Objective:To investigate the relationship between the abnormality of kynurenine metabolic pathway and the glucose-insulin level in first-episode schizophrenia.Methods:In this study, a total of 160 first episode patients with schizophrenia and 122 age-, gender-, education-matched healthy controls were recruited. Serum levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Meanwhile, fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin levels were measured in all subjects. The independent sample t test or Mann Whitney U test were used for comparison between groups. The relationships between fasting plasma glucose-insulin metabolism measures and indexes of kynurenine metabolites were investigated by the bivariate correlation and partial correlation. Results:The first episode patients with schizophrenia had higher levels of fasting plasma glucose (5.5(4.8, 6.4) mmol/L vs. 5.1(4.8, 5.4) mmol/L, Z=-3.93, P<0.01) and lower levels of fasting plasma insulin ((6.2±2.9) pmol/L vs. (7.2±4.0) pmol/L, t=-2.45, P=0.015) than the healthy controls. The levels of tryptophan (11 449.5(10 053.5, 12 828.5) nmol/L vs. 16 780.0 (13 735.0, 18 997.5) nmol/L, Z=-10.69, P<0.01), kynurenine (252.2(208.7, 307.4) nmol/L vs. 637.8 (355.5, 827.4) nmol/L, Z=-11.02, P<0.01), kynurenic acid (5.0(3.7, 6.9) nmol/L vs. 11.0 (8.5, 14.3) nmol/L, Z=-11.48, P<0.01) and quinolinic acid (39.7(31.0, 47.3) nmol/L vs. 53.2(44.7,68.6) nmol/L, Z=-8.29, P<0.01) in the first episode patients with schizophrenia were significantly lower than those in the healthy controls. Furthermore, our results showed that kynurenic acid levels was positive correlated with fasting plasma insulin levels ( r=0.46, P<0.01) in the first episode patients with schizophrenia. Conclusions:The level of kynurenine metabolic pathway in patients with schizophrenia is decreased, which is associated with the risk of hyperinsulinemic glucose metabolism.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the abnormality of kynurenine metabolic pathway and the glucose-insulin level in first-episode schizophrenia.Methods:In this study, a total of 160 first episode patients with schizophrenia and 122 age-, gender-, education-matched healthy controls were recruited. Serum levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Meanwhile, fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin levels were measured in all subjects. The independent sample t test or Mann Whitney U test were used for comparison between groups. The relationships between fasting plasma glucose-insulin metabolism measures and indexes of kynurenine metabolites were investigated by the bivariate correlation and partial correlation. Results:The first episode patients with schizophrenia had higher levels of fasting plasma glucose (5.5(4.8, 6.4) mmol/L vs. 5.1(4.8, 5.4) mmol/L, Z=-3.93, P<0.01) and lower levels of fasting plasma insulin ((6.2±2.9) pmol/L vs. (7.2±4.0) pmol/L, t=-2.45, P=0.015) than the healthy controls. The levels of tryptophan (11 449.5(10 053.5, 12 828.5) nmol/L vs. 16 780.0 (13 735.0, 18 997.5) nmol/L, Z=-10.69, P<0.01), kynurenine (252.2(208.7, 307.4) nmol/L vs. 637.8 (355.5, 827.4) nmol/L, Z=-11.02, P<0.01), kynurenic acid (5.0(3.7, 6.9) nmol/L vs. 11.0 (8.5, 14.3) nmol/L, Z=-11.48, P<0.01) and quinolinic acid (39.7(31.0, 47.3) nmol/L vs. 53.2(44.7,68.6) nmol/L, Z=-8.29, P<0.01) in the first episode patients with schizophrenia were significantly lower than those in the healthy controls. Furthermore, our results showed that kynurenic acid levels was positive correlated with fasting plasma insulin levels ( r=0.46, P<0.01) in the first episode patients with schizophrenia. Conclusions:The level of kynurenine metabolic pathway in patients with schizophrenia is decreased, which is associated with the risk of hyperinsulinemic glucose metabolism.

Objective To investigate the effects of social skills training on behavior problems of children aged 6-13 years.Methods 168 children with behavior problems were selected as the sample,who received social skill training by health education teachers for 12 weeks.The Rutter Parent and Teacher Scale and PHCSS(Children' s self-concept Scale) were used to evaluate the effect before and after intervention.Results After intervention,the total scores,A and N scores of the Rutter Parent Scale decreased significantly((5.42±6.23) vs (0.62± 1.77),(1.68±2.63) vs (0.50±2.74),(2.04±4.27) vs (0.36±0.65),P＜0.05).The total scores,A and N scores of the Rutter Teacher Scale decreased significantly((4.35±4.11) vs (0.62± 1.77),(1.56±3.65) vs (0.21 ±0.44),(1.32±2.48) vs (0.36±0.65),P＜0.05).The total score and different factor scores of PHCSS increased significantly(P＜0.05).The clinical effectiveness of intervention group was better than control group.Conclusion Social skill training by teacher is acceptable and helpful to improve behavior problem,psychosocial competence and selfconcept for children with behavior problems.

Objective:To investigate the episodic future thinking in patients with schizophrenia from three per-spectives including the specificity,emotional valence,and content.Methods:Totally 25 patients with schizophrenia who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder,Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ)criteria and 25 healthy controls matched with gender,age,and years of education participated in this study.The Sentence Completion for E-vents in the Future Test (SCEFT)was used to test episodic future thinking.Results:Schizophrenia patients showed deficits in episodic future thinking[(0.13 ±0.10)vs.(0.31 ±0.12),P <0.01].They had problems in imaging the specific events even after controlling for working memory and verbal memory [F(1,54)=6.60,P <0.05].More-over,they generated less positive events compared with the healthy controls [(0.36 ±0.20)vs.(0.48 ±0.16),P <0.01].As to the content,schizophrenia patients generated more events about hospitalization [0 (0,0.64)vs.0,P <0.01],more events that were unclassifiable [0.36 (0.09,0.64)vs.0.09 (0,0.36),P <0.01],and less events re-lated with personal career [0 (0,0.27)vs.0.18 (0,0.45),P <0.01].Conclusion:It suggests that schizophrenia patients show deficits in episodic future thinking.They have problems in imaging the specific events,and they have more negative thinking.