The polyfoliate perforator flap is a new type of flap that was developed on the basis of the traditional polyfoliate myocutaneous flap, polyfoliate fascial flap and perforator flap. It overturns the traditional idea that the deep fascial vascular network is the fundamental for a survival of the flap, and enables the flaps to achieve the best profile and function of the recipient areas with minimal damage to the donor area. In order to improve the understanding of the polyfoliate perforator flap and further standardise its clinical application, this paper forms a consensus on the definition, classification, indications, operative points and precautions of the polyfoliate perforator flap, so as to provide references in diagnosis and treatment process and practical application for the surgeons.

The polyfoliate perforator flap is a new type of flap that was developed on the basis of the traditional polyfoliate myocutaneous flap, polyfoliate fascial flap and perforator flap. It overturns the traditional idea that the deep fascial vascular network is the fundamental for a survival of the flap, and enables the flaps to achieve the best profile and function of the recipient areas with minimal damage to the donor area. In order to improve the understanding of the polyfoliate perforator flap and further standardise its clinical application, this paper forms a consensus on the definition, classification, indications, operative points and precautions of the polyfoliate perforator flap, so as to provide references in diagnosis and treatment process and practical application for the surgeons.

Wet detoxification has traditionally been seen as the most promising technology for treating chromium-contaminated sites. However, the addition of chemicals in the wet detoxification process not only increases the cost but also introduces extra pollutants. Moreover, the chromium-containing slag may be re-dissolved in the form of Cr(VI), and the increased concentration of Cr(VI) results in a serious "returning to yellow" phenomenon in the chromium-contaminated sites, causing undesirable secondary pollution. Microbial remediation is a promising technology to address the re-dissolution of chromium-containing slag after wet detoxification, and this article reviews the advances in this area. Firstly, the toxicity, current situation and conventional technologies for treating the chromium-containing slag were briefly summarized. The mechanisms of the inevitable re-dissolution of chromium-containing slag after wet detoxification were summarized. Three main mechanisms, namely bioreduction, biosorption and biomineralization, which are involved in the environmental-friendly and efficient microbial remediation technology, were reviewed. The variation of microbial species and the succession of microbial community during the bioremediation of chromium-contaminated sites were discussed. Finally, future research directions were prospected with the aim to develop long-term, stable and sustainable technologies for remediating the chromium-contaminated sites.
Biodegradation, Environmental ; Chromium/toxicity* ; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity*

Objective:To investigate the differences in polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites in seminal plasma between normal group and low sperm motility group, and their relationship with sperm motility.Methods:Totally 581 human seminal plasmas collected from Guizhou Province were divided into normal group and low sperm motility group according to the motility rate. The metabolite products of 24 kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids were detected by liquid phase tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Through the in vitro culture experiment of sperm, the culture supernatant was collected during the culture of the upstream screening sperm for 24 h, and the polyunsaturated fatty acid products with different differences detected in the different groups of seminal plasma were also verified by LC-MS/MS method. Results:Among the polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites detected in seminal plasma, the concentrations of 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) in the seminal plasma of the low sperm motility group were significantly different from those in the normal seminal plasma group ( P=0.001, P=0.033). In vitro culture experiments showed that the concentration of 9-HODE and 13-HODE in the culture medium increased significantly with the prolongation of culture time and the decrease of sperm motility rate ( P=0.003, P=0.035). Statistical analysis showed that the concentrations of 9-HODE and 13-HODE were significantly negatively correlated with sperm motility （ r=-0.91， P=0.045； r=-0.95， P=0.026）. Considering the sperm density factor in the analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites and sperm motility in the seminal plasma of the population, the results showed that 9-HODE and 13-HODE were significantly higher in the low sperm motility group than in the normal group ( P<0.000 1). And there was a negative correlation ( r=-0.38) with the sperm motility rate ( P<0.000 1). Conclusion:9-HODE and 13-HODE are released into the culture medium and seminal plasma by sperm cell metabolism, which is a potential indicator of the degree of sperm membrane damage, which may be helpful in judging and detecting the asthenospermia.

