This article systematically reviews and examines the historical evolution of Bambusae Succus as a medicinal material， covering aspects such as nomenclature， origin， geographical distribution， harvesting and processing methods， quality assessment， therapeutic effects and indications， by consulting ancient herbal texts， medical compendia， and modern literature. The aim is to provide a reference for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. Research indicated that Bambusae Succus was first documented in the Shennong Bencaojing during the Han dynasty， with Zhuli being the standard name used throughout history， alongside aliases like Zhuzhi， Zhuyou and Huoquan. Historically， the primary source of Bambusae Succus has been Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis（Danzhu）， although other species such as Pleioblastus amarus and Bambusa emeiensis have also been used medicinally. Ancient records predominantly noted its origin in Yizhou（present-day Chengdu and surrounding areas in Sichuan） and the Wuling region（between present-day Hunan， Guangdong， Guangxi and Jiangxi provinces）， while contemporary sources are mainly from regions south of the Yangtze River and southwestern China. Traditionally， Bambusae Succus was harvested from bamboo that had grown for exactly one year， today， it can be collected year-round without strict age requirements. Ancient preparation methods included direct fire roasting or dry distillation， whereas modern industrial production employs dry distillation， reflux extraction， and percolation. In terms of quality evaluation， ancient texts considered a sweet taste to be superior， while today， clarity and transparency are prioritized. Historically， Bambusae Succus was characterized as sweet and cold nature， targeting the lung and stomach meridians， with uses evolving from clearing heat and resolving phlegm to nourishing Yin， moistening dryness， and relaxing tendons and unblocking meridians. Modern descriptions classify it as sweet， bitter， and cold in nature， affecting the heart， liver， and lung meridians， with functions including clearing heat， resolving phlegm， and facilitating orifices. It is indicated for conditions such as stroke with phlegm confusion， lung heat with phlegm congestion， convulsions， epilepsy， excessive phlegm in febrile diseases， high fever with thirst， irritability during pregnancy， and tetanus， with more clearly defined applications. Based on the results of the research， it is recommended that when developing and utilizing famous classical formulas containing Bambusae Succus， the one-year-old Phyllostachys nigra var. Henonis， which has been highly praised throughout history， should be selected as the source material. Industrial production should adopt the dry distillation method. Furthermore， in-depth research should be conducted on the modern technological characterization of the traditional quality control indicator of sweet taste， and reasonable modern quality control standards should be established.

The crystalline lens of the eye is recognized as one of the most radiosensitive tissues in the human body. While the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has classified ionizing radiation (IR)-induced cataracts as a tissue reaction (deterministic effect) and subsequently reduced the occupational equivalent dose limit for the lens, significant uncertainties remain regarding the precise dose threshold and the complex biological pathways driving lens opacification. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge concerning radiation-induced lens damage, integrating epidemiological exposure characteristics with dose-response modeling and mechanistic molecular insights. First, we analyze exposure characteristics through four epidemiological dimensions: dose, time, space, and population. Clinical evidence suggests that radiation cataracts—particularly posterior subcapsular opacities—exhibit a distinct latency period that is inversely correlated with dose. We highlight that risk is not confined to acute high-dose scenarios (such as in atomic bomb survivors) but is increasingly relevant in chronic low-dose occupational settings (e.g., interventional radiology) and medical diagnostics (e.g., CT scans). Crucially, individual susceptibility is modified by genetic background, age, and environmental co-factors, complicating risk assessment. Second, we critically examine the dose-effect relationship. Although the ICRP suggests a threshold of 0.5 Gy, emerging data challenge the traditional threshold model, with some studies advocating for a linear non-threshold (LNT) relationship. We further discuss the critical roles of radiation quality and dose rate. High linear energy transfer (LET) radiation demonstrates a significantly higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for cataractogenesis compared to low-LET radiation. Paradoxically, and unlike many other tissues, the lens may exhibit an “inverse dose-rate effect,” where fractionated or protracted exposures potentially enhance biological damage—a finding that challenges classical radiobiological paradigms. Third, drawing upon the “cataractogenic load” hypothesis and the unique physiological constraints of the lens, this review elucidates the multidimensional molecular mechanisms driving radiation-induced opacification. Key mechanisms include four aspects. (1) DNA damage and repair: IR induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that, due to the lens’ limited repair capacity (modulated by genes such as ATM, Ptch1, and Ercc2), lead to the accumulation of damage. (2) Antioxidant defense system: dysfunction of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant axis results in redox imbalances, triggering NF-κB-mediated inflammation and protein aggregation. (3) Cell proliferation and senescence: IR disrupts cell cycle regulation, causing a dichotomy of effects—driving premature senescence in some cell populations (evidenced by ATM nuclear foci) while inducing aberrant proliferation via growth factor upregulation (FGF2, TGFβ) in others. (4) Cell migration and adhesion: activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway and alterations in the E-cadherin complex promote the abnormal migration of epithelial cells to the posterior capsule, a hallmark of radiation-induced cataracts. In conclusion, radiation-induced cataractogenesis is a multifactorial process in which genetic susceptibility and environmental stressors converge to overwhelm the lens’ homeostatic thresholds. Future research must prioritize longitudinal cohort studies to refine dose thresholds and employ multi-omics approaches to map the crosstalk between DNA damage responses and matrix remodeling. Establishing a robust mechanistic model is essential for developing targeted radioprotective strategies and optimizing radiation protection standards for occupational and medical safety.

