Biomolecular condensates are formed through phase separation of biomacromolecules such as proteins and RNAs. These condensates exhibit liquid-like properties that can futher transition into more stable material states. They form complex internal structures via multivalent weak interactions, enabling precise spatiotemporal regulations. However, the use of inconsistent and non-standardized terminology has become increasingly problematic, hindering academic exchange and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the terminology related to biomolecular condensates in order to clarify concepts, promote interdisciplinary cooperation, enhance research efficiency, and support the healthy development of this field.

ObjectiveHepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4A) is a critical transcription factor in the liver and pancreas. Dysfunctions of HNF4A lead to maturity onset diabetes of the young 1 (MODY1). Notably, MODY1 patients with HNF4A pathogenic mutations exhibit decreased responses to arginine and reduced plasma triglyceride levels, but the mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the potential target genes transcriptionally regulated by HNF4A and explore its role in these metabolic pathways. MethodsA stable 293T cell line expressing the HNF1A reporter was overexpressed with HNF4A. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to analyze transcriptional differences. Transcription factor binding site prediction was then conducted to identify HNF4A binding motifs in the promoter regions of relevant target genes. ResultsRNA-seq results revealed a significant upregulation of transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) mRNA in HNF4A-overexpressing cells. Transcription factor binding predictions suggested the presence of five potential HNF4A binding motifs in the TM4SF5 promoter. Finally, we confirmed that the DR1 site in the -57 to -48 region of the TM4SF5 promoter is the key binding motif for HNF4A. ConclusionThis study identified TM4SF5 as a target gene of HNF4A and determined the key binding motif involved in its regulation. Given the role of TM4SF5 as an arginine sensor in mTOR signaling activation and triglyceride secretion, which closely aligns with phenotypes observed in MODY1 patients, our findings provide novel insights into the possible mechanisms by which HNF4A regulates triglyceride secretion in the liver and arginine-stimulated insulin secretion in the pancreas.

Currently, the drug delivery system (DDS) based on nanomaterials has become a hot interdisciplinary research topic. One of the core issues is drug loading and controlled release, in which the key lever is carriers. Vaterite, as an inorganic porous nano-material, is one metastable structure of calcium carbonate, full of micro or nano porous. Recently, vaterite has attracted more and more attention, due to its significant advantages, such as rich resources, easy preparations, low cost, simple loading procedures, good biocompatibility and many other good points. Vaterite, gained from suitable preparation strategies, can not only possess the good drug carrying performance, like high loading capacity and stable loading efficiency, but also improve the drug release ability, showing the better drug delivery effects, such as targeting release, pH sensitive release, photothermal controlled release, magnetic assistant release, optothermal controlled release. At the same time, the vaterite carriers, with good safety itself, can protect proteins, enzymes, or other drugs from degradation or inactivation, help imaging or visualization with loading fluorescent drugs in vitro and in vivo, and play synergistic effects with other therapy approaches, like photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and thermochemotherapy. Latterly, some renewed reports in drug loading and controlled release have led to their widespread applications in diverse fields, from cell level to clinical studies. This review introduces the basic characteristics of vaterite and briefly summarizes its research history, followed by synthesis strategies. We subsequently highlight recent developments in drug loading and controlled release, with an emphasis on the advantages, quantity capacity, and comparations. Furthermore, new opportunities for using vaterite in cell level and animal level are detailed. Finally, the possible problems and development trends are discussed.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficiency of robotic visualization system(RVS)-assisted microsurgical re-construction of the reproductive tract in male rats and the satisfaction of the surgeons.Methods:We randomly divided 8 adult male SD rats into an experimental and a control group,the former treated by RVS-assisted microsurgical vasoepididymostomy(VE)or vaso-vasostomy(VV),and the latter by VE or VV under the standard operating microscope(SOM).We compared the operation time,me-chanical patency and anastomosis leakage immediately after surgery,and the surgeons'satisfaction between the two groups.Results:No statistically significant difference was observed the operation time between the experimental and the control groups,and no anasto-mosis leakage occurred after VV in either group.The rate of mechanical patency immediately after surgery was 100％in both groups,and that of anastomosis leakage after VE was 16.7％in the experimental group and 14.3％in the control.Compared with the control group,the experimental group achieved dramatically higher scores on visual comfort(3.00±0.76 vs 4.00±0.53,P＜0.05),neck/back comfort(2.75±1.16 vs 4.38±1.06,P＜0.01)and man-machine interaction(3.88±1.55 va 4.88±0.35,P＜0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in the scores on image definition and operating room suitability between the two groups.Conclusion:RVS can be used in microsurgical reconstruction of the reproductive tract in male rats and,with its advantages over SOM in ergonomic design and image definition,has a potential application value in male reproductive system micosurgery.

