Background The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is a vast area with a wide array of ecological environments, resulting in considerable regional variations in air pollution characteristics. Current research is limited by a scarcity of systematic, region-wide studies and risk assessments. Objective To assess the health risks associated with inhalation exposure to nine heavy metal and metalloid elements in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) for the population of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Methods From the 10th to the 16th of each month throughout 2023, atmospheric PM_2.5 samples were collected at designated monitoring sites in 12 leagues (cities) across the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to analyze the characteristics and trends in concentration. The health risk assessment model developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency was employed to evaluate both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with the heavy metal elements beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), hydrargyrum (Hg), plumbum (Pb), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni) and the metalloid elements stibium (Sb) and arsenic (As). Results In 2023, a total of 1206 valid PM_2.5 samples were analyzed from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The annual average PM_2.5 concentrations in Inner Mongolia, as well as in the cities of Ordos, Wuhai, and the Alxa League, all exceeded the national limit of 35 μg·m⁻³. The PM_2.5 concentrations across the leagues (cities) exhibited a clear seasonal variation, peaking in winter, followed by spring, and reaching a minimum in summer and autumn. The median PM_2.5 concentration in Ordos throughout the year was higher than that in the other leagues (cities) of the region. Concerning health risks, the non-carcinogenic risks associated with the 9 elements detected in each league (city) were all below 1, indicating acceptable levels. However, the non-carcinogenic risk values for Mn, Cr, and As were relatively high; specifically, Ordos City displayed the highest non-carcinogenic risk values for Mn (7.74×10⁻¹) and Cr (2.97×10⁻²), while Chifeng City recorded the highest value for As (2.34×10⁻³). The carcinogenic risk values for As, Cd, Cr, and Ni fell within the range of 1×10⁻⁹ to 1×10⁻⁵, representing an acceptable level. The health risks varied with age, and the elderly residents faced the highest non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks. Conclusion While the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from heavy metals and metalloids within atmospheric PM_2.5 in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are generally within acceptable limits, the potential risks that Mn, As, and Cr pose to the health of elderly people warrants particular attention, and Ordos and Chifeng cities exhibit notably higher health risks among other areas. It is recommended that regular, long-term monitoring be conducted, taking into account the specific conditions at monitoring sites across each league (city), and that targeted air quality management strategies be implemented to protect public health.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a significant global health challenge. Current therapeutic options, such as interferon and nucleoside analogues (NAs), are limited by issues including long-term medication toxicity, the virus's propensity to develop drug resistance, and the inability to eradicate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs), as an emerging class of anti-HBV drugs, target HBcAg to interfere with capsid assembly. This not only blocks viral nucleocapsid formation and inhibits viral replication but also indirectly destabilizes the cccDNA pool, while exhibiting a relatively high genetic barrier to resistance. This article systematically evaluates HBV drug resistance to CpAMs and proposes anti-resistance strategies, including the combination of nucleoside analogues with CpAMs, enhancing protein-drug interactions, targeting HBcAg degradation, designing multi-target inhibitors, and employing combination therapy. Looking ahead, the integration of structural biology, computational chemistry, and immunotherapy will offer innovative approaches for developing novel, highly effective, and low-resistance inhibitors, thereby advancing the functional cure of hepatitis B.

Oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid, exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects. Since its initial isolation and identification, numerous studies have reported on the structural modifications and pharmacological activities of OA and its derivatives. Despite this, there has been a dearth of comprehensive reviews in the past two decades, leading to challenges in subsequent research on OA. Based on the main biological activities of OA, this paper comprehensively summarized the modification strategies and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of OA and its derivatives to provide valuable reference for future investigations into OA.
Oleanolic Acid ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology* ; Triterpenes ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology*

