T cell response plays an important role in anti-viral infection and anti-tumor immunity,and antigen-specific T cell detection is essential for study of T cell response.This article reviews progress of antigen-specific T cell detection technology,including enzyme-linked immunospot(ELISPOT)assay,intracellular cytokine staining(ICS)assay and activation-induced labeling(AIM)assay,which based on detection of cytokine secretion or activation phenotypes of specific T cells after stimulation and reactivation with antigen in vitro.Another class of methods include Tetramer technology based on known epitopes-human leukocyte antigen(HLA)restriction and recently developed single-cell transcriptomes and T-cell antigen receptor(TCR)sequencing technology.Application of the above methods has advanced our understanding of antigen specific T cell response:Strength and duration of the response,subpop-ulation information,epitopes and their associated HLA-restriction,TCR cloning information and transcriptome characteristic.

Objective:To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of lingual mucosal graft ureteroplasty (LMGU) for managing long-segment (≥5 cm) ureteral strictures in a multi-institutional cohort of patients.Methods:A multi-center retrospective case series study was conducted on clinical data from 42 patients undergoing LMGU for long-segment ureteral strictures (≥5 cm) across five institutions between February 2017 and June 2024. The cohort comprised 31 males and 11 females, with an age of (43.4±12.0) years (range: 15 to 64 years) and a body mass index of (24.6±2.6) kg/m2 (range: 16.0 to 30.0 kg/m2). Strictures involved the left ureter in 24 cases and right ureter in 18 cases, demonstrating a stricture length of (6.4±1.5) cm (range: 5.0 to 11.5 cm). Surgical interventions included either onlay ureteroplasty or augmented anastomotic ureteroplasty, selected according to intraoperative findings. Intraoperative parameters, postoperative complications, and follow-up outcomes were analyzed.Results:Laparoscopic surgery was performed in 22 cases and robot-assisted surgery in 20 cases. Among the 42 patients, 22 underwent onlay ureteroplasty while 20 received augmented anastomotic ureteroplasty. The graft length was (5.9±1.8) cm (range: 3.0 to 12.0 cm), operative time (191.5±55.6) minutes (range: 105.0 to 350.0 minutes), and intraoperative estimated blood loss (86.7±73.6) ml (range: 10.0 to 400.0 ml). All procedures were successfully completed without conversion to open surgery. The postoperative hospital stay was (7.6±2.0) days (range: 4.0 to 15.0 days), with double-J stent removal at 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively. During a follow-up of (49.1±25.0) months (range: 12.0 to 99.0 months), no stricture recurrence was observed in any patient.Conclusion:LMGU is a safe, feasible, and effective long-term technique for managing long-segment (≥5 cm) ureteral strictures.

T cell response plays an important role in anti-viral infection and anti-tumor immunity,and antigen-specific T cell detection is essential for study of T cell response.This article reviews progress of antigen-specific T cell detection technology,including enzyme-linked immunospot(ELISPOT)assay,intracellular cytokine staining(ICS)assay and activation-induced labeling(AIM)assay,which based on detection of cytokine secretion or activation phenotypes of specific T cells after stimulation and reactivation with antigen in vitro.Another class of methods include Tetramer technology based on known epitopes-human leukocyte antigen(HLA)restriction and recently developed single-cell transcriptomes and T-cell antigen receptor(TCR)sequencing technology.Application of the above methods has advanced our understanding of antigen specific T cell response:Strength and duration of the response,subpop-ulation information,epitopes and their associated HLA-restriction,TCR cloning information and transcriptome characteristic.

Objective:To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of lingual mucosal graft ureteroplasty (LMGU) for managing long-segment (≥5 cm) ureteral strictures in a multi-institutional cohort of patients.Methods:A multi-center retrospective case series study was conducted on clinical data from 42 patients undergoing LMGU for long-segment ureteral strictures (≥5 cm) across five institutions between February 2017 and June 2024. The cohort comprised 31 males and 11 females, with an age of (43.4±12.0) years (range: 15 to 64 years) and a body mass index of (24.6±2.6) kg/m2 (range: 16.0 to 30.0 kg/m2). Strictures involved the left ureter in 24 cases and right ureter in 18 cases, demonstrating a stricture length of (6.4±1.5) cm (range: 5.0 to 11.5 cm). Surgical interventions included either onlay ureteroplasty or augmented anastomotic ureteroplasty, selected according to intraoperative findings. Intraoperative parameters, postoperative complications, and follow-up outcomes were analyzed.Results:Laparoscopic surgery was performed in 22 cases and robot-assisted surgery in 20 cases. Among the 42 patients, 22 underwent onlay ureteroplasty while 20 received augmented anastomotic ureteroplasty. The graft length was (5.9±1.8) cm (range: 3.0 to 12.0 cm), operative time (191.5±55.6) minutes (range: 105.0 to 350.0 minutes), and intraoperative estimated blood loss (86.7±73.6) ml (range: 10.0 to 400.0 ml). All procedures were successfully completed without conversion to open surgery. The postoperative hospital stay was (7.6±2.0) days (range: 4.0 to 15.0 days), with double-J stent removal at 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively. During a follow-up of (49.1±25.0) months (range: 12.0 to 99.0 months), no stricture recurrence was observed in any patient.Conclusion:LMGU is a safe, feasible, and effective long-term technique for managing long-segment (≥5 cm) ureteral strictures.

