ObjectiveTo study the characteristics of the five tones of Parkinson's disease （PD） patients based on the theory of "five-viscera phonology"， and provide references for the syndrome differentiation and treatment of PD. MethodsA total of 272 cases of PD patients were collected as the PD group， and 240 individuals， including patient family members and hospital staff， were recruited as the control group. The 25-tone analyzer was used to collect the five-tone characteristics of both PD patients and control group participants. The participants were then stratified into three age groups， 41~55， 56~70， and 71~85 years old， and categorized by gender （male and female） for analysis. The frequency and composition ratio of the five tones were analyzed for both groups across the different age ranges and genders. Additionally， the average voice frequency of each participant was calculated to compare differences between groups， stratified by age range and gender. ResultsIn the 41~55 and 56~70 age groups， male participants in the PD group and the control group exhibited the highest frequency of Yu （羽） tone， with the PD group showing a significantly higher composition ratio of Yu tone compared to the control group （P＜0.05）； for males in the 56~70 age group， the composition ratios of Shang （商） and Zhi （徵） tone in the PD group were lower than those in the control group （P＜0.05）. For males in the 71~85 age group， both the PD group and the control group had the highest frequency of Yu tone， but there was no statistically significant difference in the composition ratios of the five tones between groups （P＞0.05）. For female participants in the PD group across all age groups， Yu tone was the most frequent， whereas for the control group， Jue （角） tone was the most frequent in all age groups， and the composition ratio of Yu tone in the PD group was significantly higher than that in the control group across all age groups （P＜0.05）； in the 56~70 age group， the composition ratio of Jue tone was lower in the PD group compared to that in the control group （P＜0.05）. Regarding voice frequency， males in the PD group aged 41~55 and 56~70 had higher voice frequency than those in the control group of the same age range， and similarly， females in the PD group aged 56~70 and 71~85 had higher voice frequency than their counterparts in the control group （P＜0.05）. ConclusionPD patients have a voice with a higher frequency and an increased proportion of Yu tone in their five-tone distribution. According to the theory of five-viscera phonology， PD patients may have disease mechanism of kidney essence deficiency.

Objective: To systematically analyze the revisions content and technological development trends of microbiological standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP) 2025 Edition, and explore its novel requirements in risk-based pharmaceutical product lifecycle management.
Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted on 26 microbiological-related standards to summarize the revision directions and scientific implications from perspectives including the revision overview, international harmonization of microbiological standards, risk-based quality management system, and novel tools and methods with Chinese characteristics.
Results: The ChP 2025 edition demonstrates three prominent features in microbiological-related standards: enhanced international harmonization, introduced emerging molecular biological technologies, and established a risk-based microbiological quality control system.
Conclusion: The new edition of the Pharmacopoeia has systematically constructed a microbiological standard system, which significantly improves the scientificity, standardization and applicability of the standards, providing a crucial support for advancing the microbiological quality control in pharmaceutical industries of China.

