Natural products (NPs) are an important source of new drugs for the treatment of stroke. Identifying cellular targets for bioactive molecules is a major challenge and critical issue in the development of new drugs for stroke. Small-molecule probes play a unique role in target discovery. However, drawbacks to these probes include non-specificity, unstable activity, and difficulty in synthesis. Small-molecule probes based on NPs at least partially compensate for these shortcomings. NPs feature rich chemical and structural diversity, biocompatibility, and unique biological activities. These features could be exploited to provide new ideas and tools for target discovery. Small-molecule probes based on NPs provide a precise and direct search for interacting protein targets of NPs-active small molecules. This review explores the properties of small-molecule probes based on NPs and their applications in mechanistic studies of stroke and other diseases. We hope that this review will bring new perspectives to the mechanistic study of NPs-active small molecules and accelerate the translation of these ingredients into drug candidates for the treatment of stroke.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of neonatal chylothorax.Methods:The clinical data of newborns diagnosed with chylothorax from June 2016 to June 2023 in Neonatal Center of Beijing Children's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed, and divided into congenital group and acquired group according to the pathogenesis of chylothorax. The clinical characteristics, treatment methods and prognosis of the two groups were compared.Results:A total of 23 cases were included, including 17 cases (73.9%) in the congenital group and 6 cases (26.1%) in the acquired group. There was no significant difference in gender, gestational age and birth weight between the two groups ( P>0.05). Compared with the acquired group, the proportion of lymphocytes (97.0% vs. 85.0%), the use of erythromycin (7/17 vs. 1/6) and octreotide (9/17 vs. 1/6) and special formula milk feeding (13/17 vs. 2/6) were higher in the congenital group; the proportion of right hydrothorax (1/17 vs. 3/6), invasive mechanical ventilation (6/17 vs. 6/6) and breastfeeding (0/17 vs. 3/6) were lower in the congenital group ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in terms of the white blood cell count in pleural fluid and plasma protein content, incidence of bilateral and left pleural fluid, proportion of closed thoracic drainage, maximum daily drainage volume, drainage duration, total drainage volume, albumin utilization rate, length of stay and survival rate between the two groups ( P>0.05). 18 cases of pleural effusion absorption without recurrence after conservative treatment; 5 cases died, of which 4 cases died after their parents abandoned treatment, and 1 case died of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis after thoracic duct ligation surgery. Conclusions:Congenital chylothorax and acquired chylothorax were similar in severity, course of disease and overall prognosis. The utilization rate of erythromycin and octreotide in congenital chylothorax was higher than that in acquired chylothorax. The neonatal chylothorax is usually with an overall good prognosis.

Children and adults differ significantly in physiology,biochemistry and immune function,which leads to sig-nificant differences in blood transfusion strategies between children and adults.To guide the clinical transfusion practice of pediatric patients and improve the prognosis of children,the National Health Commission organized the formulation and re-lease of the health industry standard Guideline for Pediatric Transfusion(WS/T 795-2022).This paper will briefly introduce some concepts that help understand of the Standard and the preparation process of the Standard,and explain and interpret the preparation of the"scope","general provisions"and"factors to consider"of the Standard,hoping to contribute to the understanding and implementation of the Standard.

Malignant tumors in children are one of the most important diseases that threaten the health and quality of life of children and are the second most common cause of death in children.With the continuous improvement and progress of treatment technology, the long-term survival rate of children with tumor has been significantly improved, but both the disease itself and the treatment can impair the immune function of children, which makes them vulnerable to various infectious diseases and secondary serious complications, and even become a source of infection, endangering the health of others. Vaccination is the most cost-effective measure to prevent infectious diseases. For children with normal immune functions, the benefits of vaccination usually outweigh the disadvantages. However, there is a lack of detailed data on the vaccination situation, efficacy and safety of vaccine use for such immunocompromised tumor survivors, and there are no authoritative and uniform vaccination recommendations. This article reviewed and summarized the literature and consensus of some domestic and foreign scholars on current status of post-treatment vaccination status, efficacy and safety of vaccination for children with tumors after treatment, with the aim of providing a reference for the practice in this field in China.

Objective:To study the effects of different doses of X-ray irradiation on the immune microenvironment and cGAS-STING signaling pathway of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Methods:C57BL/C mice were subcutaneously injected with Hepa 1-6 hepatocellular carcinoma cells in the right axilla to establish a subcutaneous tumor-forming hepatocellular carcinoma model. The mice were randomly divided into 0, 4, 8, 12 Gy irradiation groups, with 10 mice in each group. The body weights and tumor volumes were monitored. Specimens were collected 28 d after irradiation. The ELLSA and Flow Cytometry method was used to compare the macrophage-associated cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), IL-10, IL-13, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), IL-4 and macrophage M1, M2 phenotype ratio (M1/M2). Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunoblotting assay were used to detect the expression of genes and proteins related to the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in hepatoma cells.Results:With the increase of irradiation dose, the tumor volume was significantly reduced ( F=8.42, P<0.05), the proportion of cell necrosis increased ( F=3.89, P<0.05), the content of macrophage-associated cytokines other than IL-4 increased ( F=6.32-15.50, P<0.05), and the proportion of M1 and M2 types of macrophage in the immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma tumors was elevated ( F= 5.46, 5.14, P < 0.05).The gene expression and protein expression levels of cGAS-STING signaling pathway were elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (mRNA expression of cGAS and STING: F=6.35, 16.10, P<0.05; protein expression of cGAS and STING: F=71.31, 37.15, P<0.05). Conclusions:X-ray irradiation activates the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and contributes to the remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment.

