, and other family members were normal.The FⅫ:C and FⅫ:Ag of family members were also decreased(the proband,2.0% and 1.0%;her younger brother,2.0% and 1.0%; her father,18.0% and 13.0%).The phenotype of all members was consistent with cross-reactive material(CRM)negative.Nucleotide sequencing analysis showed that the proband and her younger brother had missense mutations in the F 12 gene, including one homozygous mutation c.1681G>A(p.Gly542Ser)and a commonly reported single nucleotide polymorphism site within the promoter region of the F12 gene(46T/T).Sequencing results from the proband's parents and son demonstrated them as carriers of a heterozygous missense mutation.The proband's husband was normal and with 46C/C in the promoter region.The ClustalX-2.1-win results indicated that the Gly542 was highly conserved among the homologousspecies.The predicting outcomes of the four bioinformatics softwares were the same,the PolyPhen-2(score 1.000)and PROVEAN(score -4.975)both declared p.Gly542Ser was a harmful mutation.The SIFT(score 0.00)and the MutationTaster(score 0.999)manifested the mutation could affect the protein funtion.Conclusions c.1681G>A(p.Gly542Ser)in exon 14 and 46T/T were related with the significant decrease of the FⅫlevel of this pedigree of hereditary FⅫ deficiency.

Objective To explore the correlation between B lymphocyte activation and CD154 expression and lupus anticoagulants (LAC) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Sixty newly diagnosed SLE patients (SLE group) and 32 healthy controls (control group) were involved. The expressions of CD27 and CD154 in peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry, and the positive expression rates were computed. The LAC was determined by activated partial thromboplastin time, and the LAC ratio > 1.20 was positive. Results The positive rate of CD27, expression intensity of CD27, positive rate of CD154 and expression intensity of CD154 in SLE group were significantly higher than those in control group: 0.047 ± 0.021 vs. 0.035 ± 0.014, 0.387 ± 0.185 vs. 0.214 ± 0.091, 0.191 ± 0.108 vs. 0.101 ± 0.081 and 0.049 ± 0.018 vs. 0.022 ± 0.012, and there were statistical difference (P<0.05 or <0.01). Among patients with SLE, the LAC positive was in 28 cases, and the LAC negative was in 32 cases. The positive rate of CD27, expression intensity of CD27, positive rate of CD154 and expression intensity of CD154 in SLE patients with LAC positive were significantly higher than those in SLE patients with LAC negative: 0.055 ± 0.023 vs. 0.037 ± 0.014, 0.444 ± 0.179 vs. 0.329 ± 0.123, 0.218 ± 0.101 vs. 0.158 ± 0.044 and 0.058 ± 0.035 vs. 0.020 ± 0.009, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05). Conclusions The B lymphocyte activation and CD154 abnormal expression correlates with generation of LAC in patients with SLE. It provides a basis for the further study on intervening the generation of LAC and reducing the risk of thromboembolism.

Objective To investigate the effect of high iodine traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in serum VB12,Hcy and thyroid function.Methods 84 patients of subclinical hypothyroidism from August 2014 to May 2016 in our hospital randomly divided into two groups,the control group of 42 cases were treated with levothyroxine sodium tablets treatment,42 cases in the experimental group received more with high iodine traditional Chinese medicine.The changes of serum VB12,Hcy and thyroid function were observed before and after treatment in two groups. Results Compared with before treatment, levels of blood lipid,Hcy and TSH in two groups significantly decreased,levels of VB12 increased(P<0.05);compared with the control group after treatment,levels of blood lipid,Hcy and TSH in experimental group were significantly lower than the control group, the level of VB12 was higher than the control group,the differences were statistically significant (P <0.05).Conclusion High iodine can effectively reduce blood lipids in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism,levels of Hcy and TSH in pregnancy,increased the levels of VB12,which has good clinical curative effect.

Objective To study the Val247Leu and Trp316Ser polymorphisms of β2-glycoprotein Ⅰ(β2GPⅠ) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and their associations with antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombotic complications.Methods We used DNA sequencing to detect the polymorphisms of Val247Leu and Trp316Ser in 378 SLE patients and 240 normal controls.Anti-β2GP Ⅰ antibodies and anticardiolipin (ACA) were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Lupus-type anticoagulants(LAC) was performed by diluted Russell's Viper Venom Test.Then the patient group was further analyzed according to APLs (Anti-β2GP Ⅰ antibody,LAC and ACA),thrombosis and obstetrical complications using Logistic regression analysis to confirm whether there are associations between β2GPⅠpolymorphism and those factors.Results For Va1247Leu,the predominant genotype was LL in healthy controls which accounted for 57.08％,while it was VL in SLE patients which accounted for 59.5％ (x2=45.01,P=0.000).Frequency of VV genotype was significantly higher in patients with thrombosis,anti-β2GP Ⅰ,ACA and obstetrical complications (OR=6.79,3.75,2.12 and 3.85,respectively;P=0.000,0.001,0.044 and 0.017,respectively).Those patients with VL genotype tended to have positive anti-β2GPI,LAC,ACA,thrombosis and also obstetrical complications (OR=2.95,1.88,2.47,2.97 and 2.74,respectively;P=0.000,0.007,0.000,0.001 and 0.016,respectively) than those negative ones.The predominant genotype of Trp316Ser was TT,then TS.No correlations could be found between Trp316Ser polymorphism and APLs,neither relation to thrombosis complications.Conclusion The polymorphism of Val247Leu is significantly associated with the presence of APLs,thrombosis and obstetrical complications.Both VV and VL genotype are risk factors for the generation of APLs,occurrence of thrombosis and obstetrical complications.The VV genotype is a high risk factor for thrombosis.Trp316Ser polymorphism does not contribute to the APLs production and also have no correlations with thrombotic complication.