Objective:To compare the clinical outcomes of endovascular therapy in acute stroke patients with anterior circulation tandem occlusions caused by atherosclerosis or dissection.Methods:A retrospective cohort study. A total of 98 patients with anterior circulation tandem lesions undergoing endovascular therapy in the Wuhan NO.1 Hospital (March 2016 to March 2022) were analyzed. Median age was 64(55,71) years old, and 82.7% (81/98 cases) were males. According to the lesion etiology, the patients were divided into atherosclerosis and dissection groups. The differences in clinical outcomes between the two groups were investigated, including favorable 90-day functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2), successful reperfusion (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebrovascular Infarction score of 2b-3), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, stroke-associated pneumonia, 90-day all-cause mortality, and average hospitalization days. Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for potential confounders affecting functional outcomes in both groups, and to determine odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.Results:Seventy-one patients were grouped into the atherosclerotic cause and 27 into the dissection cause cohorts. The rate of favorable 90-day functional outcome was 43.7% (31/71 cases) in the atherosclerosis group versus 55.6% (15/27 cases) in the dissection group (adjusted odds ratio=1.339; 95% confidence interval, 0.374-4.798; P=0.654). No significant differences were found in other clinical outcomes between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion:The clinical prognosis of patients with tandem lesions caused by atherosclerotic stenosis or artery dissection was similar after endovascular therapy. Future studies are still needed to verify our results.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of 1 064 nm/755 nm dual wavelength laser on hair removal.Methods:A total of 60 patients aged 18-52 (30±7) years in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2017 were collected. 1 064 nm and 755 nm laser hair removal was performed at the same symmetrical areas or two different areas in the same patient. We performed 6 sessions of laser treatment at 6-week intervals and the effect was evaluated 6 weeks after the last session.Results:The hair removal efficacy was 96.7% (58 cases) at 1 064 nm, 96.7% (58 cases) at 755 nm laser treatment. There was no significant difference in the effective rate between two wavelengths laser hair removal methods ( P>0.05). The incidence of pigmentation was 1.7% (1 case) at 1 064 nm laser and was 3.3% (2 cases) at 755 nm laser without significant difference ( P>0.05). No hypopigmentation, blister or scar appeared in all patients. The total satisfactory rate was 95.0% (57 cases) at 1 064 nm, 98.3% (59 cases) at 755 nm laser treatment, respectively. Conclusions:1 064 nm/755 nm dual wavelength laser has definite therapeutic effect and safety on hair removal.

Objective:To analyze the antigenicity and genetic characteristics of two strains of Eurasian avian H1N1 swine influenza virus (EAS-H1N1) isolated from 2 human cases found in Gansu province to provide scientific reference for disease prevention and control.Methods:Two cases of human infection with EAS-H1N1 discovered in Gansu province since February 2021 were analyzed for antigenicity and genome comparison, and their genome characteristics were analyzed using software such as Mega7.0.Results:Two human infections with EAS-H1N1 had related environmental exposure history. Two strains were obtained: A/Gansu-Xifeng/1143/2021 and A/Gansu-Xifeng/1194/2021. The two strains of HA, NA genes were all from the Eurasian avian H1N1 swine influenza virus, and are closely related to the human infection EAS-H1N1 virus in Hebei and Tianjin and the EAS-H1N1 virus isolated from the mink in Shandong; the HA receptor binding sites of 2 strains E190D and D225E mutations occurred in all spots, and there were no H274Y and N294S mutations in NA protein.Conclusions:Some important molecular mutations occurred in the genome of people infected with EAS-H1N1 virus in Gansu province, which may lead to increased virulence and potential human-to-human transmission. Strengthening the research and analysis of EAS-H1N1 gene characteristics will help to monitor the mutation and mutation of the virus at the molecular level and scientifically prevent and control the epidemic.

Wegener' granulomatosis is an autoimmune diseases, often involving the lung and kidney, has a high mortality rate in nontreatment patients. The low incidence and nonspecific features, often lead to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. This paper reported the diagnosis and treatment of a 55-year-old female patient with primary Wegener' granuloma of the lung diagnosed by percutaneous lung biopsy of pulmonary nodules, and reviews the relevant literature.
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Female ; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Middle Aged ; Pneumonia

Adverse childhood experience (ACE) is potentially negative experience that occurs between 0 and 18 years old. The ACE adolescents have prominent mental health problems such as emotional regulation disorder, unstable interpersonal relationship, poor coping ability, and cognitive dysfunction. Until now, the factors affecting the mental health of ACE adolescents are not clear, but it is certain that the ecosystem in which ACE adolescents life affects their mental health. Specifically, the parent-child relationship, the school environment, the peer relationship in the micro-system, and the interaction between the parent-child relationship and other interpersonal relationship in the meso-system have been confirmed to be significantly related to the mental health of ACE adolescents. In the appearance system, the neighborhood cohesion, the level of family income, the educational level of parents and the different social and cultural background in the macro-system all have different degrees of impact on the development of ACE adolescents' psychological behaviors. In the diachronic system, the time and frequency of suffering from ACE have different effects on the mental health regarding the ACE adolescents.
Adolescent ; Adverse Childhood Experiences ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Ecosystem ; Health Status ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Mental Health ; Parents