Objective:To investigate the differences in polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites in seminal plasma between normal group and low sperm motility group, and their relationship with sperm motility.Methods:Totally 581 human seminal plasmas collected from Guizhou Province were divided into normal group and low sperm motility group according to the motility rate. The metabolite products of 24 kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids were detected by liquid phase tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Through the in vitro culture experiment of sperm, the culture supernatant was collected during the culture of the upstream screening sperm for 24 h, and the polyunsaturated fatty acid products with different differences detected in the different groups of seminal plasma were also verified by LC-MS/MS method. Results:Among the polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites detected in seminal plasma, the concentrations of 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) in the seminal plasma of the low sperm motility group were significantly different from those in the normal seminal plasma group ( P=0.001, P=0.033). In vitro culture experiments showed that the concentration of 9-HODE and 13-HODE in the culture medium increased significantly with the prolongation of culture time and the decrease of sperm motility rate ( P=0.003, P=0.035). Statistical analysis showed that the concentrations of 9-HODE and 13-HODE were significantly negatively correlated with sperm motility （ r=-0.91， P=0.045； r=-0.95， P=0.026）. Considering the sperm density factor in the analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites and sperm motility in the seminal plasma of the population, the results showed that 9-HODE and 13-HODE were significantly higher in the low sperm motility group than in the normal group ( P<0.000 1). And there was a negative correlation ( r=-0.38) with the sperm motility rate ( P<0.000 1). Conclusion:9-HODE and 13-HODE are released into the culture medium and seminal plasma by sperm cell metabolism, which is a potential indicator of the degree of sperm membrane damage, which may be helpful in judging and detecting the asthenospermia.

As a dioxygenase, Ten-Eleven Translocation 2 (TET2) catalyzes subsequent steps of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) oxidation. TET2 plays a critical role in the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, but its impact on mature hematopoietic cells is not well-characterized. Here we show that Tet2 plays an essential role in osteoclastogenesis. Deletion of Tet2 impairs the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells (macrophages) and their maturation into bone-resorbing osteoclasts in vitro. Furthermore, Tet2 mice exhibit mild osteopetrosis, accompanied by decreased number of osteoclasts in vivo. Tet2 loss in macrophages results in the altered expression of a set of genes implicated in osteoclast differentiation, such as Cebpa, Mafb, and Nfkbiz. Tet2 deletion also leads to a genome-wide alteration in the level of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and altered expression of a specific subset of macrophage genes associated with osteoclast differentiation. Furthermore, Tet2 interacts with Runx1 and negatively modulates its transcriptional activity. Our studies demonstrate a novel molecular mechanism controlling osteoclast differentiation and function by Tet2, that is, through interactions with Runx1 and the maintenance of genomic 5hmC. Targeting Tet2 and its pathway could be a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of abnormal bone mass caused by the deregulation of osteoclast activities.
5-Methylcytosine ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit ; genetics ; metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; physiology ; Genome ; Genomics ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Osteoclasts ; cytology ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; physiology

Objective To study epidemic of schistosomiasis in the Qiandao Lake reservoir area,and to provide a reference for prevention and control of schistosomiasis in the construction of large water conservancy projects in the epidemic area of schistosomiasis.Methods The data over the years of snail condition and monitoring of schistosomiasis before and after building the dam,and water conservancy project reconstruction related information were collected.Based on the survey results of the river channel,the lake beach and the dissipation zone in the reservoir area,the influence of Xin'an River water conservancy project on epidemic of schistosomiasis in the Qiandao Lake reservoir area was analyzed,and the epidemic factors of the schistosomiasis in the Three Gorges reservoir were compared and analyzed.Results Before the dam was built,an area of 38 144 000 m2 was examined but Oncomelania was undetected.The Qiandao Lake reservoir area belonged to a non epidemic area of schistosomiasis.After the dam was built,557 cases of schistosomiasis were found in 6 232 immigrants during 1962-1965,resulting in an imported epidemic.In 1970-1980,an area of 379 654 m2 in which Oncomelania was found was examined and snails were mainly distributed in some rice fields and ditches in the end of the reservoir.949 cases of local schistosomiasis were found in the snails.The condition and condition of the snail are gradually controlled through several decades of comprehensive prevention and control.Compared with the epidemic factors of schistosomiasis in Qiandao Lake and the Three Gorges reservoir,the environment of elevation beach and ecologically fragile fluctuation zone coexist in the two reservoir areas.Conclusion From the long-term longitudinal monitoring data of the Qiandao Lake reservoir area and the epidemic regularity of schistosomiasis and the comparison with the ecology of the Three Gorges reservoir,it is concluded that the two reservoir areas will not cause a large range of schistosomiasis epidemic in general,but it does not exclude the possibility of the breeding of the inputting Oncomelania.