OBJECTIVETo examine the relationship between complementary feeding behaviors (CFB) and anemia for infants and young children in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou province of China.

METHODSA total 3 410 children aged 6-24 months were recruited from 12 survey sites in the urban and rural areas of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces by stratified random cluster sampling in 3 age groups (6-8 months, 9-11 months and 12-24 months) from March to July in 2011. The information of CFB for them was collected through a specific questionnaire. According to the comprehensive evaluation method of CFB(including content of food preparation and selection, caregivers' behavior, infants' behavior, feeding environment and environmental hygiene), the scores of CFB were calculated and grouped as low ( < 60% of total score), moderate (60%-80% of total score) and high level ( > 80% of total score). Twenty microliter of fingertip blood was extracted to measure the hemoglobin concentration and anemia rate was calculated. Distribution of CFB level and rate of anemia were compared between urban/rural areas and different age groups. Difference of anemia rate for infants and young children between low/moderate/high CFB level groups was compared.

RESULTS8.0% (273/3 410) of the children were in low CFB level group, and 56.9% (1 940/3 410) and 35.1% (1 197/3 410) in moderate and high CFB level group respectively. The difference of CFB levels between urban and rural areas was significant (Z = -21.17, P < 0.05), the proportion of high level in urban area was 53.0% (829/1 565) , which was higher than that in rural area (20.0% (368/1845) ). The difference of CFB levels between different age groups was also significant (H = 43.82, P < 0.05). The proportion of high level decreased by increasing age, which was 41.0% (417/1 017) and 29.9% (389/1 300) in 6-8 months and 12-24 months respectively. The average hemoglobin concentration for infants was (119.3 ± 13.8)g/L, and the total anemia rate was 22.4% (765/3 410) . The hemoglobin concentration for infants in urban area ( (123.3 ± 11.3) g/L) was higher than rural area ((115.9 ± 14.8) g/L) (t = 16.75, P < 0.05) and the rate of anemia in urban area (10.5% (165/1 565)) was lower than that in rural area (32.5% (600/1845) ) (χ² = 235.03, P < 0.05) significantly. The rate of anemia was decreased by increasing CFB level(χ² = 73.94, P < 0.05). The rate of anemia in the low CFB level group was the highest (33.7% (92/273) ) while in the high CFB level group was 14.5% (174/1 197), which was the lowest.

CONCLUSIONThe level of complementary feeding behavior for infants and young children in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou province of China is relatively low and their prevalence of anemia is relatively serious. Complementary feeding behavior is closely associated with anemia for infants and young children.

Age Factors ; Anemia ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Prevalence ; Rural Population ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVETo explore the experimental method of obtaining position emission tonogiaphy (PET) imaging evidence of changes in cerebral function by puncturing the Stomach 36 (ST36, Zusanli) acupoint.

METHODSData on changes of cerebral glycometabolism were obtained from six healthy male volunteers with positron emission tomography. Visual experimental evidence, as well as statistical parametric mapping (SPM), was gathered while puncturing the ST36 (Zusanli, right leg) acupoint.

RESULTSThere was increased glycometabolism in the hypothalamus, head of the caudate nucleus, temporal lobe, the sinistral cerebellum, postcentral gyrus, and brain stem while the acupoint ST36 was being punctured.

CONCLUSIONSAcupuncture on ST36 can lead to increase in glycometabolism in the vegetative nerve centers, which is correlated with gastric function. Visual experimental evidence of ST36 acupuncturing on functional gastrointestinal disorder was obtained in our study.

Acupuncture ; Acupuncture Points ; Adult ; Brain ; diagnostic imaging ; physiology ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Tomography, Emission-Computed