ObjectiveTo explore the possible mechanism of action of Bushen Huoxue Granules （补肾活血颗粒， BHG） in the treatment of Parkinson's disease （PD） through the Nrf2/NLRP3 inflammasome axis. MethodsA total of 84 male C57/BL 6 mice were randomly divided into blank group， model group， Madopar group， dimethyl fumarate group， and low-， medium， and high-dose BHG group， with 12 mice in each group. Except for the blank group， all groups were induced into PD models by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine （MPTP） at a concentration of 30 mg/ml for 7 consecutive days. The blank group received an equal volume of saline. After model establishment， the low-， medium， and high-dose BHG groups were treated with 1.5， 3， and 6 g/（kg·d） of the BHG by gavage， respectively. The Madopar group was given 0.113 g/（kg·d） of Madopar tablets by gavage， and the dimethyl fumarate group was given 50 mg/（kg·d） of dimethyl fumarate solution. The blank group and the model group were given 10 ml/（kg·d） of distilled water by gavage. Gavage was administered once daily for 14 days. Behavioral changes were evaluated using the open field test （total distance， central area distance， and average speed）， rotarod test （time on the rod）， and climbing pole test （climbing time）. Serum levels of interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， interleukin-18 （IL-18）， and myeloperoxidase （MPO） were measured by ELISA. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect tyrosine hydroxylase （TH） expression in the brain substantia nigra. Immunofluorescence was used to detect α-synuclein （α-syn） expression. Western Blot was used to detect Nrf2， NLRP3， Caspase-1， and α-syn protein levels in the brain substantia nigra. RT-PCR was used to detect mRNA expression levels of Nrf2， NLRP3， and Caspase-1 in the brain substantia nigra. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed decreased total distance， central area distance， and average speed， reduced time on the rotarod， prolonged climbing time， reduced TH expression， increased α-syn expression， decreased Nrf2 protein and mRNA expression， increased NLRP3 and Caspase-1 protein and mRNA expression， and elevated serum IL-1β， IL-18， and MPO levels （P＜0.05）. Compared with the model group， all drug interventions significantly improved the above indicators （P＜0.05）. There was no significant differences in all indicators between the high-dose BHG group and the Madopar group （P＞0.05）. Compared with the dimethyl fumarate group， the medium and high-dose BHG groups showed increased Nrf2 mRNA expression in the brain substantia nigra （P＜0.05）. Compared with the high-dose BHG group， the low-dose group showed decreased total distance， central area distance， and average speed， reduced serum IL-18 levels， decreased α-syn， Nrf2， NLRP3， and Caspase-1 protein levels， and lower Nrf2 mRNA expression （P＜0.05）. ConclusionThe mechanism by which BHG treat PD may involve activating the Nrf2/NLRP3 inflammasome axis in the brain substantia nigra， thereby reducing neuroinflammation and α-syn aggregation. The high-dose group showed the best effects.

The liver has diverse functions such as metabolism， detoxification， and immune defense， and the maintenance of hepatic microenvironment homeostasis is crucial for overall bodily health. The hepatic microenvironment consists of the components such as parenchymal cells， non-parenchymal cells， and non-cellular components. Chronic inflammatory responses induced by various etiological factors may promote the formation and progression of liver fibrosis. During the dynamic progression of liver fibrosis， from the early to advanced stages， various components within the hepatic microenvironment undergo a series of changes， which can promote the malignant progression of liver fibrosis. An in-depth exploration of the mechanisms underlying such changes in each component of the liver fibrosis microenvironment is of great significance for understanding the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and discovering potential treatment strategies.

Background Hypertension is one of the chronic diseases with the highest prevalence in China, and a history of hypertension may potentially exacerbate hearing loss. Investigating the association between long-term blood pressure trends and hearing thresholds could contribute to hearing protection efforts for occupationally noise-exposed populations. Objective By investigating hearing thresholds and blood pressure levels among occupationally noise-exposed workers in an urban rail transit enterprise, and conducting a comprehensive analysis of the association between long-term blood pressure changes and hearing thresholds, to provide data references for health management strategies targeting occupationally noise-exposed workers. Methods Workers exposed to occupational noise at a rail transit enterprise were enrolled as study subjects and underwent pure-tone audiometry. Group-based trajectory modeling was employed to identify blood pressure trajectories. Categorical data were compared using chi-square tests, while normally distributed continuous variables were analyzed via t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were subsequently applied toexamine associations between these trajectory groups and high-frequency hearing thresholds. Results Among 2 002 occupationally noise-exposed workers, the median (P₂₅, P₇₅) age was 32 (28, 35) years, with a median (P₂₅, P₇₅) working tenure of 7 (3, 10) years. In 2019, the positive hypertension rate was 9.04%, with a mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) of (122.97±11.60) mmHg and a mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of (76.37±9.02) mmHg. The hearing loss prevalence was 10.1%, showing bilateral high-frequency average hearing thresholds of (17.18±8.71) dB and speech-frequency average thresholds of (13.79±3.46) dB. Three distinct trajectory groups were identified for both SBP and DBP. Compared with other trajectory groups, the high-stable DBP group exhibited significantly higher hearing loss prevalence (χ²=6.34, P=0.042) and elevated high-frequency hearing thresholds (all Ps<0.05). Specifically, within the 30-39 age subgroup, the moderate-stable DBP group demonstrated 1.96 dB lower high-frequency thresholds than the high-stable group [β(95%CI): −1.96 (−3.61, −0.32), P=0.020]. Conclusion Among occupationally noise-exposed workers in a municipal rail transit enterprise, DBP trajectories demonstrated a positive association with high-frequency hearing thresholds. Notably, in young and middle-aged occupationally noise-exposed populations, DBP may exert a more critical influence than SBP on the progression of hearing loss.

