Nanozymes are a distinct category of nanomaterials that exhibit catalytic properties resembling those of enzymes such as peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Nanozymes derived from Chinese herbal medicines exhibit the catalytic functions of their enzyme mimics, while retaining the specific medicinal properties of the herb (termed "herbzymes"). These nanozymes can be categorized into three main groups based on their method of synthesis: herb carbon dot nanozymes, polyphenol-metal nanozymes, and herb extract nanozymes. The reported catalytic activities of herbzymes include POD, SOD, CAT, and GPx. This review presents an overview of the catalytic activities and potential applications of nanozymes, introduces the novel concept of herbzymes, provides a comprehensive review of their classification and synthesis, and discusses recent advances in their biomedical applications. Furthermore, we also discuss the significance of research into herbzymes, including the primary challenges faced and future development directions.
Nanostructures/chemistry* ; Humans ; Herbal Medicine/methods* ; Superoxide Dismutase/chemistry* ; Catalase/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Catalysis ; Glutathione Peroxidase/chemistry*

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) can potentially induce immunogenic cell death in tumor cells, leading to the release of ATP, and facilitating the initiation of an immune response. Nevertheless, the enzymes CD39 and CD73 can swiftly convert ATP into immunosuppressive adenosine (ADO), resulting in an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This study introduced a nanomedicine (QD/POM1@NP@M) engineered to reprogram TME by modulating the CD39/CD73/ADO pathway. The nanomedicine encapsulated sonosensitizers silver sulfide quantum dots, and the CD39 inhibitor POM1, while also incorporating homologous tumor cell membranes to enhance targeting capabilities. This integrated approach, on the one hand, stimulates the release of ATP via SDT, thereby initiating the immune response. In addition, it reduced the accumulation of ADO by inhibiting CD39 activity, which ameliorated the immunosuppressive TME. Upon administration, the nanomedicine demonstrated substantial anti-tumor efficacy by facilitating the infiltration of anti-tumor immune cells, while reducing the immunosuppressive cells. This modulation effectively transformed the TME from an immunologically "cold" state to a "hot" state. Furthermore, combined with the checkpoint inhibitor α-PDL1, the nanomedicine augmented systemic anti-tumor immunity and promoted the establishment of long-term immune memory. This study provides an innovative strategy for combining non-invasive SDT and ATP-driven immunotherapy, offering new ideas for future cancer treatment.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the active components, potential targets, and mechanism of Cnidii Fructus in the treatment of periodontitis with osteoprosis through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation technology. METHODS: The main chemical constituents and targets of Cnidii Fructus were screened using the TCMSP and SwissTargetPrediction databases, as well as literature reports. Targets of periodontitis and osteoporosis were predicted using different databases. The intersection targets of Cnidii Fructus, periodontitis, and osteoporosis were obtained using Venny 2.1. The protein-protein interaction network was formed on the STRING platform. Cytoscape 3.9.1 was used to construct the active component-intersection target interaction network, perform the topological analysis, and screen key targets and core active components. Furthermore, the Metascape database was used to perform gene ontology (GO) function and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis on the intersection targets. The top five key targets and core active components were selected as receptor proteins and ligand small molecules. Discovery Studio 2019 was used to dock ligands and receptors and visualize the docking results. Molecular dynamics simulation was conducted using Gromacs2022.3 to assess the stability of the interactions between the core active components and the main targets. RESULTS: A total of 20 potential active ingredients of Cnidii Fructus were screened, and 116 targets of Cnidii Fructus were obtained for treating periodontitis and osteoporosis. GO and KEGG analyses of the 116 targets showed that Cnidii Fructus may play a therapeutic role through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) and advanced glycation end products-receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGE-RAGE) signaling pathways. Molecular docking showed that the core constituents were well bound to the main targets. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of the Diosmetin-AKT1 complex system. CONCLUSIONS The preliminary discovery of the potential molecular pharmacological mechanism of Cnidii Fructus extract in the targeted treatment of periodontitis with osteoporosis through a multi-component, multitarget, and multi-pathway approach can serve as a theoretical foundation for future drug-development research and clinical application.
