ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Liuwei Dihuangwan on behavioral impairments in the rat model of autism spectrum disorder （ASD） and explore the mechanism of action. MethodsTwelve SD pregnant rats were intraperitoneally injected with valproic acid （VPA） （10 rats） or normal saline （2 rats）， and male offspring were selected to establish the model of ASD and the control rats. Rats were randomly assigned into model， low-dose （0.75 g·kg^-1） and high-dose （1.5 g·kg^-1） Liuwei Dihuangwan， vitamin D （positive drug， 3.7×10^-5 g·kg^-1）， and blank groups. Each group was administrated with the corresponding concentration of drugs or the same volume of normal saline by gavage for 2 weeks. After the intervention， the three-chamber social test was conducted to evaluate social interaction and social preference. The open field test was carried out to observe spontaneous behavior and anxiety state. Hematoxylin-eosin staining （HE） was used to observe the pathological changes of the prefrontal tissue. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe the ultrastructure of mitochondria in prefrontal neurons. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 （Iba-1） in the prefrontal tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was adopted to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-6 （IL-6）. Western blot was employed to assess the expression differences of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （p-AMPK）， adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， phosphorylated Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1 （p-ULK1）， Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1 （ULK1）， and FUN14 domain-containing protein 1 （FUNDC1）. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group spent less time sniffing stranger 1 and stranger 2 in the three-chamber social test （P<0.01） and showed reductions in the total distance traveled， average speed， distance traveled in the central area， and time spent in the central area in the open field test （P<0.01）. In addition， the model group showed extensive apoptosis of neurons， with shrunken nuclei and red-stained cytoplasm， and extensive necrosis of neurons in the prefrontal tissue， mitochondrial swelling， decreased matrix density， disrupted cristae， and autophagic lysosomes in neurons， increases in the rate of Iba-1 positive cells in the prefrontal area （P<0.01） and the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 （P<0.01）， and down-regulation in the expression of p-AMPK/AMPK， p-ULK1/ULK1， and FUNDC1 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， low-dose and high-dose Liuwei Dihuangwan and the vitamin D prolonged the time spent sniffing stranger 1 and stranger 2 in the three-chamber social test （P<0.05， P<0.01）， increased the total distance traveled， average speed， distance traveled in the central area， and time spent in the central area in the open field test （P<0.05， P<0.01）， restored the morphology of neurons in the prefrontal tissue， decreased the number of apoptotic cells， alleviated the swelling of mitochondria in neurons， increased the matrix density， mitigated the fragmentation and disorder of cristae， and increased the number of autophagosomes. Moreover， the drugs decreased the rate of Iba-1 positive cells in the prefrontal area （P<0.01）， lowered the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 （P<0.01）， and up-regulated the expression of p-AMPK/AMPK， p-ULK1/ULK1， and FUNDC1 （P<0.01）. ConclusionLiuwei Dihuangwan ameliorate autism-like behaviors and reduce neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammatory damage in the rat model of ASD by promoting mitophagy mediated by the AMPK/ULK1/FUNDC1 pathway.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the application effect of morphology driven preparation technique in indirect restoration of posterior teeth. Methods84 patients with dental defects were selected and divided into the control group and the experimental group randomly， with 42 patients in each group （a total of 84 teeth）. Traditional preparation and morphology driven preparation techniques were used to complete dental preparation and adhesive glass ceramic restorations， respectively. The satisfaction， masticatory function， World Dental Federation （FDI） Scores for edge fracture and fixation，edge adaptability index，periodontal bleeding index （BI） and plaque index （PLI） of the two groups of patients were evaluated and various indicator data were recorded and statistically analyzed at 3 and 6 months after restoration completion. ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in satisfaction between the two groups after 3 and 6 months of repair； Both groups of data showed a significant improvement in masticatory function. There was no statistical difference after 3 and 6 months of repair. However， a statistically significant difference in masticatory function was noted after 6 months of repair compared with before and after 3 months of repair. As the repair time increased， the masticatory effect improved significantly. There was no statistically significant difference in the edge fracture and fixation index between the two groups at 3 months after repair， but there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups at 6 months with the experimental group outperforming the control group（P<0.05）. The edge adaptability， BI， and PLI index were statistically significant between the two groups after 3 and 6 months of repair and the experimental group had a significant advantage （P<0.05）. ConclusionBoth types of tooth preparation techniques can improve patient masticatory function and reach high satisfaction after repair. However， morphology driven preparation technique has significant advantages in edge adaptability， edge fracture and fixation index scores and improve periodontal conditions. This technique is an effective method for improving dental preparation in adhesive indirect restoration of posterior teeth.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a rapid and effective therapy for major depressive disorder; however, there is significant variability in therapeutic outcomes both within and across individuals, with approximately 50% of patients showing no response to rTMS treatment. Many studies have personalized the stimulation parameters of rTMS (e.g., location and intensity of stimulation) according to the anatomical and functional structure of the brain. In addition to these parameters, the internal states of the individual, such as circadian rhythm, behavior/cognition, neural oscillation, and neuroplasticity, also contribute to the variation in rTMS effects. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the interaction between rTMS and internal states. We propose two possible methods, multimodal treatment, and adaptive closed-loop treatment, to integrate patients' internal states to achieve better rTMS treatment for depression.
Humans ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods* ; Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology* ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology* ; Brain/physiopathology*