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of perioperative rehabilitation approaches based on the concept of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for pelvic fractures.Methods:A prospective randomized control trial was conducted to include 114 emergency patients who had been admitted to Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital for surgical treatment of pelvic fractures from June 2019 to December 2020. Of them, 57 were assigned into an intervention group according to a random digits table. They were 42 males and 15 females, aged from 18 to 77 years and subjected to management of pelvic fractures with tentative perioperative ERAS approaches which were adjusted at different stages. The other random 57 patients were assigned into a control group. They were 40 males and 17 females, aged from 17 to 70 years and subjected to management of pelvic fractures with conventional rehabilitation approaches which included postoperative in-hospital consultation and guidance by rehabilitation physicians. The 2 groups were compared in terms of Majeed pelvis scores and Barthel indexes at postoperative 2, 6, 12 and 24 weeks, and visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores and SF36 scores at postoperative 12 and 24 weeks.Results:A total of 105 patients (55 in the intervention group and 50 in the control group) were completely followed up for 151 to 254 d (mean, 177 d). The 2 groups were comparable due to no significant difference between them in the preoperative general data ( P>0.05). The Majeed scores (44±13, 67±16, 86±14 and 98±7) and Barthel indexes (57±13, 79±16, 95±8 and 100±2) at postoperative 2, 6, 12 and 24 weeks in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group [(35±16, 51±16, 73±14 and 91±12) and (45±19, 67±18, 86±12 and 98±4)] (all P<0.05). At postoperative 12 and 24 weeks, the SF-36 scores (129±15 and 141±6) in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group (114±15 and 131±12) ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the pain degree between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:In management of pelvic fractures, compared with conventional perioperative rehabilitation approaches, the perioperative ERAS rehabilitation approaches may improve early functional outcomes and thus help the patients restore their activities of daily living earlier.

Objective To investigate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of osteosarcoma in China and analyze the incidence and clinical treatment of osteosarcoma.Methods The clinical data of 1 593 patients with osteosarcoma in 7 bone cancer treatment centers from January 2000 to February 2017 were analyzed.We retrieved large samples of documents in the database,extracted the relevant data and compared the data with this study.SPSS 13 software was used for statistical analysis and each factor was tested by x2.Results Of 1 593 patients,984 were males and 609 were females.The ratio of male to female was 1.62∶ 1.The average age was 23.2 years (range from 3-80 years).The peak age of onset was 11-20 years (52.4％).There were 217 elderly patients (＞ 40 years old).The tumors occurred in 1 524 limbs and 69 in axial bone.The most common sites of disease were distal femur 706 cases,proximal tibia 375 cases,distal humerus 117 cases and others 395 cases.There were 1 154 cases (71％) around the knee joint.The axial bone included 18 cases of spine,49 cases of pelvis and 2 cases of rib.Preoperative biopsy was performed in 1 111 cases and incisional biopsy in 280 cases.Preoperative diagnosis could be made in 1 345 cases (84.4％ of all patients,accounting for 96.7％ of biopsy patients).There were 79 cases with metastasis at first visit,accounting for 5％.Preoperative chemotherapy was performed in 1 185 cases (74.4％).With the DIA preoperative chemotherapy 271 cases,DIA+MTX 251 cases,AP 149 cases.220 cases of tumor cell necrosis rate was evaluated after operationaccording to the Huvos classification.There were78 cases of grade Ⅰ,105 cases of Ⅱ grade,35 cases of Ⅲ and 2 cases of grade Ⅳ.There were 1 299 cases undergoingpostoperative chemotherapy (81.5％),1 306 patients undergoinglimb salvage surgery (82％).Thespecific operation with prosthetic replacement is the most common (911 cases,69.8％).The postoperative chemotherapy included DIA+MTX regimen 471 cases,DIA regimen 266 cases and AP regimen 98 cases.Before and after the operation,379 cases were treated with the same chemotherapy regimen and 666 cases were changed.A total of 18 large sample documents were retrieved in Chinese data base (5 684 cases).The sex ratio,age range,peak incidence and location of the disease were similar to those of this study.The average age was 1-2 years old younger.The percentage of lung metastases associated with initial visits washigher.The rate of preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy and limb salvage waslowand the rate of tumor necrosis wasbetter after chemotherapy.A total of 22 large sample literatures were searched in foreign database (12 850 cases).The ratio of men and women is 1.30∶1 and the proportion of women is higher than the domestic data.The average age was 1-2 years older.The ratio of the knee joint was lower.The percentage of lung metastases associated with initial visits washigher.The rate of preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy and limb salvage were similar to that of this study and the rate of tumor necrosis was better after chemotherapy.Conclusion The general situation of the incidence of osteosarcoma (sex,age,location of the disease) is not significantly different from the previous reports both at home and abroad.In the treatment,preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy rate and limb salvage surgery rate have improved significantly compared with the past.The chemotherapy program from the coexistence of various programs,gradually to the DIA+MTX and DIA program as the mainstream program.