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of immunoadsorption in highly sensitized kidney transplant (KT) candidates.Methods:From September 2019 to April 2023, the relevant clinical data were retrospectively reviewed for 26 highly sensitized KT recipients. Protein A immunoadsorption desensitization therapy was offered after KT. The effect of immunosorbent on reducing anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies was summarized. And operative success rate and postoperative complication incidence were calculated.Results:The mean number of treatment session was (10.76±5.53). The highest level of HLA-Ⅰ antibody mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) dropped from (17 921±4 442) to (7 333±6 434) with a decline of 59% and HLA-Ⅱ antibody MFI decreased from (21 135±5 245) to (10 989±7 627) with a decline of 48%. The differences were statistically significant (both P<0.001). All kidneys were harvested from cadavers. The complications were acute antibody mediated rejection (7 cases), perioperative pulmonary infection (3 cases) and myelosuppression (2 cases). The average follow-up period was (30.8±12.6) month. The graft survival rate was 88.5% (23/26) and the recipient survival rate 100% (26/26) . Conclusions:Immunoadsorption therapy can effectively reduce HLA antibody in highly sensitized KT candidates, thereby increasing the probability of successful KT. In terms of safety, immunosorbent therapy may boost the potential risks of infection and myelosuppression. It requires heightened attention.

This study systematically searches for academic papers related to metabolic and bariatric surgery between 2000 and 2023 through the Web of Science database, and uses biblio-metric methods and visualization techniques to deeply analyse research trends, leading researchers, research institutions, and hotspots in this field. Through analysis, it uncovers the research dynamics and cutting-edge advancements in metabolic and bariatric surgery. Additionally, the authors explore current research hotspots, challenges, and potential future research directions. This study not only provides valuable reference information for researchers in the field of metabolic and bariatric surgery, but also offers a scientific basis for clinical practice and policy making.

Objective To explore the clinical effect of personalized pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)for proliferative di-abetic retinopathy(PDR).Methods In this retrospective case study,76 patients(86 eyes)diagnosed with PDR and re-ceiving PPV in the Department of Ophthalmology of Songjiang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,from October 2019 to November 2022,were divided into the observation group(40 patients,46 eyes)and the control group(36 patients,40 eyes).Patients in the obseration group were treated with personalized PPV,while patients in the control group were treated with conventional PPV,After treatment,all patients were followed up for 12 months.The operation time,intraoperative use of heavy water and silicone oil,incidence of iatrogenic retinal tears and heavy water resi-dues,proportion of scleral buckling,preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and intraocular pressure(IOP),retinal reattachment rate at 12 months after surgery,and the incidence of post-vitrectomy vitreous hemor-rhage(PVH),diabetic macular edema(DME)and neovascular glaucoma(NVG)were compared between the two groups.Results The operation time of patients in the observation group was shorter than that in the control group(P＜0.05).Intraoperative use of heavy water and silicone oil in the observation group was lower than that in the control group(both P＜0.05).The incidence of iatrogenic retinal tears and heavy water residues and the proportion of scleral buckling showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups(all P＞0.05).There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in BCVA preoperatively,3,6 and 12 months postoperatively(all P＞0.05).BCVA in the observa-tion group was better than that in the control group at 1 day,1 week and 1 month after surgery(all P＜0.05).Compared with the preoperative value,BCVA increased in the observation group at 1 day,1 week,1 month,3 months,6 months,and 12 months after surgery(all P＜0.05);in the control group,BCVA increased slightly at 1 day and 1 week(both P＞0.05)and then increased significantly at 1 month,3 months,6 months,and 12 months after surgery(all P＜0.05).The two groups showed no statistically significant difference in IOP at 1 day,1 week,1 month,3 months,6 months,and 12 months postoperatively(all P＞0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the retinal reattachment rate and the inci-dence of complications such as PVH,DME,and NVG between the two groups at 12 months postoperatively(all P＞0.05).Conclusion Personalized PPV can shorten the operation time,reduce the intraoperative use of heavy water and silicone oil,enhance the efficiency of the operation,and rapidly improve the visual acuity of PDR patients.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

