Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome types of colorectal polyp(CP)and to explore their correlation with hyperlipidemia and other related risk factors.Methods From January 2022 to December 2023,174 patients with CP(polyp group)and 87 patients without intestinal abnormalities(non-polyp group)who underwent colonoscopy or treatment at the Endoscopy Center of Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine were selected.Their data of medical records were collected,including gender,age,body mass index(BMI),history of diabetes mellitus,history of hypertension,blood lipid indicators[total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and arteriosclerosis index(AI)],the presence of fatty liver or not,and the foci,number,size,and pathological types of polyps.Moreover,TCM syndrome differentiation of patients in the polyp group was carried out,and then the clinical characteristics and TCM syndrome types of CP as well as their correlation with hyperlipidemia were statistically analyzed.Results(1)The age group of 41-60 years old accounted for a higher percentage in patients of the polyp group and non-polyp group,59.8％in the polyp group and 49.4％in the non-polyp group,and the comparison of ages between the two groups showed statistically significant difference(P＜0.05).(2)The polyp foci of CP were mostly located in the left colon,accounting for 63.2％;single polyp was common,accounting for 69.0％;the size of polyps was usually 1-10 mm,accounting for 90.2％;the polyps were predominated by non-adenomatous polyps,accounting for 51.1％.(3)In the polyp group,spleen deficiency and dampness retention syndrome was the predominated syndrome type,accounting for 44.8％,and then followed by syndrome of damp-heat in large intestine,which accounted for 30.5％.(4)Comparison of the distribution of BMI and history of diabetes mellitus among various TCM syndrome types showed statistically significant differences(P＜0.05),while no statistically significant differences were presented in the comparison of gender,age,history of hypertension,and history of fatty liver,as well as the polyp foci,number,size,and pathological types among patients with various TCM syndrome types(P＞0.05).(5)The percentage of complication of hyperlipidemia in the polyp group was significantly higher than that in the non-polyp group,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.01).The levels of TC,TG,LDL-C,and Al in the polyp group were significantly higher than those in the non-polyp group,the differences being statistically significant(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).However,the difference of the HDL-C level between the two groups was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).(6)Comparison of TC and LDL-C levels among the patients with different polyp foci and LDL-C level among the patients with various TCM syndrome types showed statistically significant differences(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),while no statistically significant differences of blood lipid indicators were presented among the patients with various foci,number,sizes,and pathological types of the polyp and among the patients with various TCM syndrome types(P＞0.05).Conclusion Age is a risk factor for CP.CP patients are usually differentiated as the syndrome of spleen deficiency and dampness retention and the syndrome of damp-heat in large intestine,and the distribution of TCM syndrome types exert a certain correlation with BMI and history of diabetes mellitus.Hyperlipidemia is also a risk factor for the onset of CP,and abnormal levels of TC,TG,LDL-C,and Al exert certain correlation with the occurrence of polyps.TC and LDL-C have a certain correlation with the polyp foci,and LDL-C may also be related to the distribution of TCM syndrome types.

Objective:To overview the systematic reviews/meta analysis of the treatment of external therapy of TCM for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Methods:Systematic reviews/meta analysis of the treatment of external therapy of TCM for GERD were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases from the establishment of the databases to 31st, December 2022. The AMSTAR 2 tool, PRISMA 2020 reporting specifications, and GRADE guidelines were used to evaluate the methodological quality, reporting quality, and evidence quality of the included literature. A multiple evaluation was performed in six dimensions: year of publication, type of study design, methodological quality score, reporting quality score, degree of homogeneity, and risk of publication bias evaluation.Results:A total of 9 systematic reviews/meta analysis were included, of which 1 was of low quality methodological quality and 8 was of very low quality. GRADE guidelines evidence quality grading results showed 33 outcome indicators, 9 of which were with moderate evidence, 21 of which were with low evidence, and 3 of which were with very low evidence. 9 articles had reporting quality scores ranging from 16 to 24, of which 1 report was relatively complete and 8 had some deficiencies. The rank mean scores of multiple evaluations indicated that 2 articles were of high quality and 1 article was of poor quality.Conclusions:The quality of evidence for the treatment of external therapy of TCM for GERD is intermediate in terms of improving the cure rate and reducing adverse effects, and is recommended for clinical use. However, the methodological quality and reporting quality of the current systematic reviews/meta analysis of the treatment of external therapy of TCM for GERD need to be improved, and users of the evidence ought to use the above evidence with caution for decision making.