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Objective: To evaluates the association between maternal overweight/obesity during pregnancy and offspring risk of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), providing theoretical evidence for early life MASLD prevention. Methods: An online search was conducted across ten databases (CNKI, Wanfang, SinoMed, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PROSPERO, PQDT Global, ScienceDirect) for research literature on the association between maternal overweight/obesity during pregnancy and the development of MASLD in offspring, with the search period spanning from January 2014 to December 2024. Two researchers independently screened literature, extracted data, and assessed study quality. Statistical analysis was performed using R 4.3.3. Results: Ten studies involving 10 229 participants were included, comprising 4 cohort studies and 6 case control studies. Cohort studies showed that maternal overweight and obesity significantly increased offspring MASLD risk ( RR=1.59, 95%CI=1.06-2.39, P <0.05), with moderate heterogeneity ( I 2=56.9%, P =0.07). Case control studies indicated a positive association between maternal overweight/obesity during pregnancy and offspring risk of MASLD( OR=2.00, 95%CI=1.68-2.39, P < 0.05), with low heterogeneity ( I 2=48.8%, P =0.08). Conclusions Maternal overweight/obesity during pregnancy positively correlates with offspring MASLD risk. Gestational weight management may reduce the risk.

Objective: To explore the associations between caregivers nutrition literacy and pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), so as to provide scientific evidence for the key contents of family intervention measures. Methods: In September 2022, a study involving 1 609 thirdgrade students and their caregivers from six schools in Yinzhou, Haishu, and Zhenhai Districts of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, was conducted. Venous blood samples were collected to measure lipid profiles and investigate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among the children. Family Food Environment Questionnaire was used to assess the nutrition literacy levels of the caregivers. Generalized linear regression analysis was employed to explore the correlation between caregivers nutrition literacy levels and the prevalence of NAFLD in children. Results: Among the surveyed students, 191 were in the NAFLD group, whereas 1 418 were in the nonNAFLD group. The median nutrition literacy score of caregivers in the NAFLD group and nonNAFLD group all were 11.00 (9.00,12.00), which was not significantly different (Z=-0.40, P=0.71). The generalized linear regression results revealed that the level of nutrition literacy of caregivers had no significant effect on childrens Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and Triglyceride-glucose-Waisttoheight ratio (TyG-WHtR) [β(95%CI) were 0.001(-0.005-0.006) and 0.000(-0.014-0.014), P>0.05]. Conclusions The nutrition literacy level of caregivers has no significant correlation with the direct incidence of NAFLD in children. As for family intervention measures, it is necessary not only to improve the nutrition literacy level of caregivers but also to effectively apply nutritional knowledge in practice to optimize health management.

Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box (TOX), a member of the high mobility group protein super-family, plays an important role in T cell development, functional maintenance, and exhaustion. It has been recently found that TOX exerts critical immunoregulatory functions during pathogen infections, and TOX expression is strongly associated with the intensity and tolerance of host immune responses. This review systematically summarizes the structural and functional features of TOX and focuses on its expression dynamics, mechanisms of action, and immunomodulatory effects during viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, which provides a theoretical support to better understanding of the role of TOX in infectious diseases and provides new insights into development of potential immunotherapeutic strategies targeting TOX.