Molecular Docking Simulation ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Network Pharmacology ; Periodontitis/complications* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Osteoporosis/complications* ; Humans ; Protein Interaction Maps ; Cnidium/chemistry*

To analyze the positivity rate and titer of antinuclear antibody (ANA), as well as nuclear pattern and target antigen of ANA in healthy pregnant women during early pregnancy in Qingdao area. A prospective cohort study design was used to include a total of 9 528 healthy pregnant women registered at the Women and Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University from March 2023 to June 2024.Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) was used to detect ANA, its titer and cell staining pattern. Fifteen specific antibodies were tested using the magnetic bar code immunofluorescent luminescence method. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of pregnancy with autoimmune disease(AID). The results showed that among 9 528 pregnant women in early pregnancy, 1 346 cases (14.1%) were positive of ANA, including 1 011 cases with a titer of 1∶100 (10.6%), 236 cases (2.5%) with a titer of 1∶320, and 99 cases (1.0%) were detected at a titer >1∶320. Among the 1 346 ANA-positive pregnant women, nuclear granular type accounted for the highest proportion (483 cases, 35.9%), followed by speckled type (347 cases, 25.8%) and cytoplasmic type (176 cases, 13.1%).Then, pregnant women with ANA titers ≥1∶100 were detected 15 specific antibodies.Anti-SSA was tested in 121 cases accounted for the majority, followed by 110 cases with anti-Ro-52, 56 cases with anti-SSB, 51 cases with anti-mitochondrial M2 subtype antibodies and 37 cases with anti-centromere B. In conclusion,in healthy pregnant women in Qingdao area, ANA positivity rate was 14.1%, and the titer of ANA was mainly at 1∶100.The predominant nuclear patterns were nuclear granular and speckled types.The specific autoantibodies were mainly anti-SSA antibodies and anti-Ro-52 antibodies.The detection of ANA and specific autoantibodies is of great significance for early prediction, diagnosis, and intervention of autoimmune diseases during pregnancy.

To analyze the positivity rate and titer of antinuclear antibody (ANA), as well as nuclear pattern and target antigen of ANA in healthy pregnant women during early pregnancy in Qingdao area. A prospective cohort study design was used to include a total of 9 528 healthy pregnant women registered at the Women and Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University from March 2023 to June 2024.Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) was used to detect ANA, its titer and cell staining pattern. Fifteen specific antibodies were tested using the magnetic bar code immunofluorescent luminescence method. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of pregnancy with autoimmune disease(AID). The results showed that among 9 528 pregnant women in early pregnancy, 1 346 cases (14.1%) were positive of ANA, including 1 011 cases with a titer of 1∶100 (10.6%), 236 cases (2.5%) with a titer of 1∶320, and 99 cases (1.0%) were detected at a titer >1∶320. Among the 1 346 ANA-positive pregnant women, nuclear granular type accounted for the highest proportion (483 cases, 35.9%), followed by speckled type (347 cases, 25.8%) and cytoplasmic type (176 cases, 13.1%).Then, pregnant women with ANA titers ≥1∶100 were detected 15 specific antibodies.Anti-SSA was tested in 121 cases accounted for the majority, followed by 110 cases with anti-Ro-52, 56 cases with anti-SSB, 51 cases with anti-mitochondrial M2 subtype antibodies and 37 cases with anti-centromere B. In conclusion,in healthy pregnant women in Qingdao area, ANA positivity rate was 14.1%, and the titer of ANA was mainly at 1∶100.The predominant nuclear patterns were nuclear granular and speckled types.The specific autoantibodies were mainly anti-SSA antibodies and anti-Ro-52 antibodies.The detection of ANA and specific autoantibodies is of great significance for early prediction, diagnosis, and intervention of autoimmune diseases during pregnancy.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of astragaloside Ⅰ,the active constituent of milkvetch root,in inhibiting podocyte injury and improving diabetic kidney disease.Methods According to the body weight,60 male db/db mice were randomly divided into the model group,astragaloside Ⅰ low-dose group(10 mg/kg),astragaloside Ⅰ medium-dose group(20 mg/kg),astragaloside Ⅰ high-dose group(40 mg/kg),and valsartan group(10mg/kg),with 12 mice per group.Twelve db/db littermate control db/m mice were used as the control group.The drug was administered by gavage for 8 weeks.Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure of the kidney;immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of nephrotic protein(nephrin),a marker of renal podocytes;enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the contents of interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and interleukin-18(IL-18)in the serum of mice;Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of NOD-like receptor thermoprotein domain-related protein 3(NLRP3),cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1(Caspase-1),and Gasdermin D(GSDMD)in kidney tissue.Results Compared with the control group,the glomeruli of the model group showed obvious podocyte loss and foot process fusion;the protein expression of nephrin was decreased(P＜0.05);the contents of IL-1 β and IL-18 in serum were increased(P＜0.05);the protein expressions of NLRP3,Cleaved-Caspase-1,and GSDMD-N were increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the renal pathological damage in the astragaloside Ⅰ administration groups were alleviated;the protein expression of nephrin was increased(P＜0.05);the contents of IL-1β and IL-18 in serum were decreased(P＜0.05);the protein expressions of NLRP3,Cleaved-Caspase-1,and GSDMD-N were decreased(P＜0.05).Conclusion Astragaloside Ⅰ may play a role in intervening diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting pyroptosis and improving podocyte injury.

Objective:To explore the 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging features in endometriosis (EMS), in order to provide valuable information for accurate clinical diagnosis. Methods:The clinical and imaging data of 21 patients (age range 23-72 (44.0±11.4) years) who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center between December 2016 and May 2021, and were pathologically confirmed to be EMS, were retrospectively collected. The symptoms and signs, carbohydrate antigen (CA)125 levels, and the characteristics of the lesions on PET/CT images were analyzed. According to the intraoperative lesion invasion score, patients were divided into group A with lesion confined to the adnexal region (the score ≤4), and group B with multiple sites invaded (the score >4). The differences in age, CA125, SUV max, SUV mean, metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were analyzed by independent-sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test. Results:About 42.9%(9/21) had a history of dysmenorrhea. CA125 was elevated in 95.2%(20/21) of the patients. CA125 levels of the group A and group B were 88.4(42.0, 351.5) and 619.8(72.3, 1 420.0) kU/L, respectively, which meant the higher the CA125 and the wider the lesion involvement ( z=-2.32, P=0.041). The older the patients, the more likely the lesions were confined to the adnexal region ( t=-2.10, P=0.049). The SUV max of the two groups were 3.67±1.78 and 3.93±1.88, respectively ( t=0.33, P=0.746). The other metabolic parameters (SUV mean, MTV and TLG) of the 2 groups were not significantly different either ( t=0.79, both z=-1.16, P values: 0.446, 0.245, 0.245). About 23.8%(5/21) of patients were with SUV max greater than 5, and 4 of them had inflammation. Conclusions:EMS patients are often accompanied by abdominal pain and increased CA125. The older the age, the more prone to focal involvement of appendages. The higher the CA125 level, the wider the lesion involvement. The 18F-FDG metabolism level has nothing to do with the scope of the lesion, but when the SUV max of the lesion >5, it is often accompanied by acute inflammation, which is easy to be misdiagnosed.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of noise measuring skills by continuous inter-laboratory comparison among occupational hygiene technical service organizations. METHODS: The results of 68, 55 and 50 occupational hygiene technical service organizations(reference organizations) participating in the inter-laboratory comparison of workplace noise measurement in 2014, 2017 and 2018 respectively were collected. The measurement operation and the calculation of equivalent sound level were evaluated according to the GBZ/T 189.8-2007 Measurement of Physical Agents in Workplace--Part 8: Noise.The measured results were analyzed by z score evaluation method. RESULTS: The results of noise measurement field operation of the reference organizations in the year 2014, 2017 and 2018 show that the accuracy rates of instrument setting was 89.7%, 98.2% and 100.0%, the accuracy rates of measuring position were 52.9%, 81.8% and 94.0%, the accuracy rates of sound level meter holding were 54.4%, 80.0% and 92.0%, the accuracy rates of microphone pointing were 98.5%, 98.2% and 94.0%, and the accuracy rates of noise type recognition were 83.8%, 92.7% and 84.0%, respectively. Among them, the accuracy of instrument setting, measurement position and sound level meter holding showed an increasing trend year by year(P<0.01). The pass rates of measurement results were 91.2%, 94.5% and 88.0% in 2014, 2017 and 2018 respectively. The pass rates of equivalent sound level calculation were 73.5%, 92.7% and 88.0%. The pass rates of comprehensive evaluation were 70.6%, 89.1% and 80.0% respectively. Among them, the pass rates of equivalent sound level calculation and comprehensive evaluation in 2017 were higher than that in 2014(P<0.017). There was no significant difference in the three-year comprehensive assessment total pass rate between private organizations and non-private organizations(84.0 % vs 75.5%, P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the total pass rate of three-year comprehensive evaluation between non-Pearl-River-Delta organizations and Pearl-River-Delta organizations(70.3% vs 81.6%, P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Continuous inter-laboratory comparison in occupational hygiene technical service organizations is beneficial to improve on-site noise measure capability.