Bladder cancer is characterized by high incidence and high recurrence; however, the mechanism of pathogenesis, especially of recurrence is still unclear. This paper reviews the molecular characteristics of bladder cancer, urothelial somatic mutation, driver genes and mutation characteristics, and prospects the future research directions.

Objective To investigate the effect of GTPase activating protein Git2 on metastasis in breast cancer. Methods Git2 gene over?expression was induced by Git2 cDNA, and Git2 gene knockdown was induced by Git2 ShRNA lentivirus in four breast cancer cell lines. Six?week old wide type female mice were also used in this study. The cells were tagged with luciferase and injected into wide type female mice by tail vein or 4th mammary fat pad, respectively, to establish a cancer metastasis model. In vivo real time imaging system and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the cancer metastasis. Results The relative mRNA expression level of Git2 ( normalized by GAPDH) in the 4T1,4TO7,168FARN and 67NR cells were 0.91 ± 0. 03, 0. 125 ± 0. 06, 0. 131 ± 0. 04 and 0. 92 ± 0. 04, respectively. The expression of EMT marker E?cadherin was inhibited and N?cadherin and vimentin were enhanced when Git2 was over?expressed in 168FARN cells and 4TO7 cells expressing low level of Git2, whereas the expression of E?cadherin was increased and N?cadherin and vimentin were decreased when Git2 was knocked down in 67NR cells and 4T1 cells expressing high level of Git2. Furthermore, over?expression of Git2 promoted 4TO7 cells to progress from micro?metastasis to macro?metastasis. The down?regulation of Git2 pushed 67NR cells to intravasate into blood circulation and suppressed the metastatic ability of 4T1 cells. The number of bioluminescence photos of lung metastatic 4T1?Luc?KD cells was (0.4±0.05) ×106, compared with (3.0±0.04) ×106 in the control 4T1?Luc cells, showing a significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion Our results indicate that Git2 is involved in breast cancer initiation and metastatic colonization.

Objective To investigate the effect of GTPase activating protein Git2 on metastasis in breast cancer. Methods Git2 gene over?expression was induced by Git2 cDNA, and Git2 gene knockdown was induced by Git2 ShRNA lentivirus in four breast cancer cell lines. Six?week old wide type female mice were also used in this study. The cells were tagged with luciferase and injected into wide type female mice by tail vein or 4th mammary fat pad, respectively, to establish a cancer metastasis model. In vivo real time imaging system and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the cancer metastasis. Results The relative mRNA expression level of Git2 ( normalized by GAPDH) in the 4T1,4TO7,168FARN and 67NR cells were 0.91 ± 0. 03, 0. 125 ± 0. 06, 0. 131 ± 0. 04 and 0. 92 ± 0. 04, respectively. The expression of EMT marker E?cadherin was inhibited and N?cadherin and vimentin were enhanced when Git2 was over?expressed in 168FARN cells and 4TO7 cells expressing low level of Git2, whereas the expression of E?cadherin was increased and N?cadherin and vimentin were decreased when Git2 was knocked down in 67NR cells and 4T1 cells expressing high level of Git2. Furthermore, over?expression of Git2 promoted 4TO7 cells to progress from micro?metastasis to macro?metastasis. The down?regulation of Git2 pushed 67NR cells to intravasate into blood circulation and suppressed the metastatic ability of 4T1 cells. The number of bioluminescence photos of lung metastatic 4T1?Luc?KD cells was (0.4±0.05) ×106, compared with (3.0±0.04) ×106 in the control 4T1?Luc cells, showing a significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion Our results indicate that Git2 is involved in breast cancer initiation and metastatic colonization.