In the field of dental aesthetics,digital aesthetic design plays a crucial role in helping dentists to predict treatment outcomes vis-ually,as well as in enhancing the consistency of knowledge and understanding of aesthetic goals between dentists and patients.It serves as the foundation for achieving ideal aesthetic effects.However,there is no clear standard for this digital process currently in China and abroad.Many dentists lack of systematic understanding of how to carry out digital aesthetic design for treatment.To establish standardized processes for dental aesthetic design and to improve the homogeneity of treatment outcomes,Chinese Society of Digital Dental Industry(CSD-DI)convened domestic experts in related field to compile this consensus.This article elaborates on the key aspects of digital aesthetic data collection,integration steps,and the digital aesthetic design process.It also formulates a decision tree for dental aesthetics at macro level and outlines corresponding workflows for various clinical scenarios,serving as a reference for clinicians.

Objective:To study the current status of longitudinal extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in extremely preterm infants (EPIs) and to develop a prediction model based on clinical data from multiple NICUs.Methods:From January 2017 to December 2018, EPIs admitted to 32 NICUs in North China were retrospectively studied. Their general conditions, nutritional support, complications during hospitalization and weight changes were reviewed. Weight loss between birth and discharge > 1SD was defined as longitudinal EUGR. The EPIs were assigned into longitudinal EUGR group and non-EUGR group and their nutritional support and weight changes were compared. The EPIs were randomly assigned into the training dataset and the validation dataset with a ratio of 7∶3. Univariate Cox regression analysis and multiple regression analysis were used in the training dataset to select the independent predictive factors. The best-fitting Nomogram model predicting longitudinal EUGR was established based on Akaike Information Criterion. The model was evaluated for discrimination efficacy, calibration and clinical decision curve analysis.Results:A total of 436 EPIs were included in this study, with a mean gestational age of (26.9±0.9) weeks and a birth weight of (989±171) g. The incidence of longitudinal EUGR was 82.3%(359/436). Seven variables (birth weight Z-score, weight loss, weight growth velocity, the proportion of breast milk ≥75% within 3 d before discharge, invasive mechanical ventilation ≥7 d, maternal antenatal corticosteroids use and bronchopulmonary dysplasia) were selected to establish the prediction model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the training dataset and the validation dataset were 0.870 (95% CI 0.820-0.920) and 0.879 (95% CI 0.815-0.942), suggesting good discrimination efficacy. The calibration curve indicated a good fit of the model ( P>0.05). The decision curve analysis showed positive net benefits at all thresholds. Conclusions:Currently, EPIs have a high incidence of longitudinal EUGR. The prediction model is helpful for early identification and intervention for EPIs with higher risks of longitudinal EUGR. It is necessary to expand the sample size and conduct prospective studies to optimize and validate the prediction model in the future.