Objective To construct a nomogram model for predicting the risk of in-hospital death in CHF patients by using noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring combined with age,DBP,CRP and renal insufficiency(serum creatinine≥ 442 μmol/L).Methods A total of 223 elderly patients with acute onset of CHF admitted in First,Second Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hos-pital from September 2022 to March 2023 were recruited in this study.According to their clinical outcomes,they were divided into survival group(196 cases)and death group(27 cases).Based on the in-hospital death and other related indicators,a nomogram model was constructed to predict the risk factors of in-hospital death in CHF.Results Noninvasive hemodynamic mornitoring indi-cated that the death group had significantly higher LVEF and LCWI values but lower LVEDV value than the survival group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age(OR=1.131,95％CI:1.052-1.213,P=0.001),DBP(OR=0.932,95％CI:0.882-0.982,P=0.011),CRP(OR=1.171,95％CI:1.021-1.352,P=0.024),LVEDV(OR=0.984,95％CI:0.962-0.992,P=0.011)and renal insufficiency(OR=5.863,95％CI:1.351-1.731,P=0.004)were independent risk factors for the short-term prognosis of the elderly CHF patients.The AUC value of the nomogram model was 0.902(95％CI:0.819-0.948,P＜0.05),and calibration curve analysis showed the C-index was 0.902,indicating accurate predictive perform-ance.Conclusion Age,DBP,LVEDV,CRP and renal insufficiency are independent risk factors for the short-term prognosis of the elderly CHF patients.

Oromucosal drug delivery preparations offer advantages such as convenient administration,suitability for patients with dysphagia,rapid onset of action,and avoidance of first-pass metabolism in the liver.The 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,EP11.0,BP2022,USP44-NF39,and JP18 all include relevant standards for the quality control of different oromucosal drug delivery systems.This article compares the differences in general re-quirements for oromucosal formulations among different countries and provides an overview of inspection items for marketed oral mucosal formulations and those documented in pharmacopoeias both domestically and internationally.Foreign pharmacopoeias include a wide range of oromucosal drug delivery formulations,with more refined quality control measures for systemic action.These findings can serve as a reference for the improvement and enhancement of standards for oromucosal drug delivery systems in China.

Objective:To investigate the factors associated with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) in men.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study. Male residents aged 40-75 years who attended health examinations at the Yangfangdian Community Health Service Center in Haidian District, Beijing from February 6th to June 30th, 2023 were included. The LOH group was selected based on diagnostic criteria and matched to the control group according to age. General clinical data were collected from both groups, fasting venous blood samples were taken and general health examination items were completed. Total testosterone(TT) and sex hormone-binding globulin(SHBG) levels were measured, and free testosterone(fT) were calculated. Relevant symptoms were assessed using the Chinese version of the Aging Males′ Symptoms (AMS) scale. Single and multiple factor comparative analyses were conducted to explore the factors related to LOH.Results:A total of 233 male residents from the community who met the inclusion criteria and gave informed consent were included, of whom 42 cases (18.03%) were diagnosed with LOH. After age matching, the final LOH and control groups consisted of 40 individuals each ((64.8±6.0) years vs. (62.3±8.6) years, P>0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the LOH and control groups for body mass index, waist circumference, sex hormone-binding globulin, AMS scores, and hemoglobin. The prevalence of diabetes and dyslipidemia was significantly higher in the LOH group than in the control group (both P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes ( OR=4.497, 95% CI:1.291-15.664, P=0.018), dyslipidemia ( OR=8.431, 95% CI: 1.566-45.405, P=0.013), and hemoglobin level ( OR=0.923, 95% CI: 0.874-0.975, P=0.004) were significantly associated with LOH. Conclusion:Diabetes, dyslipidemia and hemoglobin levels are significantly associated with LOH.

In recent years, the application of minimal residual disease (MRD) in solid tumors has gained widespread attention. MRD typically refers to the presence of residual cancer cells that remain undetectable by imaging after curative treatments, such as surgical resection. The presence of MRD post-surgery is significantly associated with an increased risk of tumor recurrence. In colorectal cancer, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) serves as an effective marker for assessing MRD, particularly in non-metastatic (stages I-III) colorectal cancer. As a real-time, accurate, and convenient biomarker, ctDNA can effectively predict tumor recurrence, guide postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy decisions, and provide crucial information for recurrence monitoring. The application prospects of ctDNA detection technology are vast, promising more precise and individualized treatment plans for colorectal cancer patients. This article comprehensively analyzes the progress in the application of ctDNA for detecting MRD in non-metastatic colorectal cancer patients, elaborates on its guiding role in clinical treatment decisions, and envisions the future development directions in this field.

In recent years, the application of minimal residual disease (MRD) in solid tumors has gained widespread attention. MRD typically refers to the presence of residual cancer cells that remain undetectable by imaging after curative treatments, such as surgical resection. The presence of MRD post-surgery is significantly associated with an increased risk of tumor recurrence. In colorectal cancer, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) serves as an effective marker for assessing MRD, particularly in non-metastatic (stages I-III) colorectal cancer. As a real-time, accurate, and convenient biomarker, ctDNA can effectively predict tumor recurrence, guide postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy decisions, and provide crucial information for recurrence monitoring. The application prospects of ctDNA detection technology are vast, promising more precise and individualized treatment plans for colorectal cancer patients. This article comprehensively analyzes the progress in the application of ctDNA for detecting MRD in non-metastatic colorectal cancer patients, elaborates on its guiding role in clinical treatment decisions, and envisions the future development directions in this field.