Objective:To assess the efficacy of parent training (PT) on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, behavioral problems, and parenting stress in child with ADHD or ADHD symptoms.Methods:Randomized controlled trials of the effect of PT on ADHD symptoms in Chinese children with ADHD or ADHD symptoms were collected by PsychINFO, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of science, Scopus, China National Knowledge database, WanFang database, the China Science and Technology Journal Database and the China Biology Medicine disc. The quality of the included studies was evaluated by version 2 of the Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trial. Forest plots were drawn using Review Manager 5.4.1, sensitivity analyses of results were performed using Stata 18.0 to assess the stability of the results, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test.Results:A total of 10 studies containing 571 subjects in the experimental group and 562 subjects in the control group met the inclusion exclusion criteria. Significant differences were observed in various measures, including overall ADHD symptoms (MD=-2.43, 95% CI: -3.95--0.91), inattention (MD=-1.10, 95% CI: -1.94--0.26), hyperactivity/impulsivity (SMD=-0.58, 95% CI: -0.87--0.28), overall conduct problems (SMD=-0.80, 95% CI: -1.05--0.55), conduct problem (SMD=-1.34, 95% CI: -2.31--0.37), learning problem (SMD=-0.81, 95% CI: -1.40--0.23), impulsivity/hyperactivity (SMD=-0.53, 95% CI: -0.78--0.29), hyperactivity index (SMD=-1.27, 95% CI: -1.99--0.55), parenting stress index (SMD=-0.69, 95% CI: -1.12--0.26), difficult child (MD=-1.96, 95% CI: -3.44--0.48), dysfunctional interaction (MD=-3.10, 95% CI: -4.43--1.78), and parenting distress (MD=-3.35, 95% CI: -4.59--2.12)(all P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in oppositional-defiant disorder, anxiety, or somatic problem. Conclusions:The initial findings suggested that PT was effective for Chinese children with ADHD or ADHD symptoms.The addition of PT appeared to improve core symptoms of ADHD (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity), conduct problems, and parental stress more effectively than routine care alone.

OBJECTIVE: To carry out genetic testing for a patient with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: Peripheral blood samples of the patient and his parents were collected for the extraction of genomic DNA. Trio-based whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were carried out thereafter. RESULTS: The proband and his father were found to harbor a heterozygous c.4781G>A (p.Arg1594Gln) variant of the CACNA1I gene. In addition, the proband was also found to harbor a de novo c.268C>T (p.Arg90Trp) missense variant of the MTRR gene. Based on guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the c.4781G>A (p.Arg1594Gln) variant of the CACNA1I gene was predicted to be pathogenic (PVS1, PM1, PM2, PP3), while the c.268C>T (p.Arg90Trp) variant of the MTRR gene was predicted to be of uncertain significance. CONCLUSION Variants of the CACNA1I and MTRR genes, together with the chromosomal mosaicism, may have predisposed to the susceptibility to the ASD in this patient.
Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics* ; Genomics ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Mosaicism ; Whole Exome Sequencing

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the pathogenic variants of the KIF1A gene and its corresponding protein structure in an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) family trio carrying harmful missense variants in the KIF1A gene. METHODS: The peripheral blood DNA of the patient and his parents was extracted and sequenced using whole exome sequencing (WES) technology and verified by Sanger sequencing. Bioinformatics software SIFT, PolyPhen-2, Mutation Taster, and CADD software were used to analyze the harmfulness and conservation of variants. The Human Brain Transcriptome (HBT) database was used to analyze the expression of the KIF1A gene in the brain. PredictProtein and SWISS-MODEL were further used to predict the secondary structure and tertiary structure of KIF1A wild-type protein and variant protein. PyMOL V2.4 was utilized to investigate the change of hydrogen bond connection after protein variant. RESULTS: The WES sequencing revealed a missense variant c.664A>C (p.Asn222His) in the child's KIF1A gene, and this variant was a de novo variant. The harmfulness prediction results suggest that this variant is harmful. By analyzing expression level of KIF1A gene in the brain. It is found that KIF1A gene widely expressed in various brain regions during embryonic development. By analyzing the variant protein structure, the missense variant of KIF1A will cause many changes in the secondary structure of protein, such as alpha-helix, beta-strand, and protein binding domain. The connection of hydrogen bond and spatial structure will also change, thereby changing the original biological function. CONCLUSION The KIF1A gene may be a risk gene for ASD.
Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics* ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Kinesin/genetics* ; Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; Pregnancy ; Protein Domains ; Whole Exome Sequencing