Objective: To investigate the biological effects of carvacrol on rats with stomach-heat and stomach-cold and its regulation on transient receptor potential(TRP) channels in rats with stomach-heat, and to study the cold and heat properties of carvacrol and its possible mechanism. Methods: According to the random number method, 100 SD rats were divided into stomach-heat blank group, stomach-heat model group, Coptidis Rhizoma group, stomach-heat low-dose and high-dose carvacrol group, stomach-cold blank group, stomach-cold model group, Baked ginger group, stomach-cold low-dose group and high-dose carvacrol group, 10 rats in each group. The rat model of stomach-heat was established by intragastric administration of pepper aqueous solution (0.80 g/kg) and anhydrous ethanol, and the rat model of stomach-cold was established by intragastric administration of water extract of Anemarrhena asphodeloides and sodium hydroxide (10.40 g/kg). On the day of modeling, the rats in the Baked ginger group were given Baked ginger decoction (0.78 g/kg), and the rats in the Coptidis Rhizoma group were given Coptidis Rhizoma decoction (0.43 g/kg).The stomach-cold and stomach-heat low-dose group of carvacrol was given carvacrol emulsion (40 mg/kg), high-dose group was given carvacrol emulsion (80 mg/kg).All rats of the blank and model groups were given the equal volume of emulsion prepared by 5% dimethyl sulfoxide, 1% Tween 80, 1% polyethylene glycol 400, and 93% normal saline, once a day, for 7 days. The general condition of rats was observed and the body mass was recorded. The pathological morphology of gastric tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The changes of material and energy metabolism, cyclic nucleotide (cAMP), thyroid hormone and gastrointestinal hormone in each group were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), transient receptor potential channel M8 (TRPM8) and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in rats with gastric fever were detected by Western blotting. Results: Compared with the stomach-heat blank group, the body mass of rats in the stomach-heat model group decreased at the fifth and seventh day (P<0.05). The contents (or ratio) of hepatic glycogen (HGlyc), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were decreased (P<0.05), and Na+ -K+ -ATPase, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase, cytochrome C oxidase (COX), NADH dehydrogenase (ND), cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP), cAMP/cyclic guanosine phosphate (cGMP), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL), and α-amylase (α-AMS) all increased (P<0.05). Compared with the stomach-heat model group, the body mass of rats in the Coptidis Rhizoma group decreased at the third, fifth, and seventh day, the contents (or ratio) of HGlyc, TC, TG, VIP and α-AMS were increased, and Na+ -K+ -ATPase, COX, ND, cAMP, cAMP/cGMP, T3, T4, and GAS all decreased (P<0.05). The body mass of rats in the stomach-heat low-dose carvacrol group decreased at the seventh day. The contents (or ratio) of HGlyc, TC, and VIP were increased, Na+ -K+ -ATPase, COX, ND, cAMP, cAMP/cGMP, T3, T4, and MTL all decreased, the expression of TRPV1 and UCP1 in gastric tissue decreased, while TRPM8 increased (P<0.05) in rats of the stomach-heat low-dose and high-dose carvacrol groups. Compared with the stomach-cold blank group, the body mass of rats in the stomach-cold model group decreased at the third, fifth, and seventh day, the contents (or ratio) of HGlyc, TC, TG, α-AMS, and VIP all increased, while Na+ -K+ -ATPase, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase, COX, ND, cAMP, cAMP/cGMP, T3, T4, GAS, and MTL all decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the stomach-cold model group, the body mass of rats in the Baked ginger group was increased at the seventh day, and the contents (or ratio) of HGlyc, VIP, and α-AMS all decreased, while Na+ -K+ -ATPase, COX, ND, cAMP/cGMP, T3, T4, GAS, and MTL all increased (P<0.05). The contents of