Objective To investigate serum lipid profiles in newly diagnosed patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using lipidomics and correlate these features with hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism associated with PCOS and obesity. Methods 32 newly-diagnosed PCOS women and 34 controls were enrolled and divided into obese and lean subgroups according to the body mass index (BMI). Anthropometric, biochemical, and hormonal parameters were collected. Serum lipid profiles including phospholipids, free fatty acids (FFAs), and bioactive lipids were analyzed using GC-MS and LC-MS. Results PCOS patients, in particular, the obese ones with fatty liver, have abnormal phosphatidylcholine (PC)/lysophospholipid (LPC) metabolism. PC was increased (16∶0, 18∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2, and 20∶4), while LPC was decreased (16∶0, 18∶0, and 18∶1; all P<0.05). Serum polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), were decreased significantly, and the long chain saturated fatty acid was increased. We also found that insulin stimulated the metabolism of PUFAs, but the androgen inhibits the metabolism of PUFAs by measuring their metabolites. Conclusion PCOS patients have metabolic disorders of phospholipids and PUFAs. Insulin stimulated while androgen inhibited PUFAs metabolism.

This study was aimed to observe the effect ofRong-Shuan (RS) capsule on rodent tolerance against cerebral ischemia, hypoxia and cerebral reserve capacity, which was related to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis. Acute cerebral ischemia and anoxia models were established by permanent left carotid artery ligation on C57 BL/6 mice and hypoxia inhalation (O2?N2 = 8?92) for 15 min. Duodenal administration of RS capsule at different doses (100, 200 or 400 mg·kg-1) or saline were given 10 min after ischemia onset. The local brain blood circulation changes and neurobehavioral function were evaluated 24 h after ischemia onset. SD rats were given RS capsule at different doses (75, 150, 300 mg·kg-1) or saline. The effect of RS capsule on improvement of microcirculation disturbance induced by high molecular dextran was observed. The results showed that compared with the sham operation group, the brain blood circulation in the model group was significantly decreased; the cerebral infarction area increased; and the behavioral score after cerebral hypoxia was significantly increased (P < 0.05, orP < 0.01). Meanwhile, after the injection of high molecular dextran among rats in the model group, the cerebral leptomeninx microcirculation was obviously slowed down at 3 timepoints, which were 10, 20 and 30 min. Compared with the model group, RS capsule (400 mg·kg-1) can significantly increase the local blood circulation in the brain of mice, improve behavioral disturbance, reduce cerebral ischemia area (P< 0.05, orP < 0.01). RS capsule can also improve blood flow velocity and flow pattern in cerebral leptomeninx microcirculation disturbance induced by high molecular dextran at different timepoints (P < 0.05, orP < 0.01). It was concluded that RS capsule can increase the tolerance against cerebral ischemia, hypoxia and cerebral reserve capacity in order to protect the neural tissues to promote neuronal recovery.

Objective To evaluate the two-stage repair in hypospadias cripples.Methods 35 patients with hypospadias cripples underwent two-stage repair.At the first stage,a full-thickness graft of skin or buccal mucosa was used for urethral plate reconstruction after the release of chordee.The second stage was performed 6 months after completion of the first stage.Tubularization of the replaced urethral plate was the preferred technique.Results There was no urethra stricture or “preplaced urethral plate ” atrophy.Fistula developed in 2 of 35 cases.Conclusion The twostaged technique was a useful strategy to deal with the myriad abnormalities encountered in crippled hypospadias.This technique could not only create a neourethra successfully,but also give the penis a near-normal shape and appearance.