Objective To explore the behavioral problems of autistic children and their parents' autistic trait and the relationship with the family function.Methods A total of 29 autism families were from West China Hospital from July 2014 to September 2015,and 30 normal families were recruited as the controls.Every family had one child and a pair of parents.All the parents were asked to finish the Autism Spectrum Quotient(AQ),and the mothers were asked to finish the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist Quality (CBCL)and Family Assessment Device (FAD).Additionally,the autistic children's primary caregivers also received an autism diagnostic interview to provide the details of the autistic features of their children.For the research,rank sun test,t-test,chi-square test and Spearman correlation analysis were used.Results (1) The general average score of each dimension in FAD for autistic families was significantly higher than that for control families(Z=-5.368--3.037,P＜0.01);AQ social skills of fathers of autistic children was higher than that of controls'(3.86± 1.43 vs.2.73± 1.20; Z=-3.109,P＜0.01).AQ social skills (3.66±1.26 vs.2.23±1.25) and communication (2.72±1.75 vs.1.57±1.38)of mothers of autistic children was significantly higher than that of controls' (Z=-3.151,-2.231,both P＜0.05).The subscales of social problems,compulsive,withdraw and hyperactivity of the autistic children was significantly higher than that of the controls(Z=-4.554,-3.872,-5.260,-3.764,all P＜0.01).(2)The CBCL subscales of autistic children (schizoidia and total scores) and the FAD total scores was positively correlated (r=0.712,0.657,both P＜0.01),and compulsive cores,AQ communication of mothers of autistic children and AQ social skills of fathers and FAD problem solving was positively correlated (r=0.626,0.580,0.574,all P＜0.01).Conclusions Autistic children's family function exists many problems,which may be correlated with autistic children's behavioral problems and parents' autistic trait,especially problem solving domain.

Objective To explore the behavioral problems of autistic children and their parents' autistic trait and the relationship with the family function.Methods A total of 29 autism families were from West China Hospital from July 2014 to September 2015,and 30 normal families were recruited as the controls.Every family had one child and a pair of parents.All the parents were asked to finish the Autism Spectrum Quotient(AQ),and the mothers were asked to finish the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist Quality (CBCL)and Family Assessment Device (FAD).Additionally,the autistic children's primary caregivers also received an autism diagnostic interview to provide the details of the autistic features of their children.For the research,rank sun test,t-test,chi-square test and Spearman correlation analysis were used.Results (1) The general average score of each dimension in FAD for autistic families was significantly higher than that for control families(Z=-5.368--3.037,P＜0.01);AQ social skills of fathers of autistic children was higher than that of controls'(3.86± 1.43 vs.2.73± 1.20; Z=-3.109,P＜0.01).AQ social skills (3.66±1.26 vs.2.23±1.25) and communication (2.72±1.75 vs.1.57±1.38)of mothers of autistic children was significantly higher than that of controls' (Z=-3.151,-2.231,both P＜0.05).The subscales of social problems,compulsive,withdraw and hyperactivity of the autistic children was significantly higher than that of the controls(Z=-4.554,-3.872,-5.260,-3.764,all P＜0.01).(2)The CBCL subscales of autistic children (schizoidia and total scores) and the FAD total scores was positively correlated (r=0.712,0.657,both P＜0.01),and compulsive cores,AQ communication of mothers of autistic children and AQ social skills of fathers and FAD problem solving was positively correlated (r=0.626,0.580,0.574,all P＜0.01).Conclusions Autistic children's family function exists many problems,which may be correlated with autistic children's behavioral problems and parents' autistic trait,especially problem solving domain.

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between the behavior phenotypes of patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their parents through family study.

METHODSForty-five core families with ASD and 30 control families from Chengdu area were examined using Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and Logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the effect of various factors, especially genetic factors that may affect the pathogenesis of ASD.

RESULTSThe social skills factor and communication factor of the father's AQ scale, as well as the mother's age of childbearing and AQ social skills factor are related to whether children with ASD (R were 0.46, 0.39, 0.39 and 0.36, P<0.05). The communication factor of the parents' AQ and mother's attention to detail factor are related to whether children will show developmental anomaly before the age of 36 months (R were 0.55, 0.51 and 0.54, P<0.05). The social skill problems of parents and father's communication problems are risk factors for children with autism.

CONCLUSIONASD may be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The autistic behavior phenotype of parents is a risk factor for ASD and is associated with developmental anomalies of early childhood.