HGlyc, cAMP, α-AMS, and VIP of rats in the stomach-cold low and high-dose carvacrol group all decreased (P<0.05). TG in the stomach-cold low-dose carvacrol group was increased. TC, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase, and cGMP all increased, while cAMP/cGMP decreased (P<0.05) in the high-dose carvacrol group. Conclusion In this study, the rat model of stomach-cold and stomach-heat were successfully established by using cold and heat factors. The result showed that carvacrol had a certain inhibitory effect on body mass, material energy metabolism, cyclic nucleotide level, thyroid hormone and gastrointestinal function in rats with stomach-heat, indicating that the drug was cold. Carvacrol′s cold medicinal property could be biologically explained by TRPV1 activation, UCP1 induction, and TRPM8 suppression.

Background The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is a vast area with a wide array of ecological environments, resulting in considerable regional variations in air pollution characteristics. Current research is limited by a scarcity of systematic, region-wide studies and risk assessments. Objective To assess the health risks associated with inhalation exposure to nine heavy metal and metalloid elements in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) for the population of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Methods From the 10th to the 16th of each month throughout 2023, atmospheric PM_2.5 samples were collected at designated monitoring sites in 12 leagues (cities) across the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to analyze the characteristics and trends in concentration. The health risk assessment model developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency was employed to evaluate both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with the heavy metal elements beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), hydrargyrum (Hg), plumbum (Pb), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni) and the metalloid elements stibium (Sb) and arsenic (As). Results In 2023, a total of 1206 valid PM_2.5 samples were analyzed from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The annual average PM_2.5 concentrations in Inner Mongolia, as well as in the cities of Ordos, Wuhai, and the Alxa League, all exceeded the national limit of 35 μg·m⁻³. The PM_2.5 concentrations across the leagues (cities) exhibited a clear seasonal variation, peaking in winter, followed by spring, and reaching a minimum in summer and autumn. The median PM_2.5 concentration in Ordos throughout the year was higher than that in the other leagues (cities) of the region. Concerning health risks, the non-carcinogenic risks associated with the 9 elements detected in each league (city) were all below 1, indicating acceptable levels. However, the non-carcinogenic risk values for Mn, Cr, and As were relatively high; specifically, Ordos City displayed the highest non-carcinogenic risk values for Mn (7.74×10⁻¹) and Cr (2.97×10⁻²), while Chifeng City recorded the highest value for As (2.34×10⁻³). The carcinogenic risk values for As, Cd, Cr, and Ni fell within the range of 1×10⁻⁹ to 1×10⁻⁵, representing an acceptable level. The health risks varied with age, and the elderly residents faced the highest non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks. Conclusion While the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from heavy metals and metalloids within atmospheric PM_2.5 in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are generally within acceptable limits, the potential risks that Mn, As, and Cr pose to the health of elderly people warrants particular attention, and Ordos and Chifeng cities exhibit notably higher health risks among other areas. It is recommended that regular, long-term monitoring be conducted, taking into account the specific conditions at monitoring sites across each league (city), and that targeted air quality management strategies be implemented to protect public health.

