Objective:To investigate the effect of emotional cues on prospective memory (PM) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients.Methods:From December 2014 to November 2019, 157 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and 119 healthy controls (HC) matched for age, gender and intelligence participated in the study. A laboratory event-based PM paradigm was used to assess the PM function. The PM Accuracy (PM acc) of prospective memory pictures with different emotional cues in the two groups was investigated by a mixed design of 2 (group: OCD group, HC group)×3 (emotional cue attributes: positive, neutral, and negative). Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between PM acc and clinical variables in patients with OCD.Results:Repeated measures ANOVA showed that the main effect of emotional cues was not significant ( F=0.377, P>0.05), the difference between the two groups was significant ( F=8.863, P<0.01, η 2=0.030), and the PM acc of the OCD group was lower than HC. The interaction was significant ( F=3.261, P<0.05, η 2=0.012). Further simple effect analysis showed that in the HC group, PM acc with positive emotional cues and negative emotional cues were significantly greater than PM acc with neutral emotional cues (Cohen′s d values are 2.29 and 2.94). There was no significant difference between PM acc with positive emotional cues and PM acc with negative emotional cues. In the OCD group, PM acc with negative emotional cues was significantly greater than PM acc with positive and neutral emotional cues (Cohen′s d values are 1.57 and 1.14). There was no significant difference between PM acc with positive emotional cues and PM acc with neutral emotional cues. Correlation analysis showed that PM acc with positive and negative emotional cues of OCD patients were significantly positively correlated with state anxiety level ( r>0.200, P<0.01). There was no significant correlation between PM acc with neutral emotional cues and anxiety level. Conclusion:OCD patients had impaired prospective memory, mainly manifested as impaired prospective memory emotional enhancement effect, only negative emotion enhancement effect showed. In contrast, positive emotion has no enhancement effect on the prospective memory of OCD patients.

Objective:To investigate the effect of emotional cues on prospective memory (PM) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients.Methods:From December 2014 to November 2019, 157 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and 119 healthy controls (HC) matched for age, gender and intelligence participated in the study. A laboratory event-based PM paradigm was used to assess the PM function. The PM Accuracy (PM acc) of prospective memory pictures with different emotional cues in the two groups was investigated by a mixed design of 2 (group: OCD group, HC group)×3 (emotional cue attributes: positive, neutral, and negative). Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between PM acc and clinical variables in patients with OCD.Results:Repeated measures ANOVA showed that the main effect of emotional cues was not significant ( F=0.377, P>0.05), the difference between the two groups was significant ( F=8.863, P<0.01, η 2=0.030), and the PM acc of the OCD group was lower than HC. The interaction was significant ( F=3.261, P<0.05, η 2=0.012). Further simple effect analysis showed that in the HC group, PM acc with positive emotional cues and negative emotional cues were significantly greater than PM acc with neutral emotional cues (Cohen′s d values are 2.29 and 2.94). There was no significant difference between PM acc with positive emotional cues and PM acc with negative emotional cues. In the OCD group, PM acc with negative emotional cues was significantly greater than PM acc with positive and neutral emotional cues (Cohen′s d values are 1.57 and 1.14). There was no significant difference between PM acc with positive emotional cues and PM acc with neutral emotional cues. Correlation analysis showed that PM acc with positive and negative emotional cues of OCD patients were significantly positively correlated with state anxiety level ( r>0.200, P<0.01). There was no significant correlation between PM acc with neutral emotional cues and anxiety level. Conclusion:OCD patients had impaired prospective memory, mainly manifested as impaired prospective memory emotional enhancement effect, only negative emotion enhancement effect showed. In contrast, positive emotion has no enhancement effect on the prospective memory of OCD patients.