Adult ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; diagnosis ; genetics ; psychology ; Child ; Child Behavior ; psychology ; Child, Preschool ; Communication ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Interviews as Topic ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Parents ; psychology ; Phenotype ; Social Behavior ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of non?suicidal self injury among middle school students. Methods Data were collected from 2 140 middle school students with the mean age of 13.92 by stratified sampling method. All students were evaluated with Beck Depression Scale (BDI),Barratt Im?pulsiveness Scale ( BIS ) , Adolescent Self?Rating Life Events Check List ( ASLEC ) , Adolescents Health related Risk Behaviors Inventory ( AHRBI ) , Chinese version of Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales ( FACES II?CV) ,and self?made investigate questionnaire. Results The prevalence of non?suicidal self injury a?mong local middle school students was 23.2%,total 495 adolescents were endorsed non?suicidal self injury,and 49.7% were girls.The results of in multivariable logistic regression showed the main risk factors for non?suicidal self injury among adolescents were being female,depressive symptoms,impulsiveness,negative life events and health re?lated risk behaviors. Conclusion Non?suicidal self injury is high among Chinese adolescent in the city of Dujian?gyan,and it is necessary to take effective interventions.

Objective To test the reliability and validity of CRIES-13(Chinese edition). The Children Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13) was recommened for diagnosing PTSD of children. Methods In the last third of the September 2008,according to the suffering condition,600 students were choosed who were fit for the research standard as subjects in two middle schools randomly. The viability of CRIES-13 was weighted by testretest reliability,Cronbach' s alpha,Split half reliability. The validity of CRIES-13 was analysed by content validity ,criterion validity,construction validity. Results In the test-retest reliability of CRIES-13, the Spearman correlation coefficient of total,intrusion factor,avoid factor,high warkening factor were 0.79, 0.75, 0.71, 0.75. Significant correlation were found among these scores. The Cronbach' s alpha of population was 0. 81. The Cronbach' s alpha of three factors was 0. 79 ( intrusion factor) , 0. 71 ( avoid factor), 0. 65 ( high awarkening factor). CRIES-13's split-half reliability was 0. 85. In the content validity test,the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between total score and each item was 0. 83 (intrusion factor), 0. 75 (avoid factor), 0. 85 (high awarkening factor). The correlation between intrusion factor and avoid factor was 0.63. The correlation between avoid factor and high awarkening factor was 0.41. The correlation between intrusion factor and high awarkening factor was 0.41. In struction validity, variance orthogonal rotation factor analysis was adopted and got three general factors. Their cumulative contribution to total variance was 55.52%. In the criterion validity test,significant correlation was found between intrusion factor and SDQ emotional factor and depression scale total score. Significant correlation was found between high awakening factor and SDQ emotional factor and depression scale total score. Conclusion The reliability and validity of CRIES-13 was good. It could be used extensively.

Objective The Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13) is used for Screening PTSD of children. The reliability and validity of CRIES-13 is good. To research the demarcation points of CRIES-13 (Chinese version) based on the reliability and validity analysis,and to improve the useful value of the scale.Methods In late September 2008, according affected condition, students were choosed who were fit for the research standard as subjects in two middle schools. First,general questionnaire (self-writing) and CRIES-13 were applied to the subjects. Second, according to K-SADS-PL, physician carried out diagnosis meeting and evaluation to 310 students who were classified by stratified rand sampling. Critical point of CRIES-13 was divided by K-SADSPL. The assessment value of it were sensitivity, specificity, veracity, PPV, NPV. The right choice of division was measured by ROC curve. Results When the critical score was higher than 30, the score of Se ( 0. 833 ), Sp(0. 836) and NPV (0.97) was in the high level. Conclusion When the critical score is higher than 30, the scale have a good discrimination for PTSD, non-PTSD and it can be used extensively.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the impacts of genetic and environmental factors on the internalizing behaviors of children using quantitative genetic analysis designed for twin study.

METHODSOne hundred and eighty nine twin pairs aged 6-16 years were studied using parental information of Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales-II and General Health Questionnaire-12. The heritability of the internalizing behavior of children was also estimated.

RESULTS(1) The heritability of the internalizing behavior of the children was 0.54, which differed in different age and sex. (2) Family adaptability and parental mental health status had significant correlation with the internalizing behavior of children (r=-0.213, 0.250, 0.309, respectively, Ps <0.001),especially the mental health status of the mother (OR=2.483, P=0.008).

CONCLUSIONThe internalizing behavior of children was influenced by genetic and environmental factors including family function and parental mental health status. It differed in different age and sex.

Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Behavior ; Child ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Twins ; genetics ; psychology