Objective To investigate the potential effect and mechanism of curcumin in inhibiting synaptic injury in the cortex of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham-operated group, model group, low-dose curcumin (50 mg/kg) group, and high-dose curcumin (100 mg/kg) group. A model of middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 hours and reperfusion for 24 hours was constructed, and curcumin was administered. Based on the neurological function score, the effects of curcumin on cerebral infarct volume, synaptic ultrastructure changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and the expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, Synapsin1, and CAMKⅡ were observed after the end of the animal treatment. Results The neurological function scores were 0, 3.25±0.43, 2.50±0.50, and 1.50±0.50 for the sham-operated group, model group, low-dose curcumin group, and high-dose curcumin group, respectively. The percentage of cerebral infarct volume was 0, (38.89±2.21)%, (33.48±1.77)%, and (23.69±2.19)%, respectively. Compared with the sham operation group, the model group had severe synaptic ultrastructure damage, extensive inflammatory cell infiltration, significantly increased expression of Caspase-1 and NLRP3 (P < 0.5), and significantly decreased expression of Synapsin1 and CAMKⅡ (P < 0.5). Curcumin treatment significantly inhibited synaptic damage, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, decreased the expression of Caspase-1 and NLRP3 (P < 0.5), and increased the expression of Synapsin1 and CAMKII (P < 0.5), when compared with the model group. Conclusion Ischemia-reperfusion-mediated synaptic injury in rat brain triggers an inflammatory response in cortical nerve cells, and curcumin alleviates synaptic damage and reduces brain injury by inhibiting inflammatory factor levels.

BACKGROUND:Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures have a high rate of recurrent fractures in adjacent vertebrae after percutaneous vertebroplasty,but the cause of their occurrence is still controversial. OBJECTIVE:To explore the influencing factors of adjacent vertebral re-fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with single-segment osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. METHODS:A retrospective analysis was performed in 210 patients admitted to the Fifth Hospital of Wuhan City,Second Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University from June 2016 to June 2020,who had been diagnosed with new single-segment osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures by X-ray and MRI examinations,and received percutaneous vertebroplasty.The patients were followed up for more than 18 months.The general preoperative data and postoperative indicators were collected.The general preoperative data included age,sex,body mass index,fracture segment location,fracture days,fracture cause,whether accompanied by diabetes mellitus,whether accompanied by renal and thyroid dysfunction,and visual analogue scale score on admission.The postoperative indicators included recovery rate of anterior edge of the vertebral body after operation,degree of dispersion of bone cement,leakage of bone cement,use of bone material,single or bilateral injection of bone cement,recovery rate of the injured vertebral mid-column after operation,local Cobb angle of the injured vertebra after operation.According to their real conditions,the patients were divided into a group without adjacent vertebral re-fractures(n=190)and a group with adjacent vertebral re-fractures(n=20).The presence or absence of postoperative re-fracture of the adjacent vertebrae of the injured spine was used as the dependent variable and the categorical variables such as preoperative general data and postoperative indicators were used as independent variables for statistical analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After percutaneous vertebroplasty,patients with adjacent vertebral re-fractures showed significant differences in age,body mass index,postoperative vertebral body anterior edge recovery rate,degree of cement dispersion,and cement leakage from those without adjacent vertebral re-fractures(P<0.05).However,sex,time of fracture,cause of fracture,presence of diabetes or kidney disease or thyroid disease,location of the initial vertebral fracture segment,mode of cement injection,local Cobb angle of the injured vertebra,recovery rate of the injured vertebral mid-column,and use of bone tissue were not statistically significant in relation to re-fracture of the adjacent vertebra after percutaneous vertebroplasty(P>0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age,vertebral body anterior edge recovery rate and cement leakage were independent risk factors for re-fractures of the adjacent vertebra after percutaneous vertebroplasty.To conclude,age,vertebral body anterior edge recovery rate and leakage of bone cement are the influencing factors of adjacent vertebral re-fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty.However,factors such as the degree of bone cement dispersion and the local Cobb angle of the injured vertebra were not correlated with adjacent vertebral re-fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty.