Objective: To investigate the incidence and prognosis of cognitive impairment and to find out the risk factors associated with the outcome for better understanding and preventing cognitive impairment in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods: The patients who met the criteria as below: MHD patients (≥3 months) in Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2000 to July 2014, ≥18 years old were enrolled and could carry on the montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) of voluntary cooperation. According to the score of MoCA, all enrolled patients were divided into two groups: cognitive impairment (MoCA<26) group and non-cognitive impairment (MoCA≥26) group. The follow-up period was 3 years. There were 130 males, and the incidence, demography data, medical history, hemodialysis data, laboratory examination and prognosis of cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients were prospectively compared and analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors of cognitive impairment. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression model were used for prognostic analysis. Results: A total of 219 MHD patients were enrolled. The incidence of cognitive impairment in MHD patients was 51.6%. There were 130 males, and the ratio of male to female was 1.46∶1. Age was (60.07±12.44) years old and dialysis vintage was (100.79±70.23) months. Compared with non-cognitive impairment group (n=106), patients in cognitive impairment group (n=113) were older, and had higher proportion of education status<12 years, history of diabetes and anuria (all P<0.05); however, the post-dialysis systolic pressure, pre-dialysis diastolic pressure, post-dialysis diastolic pressure, platelet and spKt/V were lower (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that education status<12 years (OR=3.428, 95%CI 1.919-6.125, P<0.001), post-dialysis diastolic pressure<73 mmHg (OR=2.234, 95%CI 1.253-3.984, P=0.006) and spKt/V<1.72(OR=1.982, 95%CI 1.102-3.564, P=0.022) were the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in MHD patients. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the survival rate of patients with cognitive impairment was lower than that of non-cognitive impairment group in MHD patients during 3 years follow-up (χ²=3.977, P=0.046). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that cognitive impairment was an independent risk factor for death in MHD patients (RR=2.661, 95%CI 0.967-7.321, P=0.058). Conclusions Cognitive impairment is one of the common complications and an independent risk factor for death in MHD patients. The mortality is high in patients who suffer cognitive impairment. Education status<12 years, post-dialysis diastolic pressure<73 mmHg and spKt/V<1.72 are the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in MHD patients.

Objective To investigate the CT findings of primary orbital lipid prolapse. Methods The CT data of 13 patients with primary orbital lipid prolapse in Jiaxing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University from January 2012 to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Results In all of the 13 cases of primary orbital lipid prolapse, there were 12 cases of bilateral orbital lipid prolapse and 1 case of unilateral orbital lipid prolapse. The CT images showed that the fat density masses in the posterior orbital septum were herniated from the outer quadrant of the orbit. The tumor was crescent shaped and connected with the orbital adipose tissue. The mass and the orbital adipose tissue were natural and homogeneous. Conclusions CT has distinctive imaging findings in the diagnosis of primary orbital lipid prolapse, and it is helpful for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of this disease.