Objective: To explore the biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite and dexamethasone composite coatings on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes . Methods: A composite coating was constructed by loading hydroxyapatite and dexamethasone on the surface of titanium nanotubes . Field emission scanning electron microscopy , atomic force microscopy , and contact angle measurement instrument was used to observe the characteristics of sample substrates , and in vitro biological evaluation was conducted to evaluate the effect of the coating on the adhesion and proliferation of human skull osteoblasts . Results : The microstructure , three_dimensional morphology and hydrophilic properties of the modified composite coating had changed . After cytological examination , it could significantly promote the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts . Conclusion By simulating the immersion of body fluids and the method of adding dropwise loads , the titanium nanotube_hydroxyapatite_dexamethasone composite coating is successfully constructed , which has good biocompatibility.

Objective:To investigate the association between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes,and to analyze the impact of the type and severity of cardiometabolic risk factor(CMRF)abnormalities on this association.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted among primiparous women with singleton pregnancies who had registered at Beijing Friendship Hospital from March 10,2020,to December 31,2022.A total of 2 623 women were included.Basic characteristics and delivery outcomes were documented,liver ultrasound and relevant prenatal examinations were performed,and adverse pregnancy outcomes were diagnosed.Modi-fied Poisson regression models were used to analyze the association between MASLD and adverse pregnan-cy outcomes.The relationship between the type or severity of CMRF abnormalities in MASLD and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes was also explored.Results:After adjusting for confounding factors including age,gestational weight gain,and education level,MASLD was associated with an increased risk of cesarean section(RR=1.531,95％CI:1.304-1.799,P＜0.001),gestational diabetes melli-tus(GDM;RR=2.409,95％CI:1.948-2.979,P＜0.001),pregnancy-associated hypertension(PAH;RR=3.062,95％CI:2.069-4.533,P＜0.001),preterm birth(RR=2.145,95％CI:1.342-3.429,P=0.001),and large for gestational age(LGA;2.224,95％CI:1.599-3.095,P＜0.001).However,no significant associations were found for small for gestational age or postpartum hemorrhage.After adjusting for other CMRF abnormalities,the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes varied among MASLD pregnant women with different CMRF abnormalities:the body mass index abnormal group had higher risks of cesarean section,GDM,PAH,preterm birth,and LGA;the glucose abnormal group had an increased risk of GDM;the blood pressure abnormal group had a higher risk of PAH;the high density lipoprotein cholesterol abnormal group had higher risks of cesarean section,GDM,and PAH;and the tri-glyceride abnormal group was associated with higher risks of GDM and preterm birth.Additional,as the severity of CMRF abnormalities increased,the risks of cesarean section(RR=1.199,95％CI:1.112-1.292,P＜0.001),GDM(RR=1.478,95％CI:1.345-1.624,P＜0.001),PAH(RR=1.626,95％CI:1.367-1.934,P＜0.001),preterm birth(RR=1.384,95％CI:1.120-1.710,P=0.003),and LGA(RR=1.422,95％CI:1.224-1.650,P＜0.001)continued to rise.Conclusion:MASLD during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes,and the type and severity of CMRF abnormalities significantly influence this association.These results suggest that attention should be paid to the specific CMRF abnormalities when diagnosed MASLD,as this may help to facilitate targeted interventions and reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Objective Under the guidance of the Social Ecosystems Theory(SET)framework,this study explores the experience of social isolation among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),providing a basis for the development of targeted clinical interventions.Methods This study employed purposeful sampling methods.Semi-structured interviews were conducted from April to July 2024 with patients diagnosed with COPD at a tertiary hospital in Shanxi Province,China,who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step analysis method and NVivo 12.0 software.Results This study involved in-depth interviews with 15 patients suffering from COPD,totaling approximately 405 minutes of interview time and yielding over 40,000 words in transcribed text.Totally 3 main themes and 9 sub-themes were distilled,among which the microsystem level reflects the intricate interplay of individual experiences(physical functional limitations,severe negative emotions,heightened emotional imbalance,and weakened social roles);the mesosystem level pertains to the support and challenges from family and social networks(intense need for familial emotional support,widening social gaps in interactions with friends and relatives,and pronounced interpersonal communication barriers);the macrosystem level involves the integrated influence of societal and policy environments(restricted living conditions and urgent demands for policy support and service accessibility).Conclusion The social isolation experienced by patients with COPD manifests in multiple dimensions of experience.It is necessary to develop interdisciplinary and multi-level comprehensive intervention strategies for the future,to create more social opportunities and emotional connections for patients,thereby improving their quality of life.