ObjectiveTo investigate the influencing factors for rebleeding after endoscopic therapy and the effect of the number of sequential treatment sessions on postoperative rebleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis receiving secondary prevention of gastroesophageal varices （GOV）. MethodsA total of 1 717 patients with liver cirrhosis who received secondary prevention of GOV and attended The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistice Support Force from January 2017 to December 2021 were enrolled， and according to the presence or absence of bleeding after endoscopic therapy， they were divided into non-bleeding group and rebleeding group. The influencing factors for rebleeding were analyzed， as well as the association between the number of endoscopic treatment sessions and rebleeding. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups； the independent-samples t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between the two groups； the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison bertween multiple groups， and the Wilcoxon test was used for further comparison between two groups. The Cox regression model was used to investigate the influencing factors for rebleeding， and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curves， while the Log-rank test was used for comparison between groups. ResultsOf all patients， 286 （16.7%） experienced rebleeding after endoscopic therapy， and 1 431 （83.3%） did not experience bleeding. There were significant differences between the two groups in history of smoking and drinking， etiology of liver cirrhosis， hemoglobin （Hb）， prothrombin time （PT）， prothrombin activity （PTA）， international normalized ratio （INR）， albumin （Alb）， fasting blood glucose， blood urea nitrogen， Child-Pugh class， aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index （APRI） score， albumin-bilirubin （ALBI） score， use of non-selective beta-blocker （NSBB） before surgery， treatment modality， type of varices， and maximal varicose vein diameter （all P<0.05）. The univariate Cox regression analysis showed that in the patients with liver cirrhosis who received secondary prevention of GOV， rebleeding was associated with history of smoking and drinking， etiology of liver cirrhosis， use of NSBB before surgery， treatment modality， maximal varicose vein diameter， Hb， platelet count， PT， PTA， INR， Alb， total bilirubin （TBil）， alkaline phosphatase （ALP）， gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase， blood glucose， Child-Pugh class， and ALBI score （all P<0.05）. The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Hb （hazard ratio ［HR］=0.989， 95% confidence interval ［CI］： 0.983‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.994， P<0.001）， TBil （HR=1.020， 95%CI： 1.006‍ ‍—‍ ‍1.034， P=0.005）， Alb （HR=0.868， 95%CI： 0.758‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.994， P=0.041）， treatment modality （sclerosing agent： HR=2.158， 95%CI： 1.342‍ ‍—‍ ‍3.470， P=0.002； tissue adhesive： HR=2.709， 95%CI： 1.343‍ ‍—‍ ‍5.462， P=0.005； ligation+sclerosing agent： HR=3.181， 95%CI： 1.522‍ ‍—‍ ‍6.645， P=0.002； sclerosing agent+tissue adhesive： HR=1.851， 95%CI： 1.100‍ ‍—‍ ‍3.113， P=0.020）， ALP （HR=1.003， 95%CI： 1.001‍ ‍—‍ ‍1.004， P=0.002）， and maximal varicose vein diameter （HR=1.346， 95%CI： 1.119‍ ‍—‍ ‍1.618， P=0.002） were independent influencing factors for rebleeding after endoscopic therapy. Comparison of rebleeding rate after different numbers of sequential treatment sessions showed that the patients treated for three sessions had a significantly lower rebleeding rate than those treated for one or two sessions （χ²=8.643 and 5.277， P=0.003 and 0.022）. The survival analysis showed that with the increase in the number of treatment sessions， there was a significantly longer interval between rebleeding （P=0.006） and a significantly lower mortality rate （P<0.001）. ConclusionThe levels of TBil， ALP， Hb， and Alb on admission， endoscopic treatment modality， and maximal varicose vein diameter were the main predictive factors for rebleeding after endoscopic therapy for GOV in liver cirrhosis， and such predictive factors should be closely monitored in clinical practice. Regular endoscopic therapy can reduce the rebleeding and mortality rates of patients with liver cirrhosis and GOV and prolonmg the interval between rebleeding.