Objective:This study aims to explore whether there is impaired inhibition function and the brain imaging characteristics of inhibition dysfunction in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).Methods:A total of 16 drug-naive OCD patients and 18 healthy controls (HC) completed the Go-Nogo task to detect the impairment of inhibition function, and the task-related brain magnetic resonance imaging were collected. The differences of average reaction time and correct response rate between OCD patients and HC under Go and Nogo conditions were compared, and the differences of brain activation between the two groups in the process of successful response inhibition and error monitoring were also compared.Results:Under Nogo condition, the average correct rate in patients with OCD was significantly lower than that of HC (0.85±0.08 vs.0.93±0.51; t=-3.06, P<0.05). In error processing analysis, patients with OCD showed significantly enhanced brain activities in bilateral inferiortemporal (left: t=3.11; right: t=2.71), right middlefronta ( t=2.52), right parahippocampa ( t=2.53), and left posteriorcingulate ( t=3.03), while decreased brain activities were found in bilateral putamen (left: t=-3.03; right: t=-3.12), right inferiorfrontal ( t=-3.29), right superiorfrontal ( t=-3.12), and right precentral ( t=-2.91) compared with control group ( P<0.05, FWE corrected, cluster size>10 voxels). Conclusion:Patients with OCD have impaired inhibition function, and their abnormal brain function is mainly manifested in the process of error monitoring.

Objective:This study aims to explore whether there is impaired inhibition function and the brain imaging characteristics of inhibition dysfunction in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).Methods:A total of 16 drug-naive OCD patients and 18 healthy controls (HC) completed the Go-Nogo task to detect the impairment of inhibition function, and the task-related brain magnetic resonance imaging were collected. The differences of average reaction time and correct response rate between OCD patients and HC under Go and Nogo conditions were compared, and the differences of brain activation between the two groups in the process of successful response inhibition and error monitoring were also compared.Results:Under Nogo condition, the average correct rate in patients with OCD was significantly lower than that of HC (0.85±0.08 vs.0.93±0.51; t=-3.06, P<0.05). In error processing analysis, patients with OCD showed significantly enhanced brain activities in bilateral inferiortemporal (left: t=3.11; right: t=2.71), right middlefronta ( t=2.52), right parahippocampa ( t=2.53), and left posteriorcingulate ( t=3.03), while decreased brain activities were found in bilateral putamen (left: t=-3.03; right: t=-3.12), right inferiorfrontal ( t=-3.29), right superiorfrontal ( t=-3.12), and right precentral ( t=-2.91) compared with control group ( P<0.05, FWE corrected, cluster size>10 voxels). Conclusion:Patients with OCD have impaired inhibition function, and their abnormal brain function is mainly manifested in the process of error monitoring.

Objective To study the difference of attentional bias towards general negative words between non-mediated obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients and healthy controls.Methods Event-related potentials (ERPs) were collected from 26 non-mediated OCD patients and 24 normal controls while they performed an emotional Stroop task.Results Compared to healthy controls,OCD patients showed significantly longer reaction time (OCD:(467 ± 14.88) ms,Controls:(409.65 ± 15.49) ms,P＜ 0.01),and had significantly larger P2 and P3 amplitude to all three types of words (P2 amplitude:OCD:(10.41±0.49) μV,Controls:(8.89±0.48) μV,P＜0.05;P3 amplitude:(10.04±0.68) μV,Controls:(7.68±0.67) μV,P＜0.05).In addition,the P2 peak latency of the frontal area in OCD patients was significantly longer than that in healthy controls(OCD:(190.09±4.71) ms,Controls:(179.60±4.72) ms,P＜0.05).Conclusion Current findings suggest that OCD patients are characterized by a general attentional inhibition deficit but not an attentional bias to the negative words.

Biofuels and bio-based chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass are sustainable, making them alternatives to petroleum-derived fuels and chemicals to address the challenges of the shortage of crude oil supply and climate change resulted from the overconsumption of petroleum-based products, particularly in China. However, high cost in liberating sugars from lignocellulosic biomass is still the bottleneck of the commercialization of biofuels and bio-based chemicals. In this article, the major components of cellulases and their synergistic role in the hydrolysis of pre-treated biomass is reviewed, followed by how to evaluate the enzymatic hydrolysis. With the elucidation of the underlying mechanism of the conformations of the enzyme molecules and their effectiveness in attacking cellulose substrate, more efficient enzymes are expected to be developed. Using the high production strain Penicillium decumbens, the on-site production of cellulases for cellulose ethanol production is discussed.
Biofuels ; Biomass ; Biotechnology ; methods ; trends ; Biotransformation ; Cellulase ; biosynthesis ; Hydrolysis ; Industrial Microbiology ; methods ; trends ; Lignin ; chemistry ; metabolism