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Based on the previously identified potent XO inhibitor 1, seventeen oxadiazoles and their ring-opening analogues were designed and synthesized via the bioisostere replacement strategy. Among them, compounds 2l, 2n, and 3b showed obvious XO inhibitory activity at the concentration of 10 μmol·L^-1, and compound 3b exhibited an IC₅₀ value of 1.45 μmol·L^-1.

BACKGROUND:Spinal cord injury often leads to neurogenic bladder with hyperreflexia of the forced urethral muscle,but there is a lack of clear understanding of its pathogenesis and treatment,and establishing a stable and reliable animal model has an important impact on revealing its pathomechanisms and exploring therapeutic approaches.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of the number of times to urinate on neurogenic model rats after complete spinal cord transection in order to improve the postoperative survival and modeling rate of neurogenic model rats.METHODS:Out of 46 female Sprague-Dawley rats,6 were selected as the sham-operated group using the random number table method,and the remaining 40 rats were randomly divided into 0,1,3,and 5 times daily urination groups after complete spinal cord transection modeling,with 10 rats in each group.The residual urine volume was measured every 3 days within 19 postoperative days,and the survival and modeling were observed on the 19th day after the operation,and urodynamics tests and contraction experiments of isolated forced urethra muscle strips were performed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Survival and modeling rate:there was 10%survival rate and 10%modeling rate in the group of 0 times daily urination;20%survival rate and 10%modeling rate in the group of 1 time daily urination;70%survival rate and 70%modeling rate in the groups of 3 and 5 times daily urination.(2)Residual urine volume:compared with the sham-operated group,the residual urine volume of the groups of 3 and 5 times daily urination was significant increased on postoperative days 3,6,9,12,and 15(P<0.01);the residual urine volume of the groups of 3 and 5 times daily urination was increased on the 18th day after surgery(P<0.05).Compared with the 3 times daily urination group,the residual urine volume was decreased in the 5 times daily urination group on the 6th day after surgery(P<0.05),while there was no significant difference in the residual urine volume between the 3 and 5 times daily urination groups on the 3rd,9th,12th,15th,and 18th days after surgery.(3)Urodynamics:Compared with the sham-operated group,the differential pressure at the point of leakage was significantly reduced(P<0.01)and the maximal volume was significantly increased(P<0.01)in the 3 and 5 times daily urination groups.There was no statistical difference in the differential pressure at the point of leakage and the maximal volume between the 3 and 5 times daily urination groups.(4)Muscle-strip contraction test of isolated detrusor muscles:Compared with the sham-operated group,the contraction amplitude and frequency of detrusor muscle strips were significantly reduced in the 3 and 5 times daily urination groups(P<0.01).There was no statistically significant difference in the contraction amplitude and frequency of detrusor muscle strips between the 3 and 5 times daily-urination groups.In conclusion,assisted urination is one of the keys to establish a successful neurogenic model of urethral reflexes,and there is no significant difference in the effects of urinating 3 or 5 times a day on the neurogenic model.It is recommended to urinate at least 3 times a day based on the actual workload and the modeling rate.

Objective To provide a comprehensive description and summary of the clinical characteristics of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(EGPA)in order to enhance understanding of this disease.Methods A total of 33 EGPA patients treated in Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University,between Jan 2017 and Aug 2022 were included in this retrospective analysis.The diagnosis was based on the 1990 American College of Rheumatology(ACR)classification criteria for EGPA.Clinical manifestations,laboratory examinations,and treatment outcomes of the patients were analyzed.Results Among the 33 EGPA patients,there were 22 males(66.7%)and 11 females(33.3%),with an average age of diagnosis being(47.42±15.83)years old.The most common initial department visited by patients was the rheumatology department(23 cases,69.7%),followed by the respiratory medicine department(6 cases,18.2%).Skin involvement manifested as rash,ulcers,necrosis or gangrene was observed in most cases(23 cases,69.7%),followed by asthma(17 cases,51.5%),infiltrative pneumonia(14 cases,42.4%),peripheral neuropathy(9 cases,27.3%),thrombosis formation(9 cases,27.3%).The mean absolute value of eosinophils in all patients was measured as(3.43±3.52)×109/L,with eight patients(24.2%)testing positive for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA).Compared with ANCA-negative patients,ANCA-positive individuals exhibited significantly higher Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score(BVAS)and eosinophil count,as well as a higher incidence rate of renal involvement(P<0.05).Glucocorticoid therapy was administered in thirty-two patients(97%),while biologics or tofacitinib were given to eleven patients(33.3%),among them six received tofacitinib treatment,of which five achieved disease remission.Conclusion EGPA exhibits a wide range of clinical manifestations,and ANCA-positive patients tend to exhibit higher disease activity levels.A multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment system for EGPA should be established.

A rare case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) combined with Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) in the tibia is presented. A 55-year-old female patient experienced a six-month history of left lower leg pain of unknown origin, which progressively worsened over the past month and was accompanied by restricted mobility. Radiographic imaging revealed patchy, mixed-density shadows within the medullary cavities of the middle and lower segments of both tibiae and fibulae. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed extensive abnormal signal areas in the lower segments of the left tibia and fibula, as well as in the left talus and calcaneus. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) demonstrated significantly increased diffuse radioactive uptake in the middle and lower segments of both femora, the upper and lower segments of the tibiae, the bilateral talus, the distal radius, and symmetrical uptake in the bilateral elbow joints. Additionally, mild radionuclide uptake was observed in the bilateral clavicles and the upper segment of the right femur. The initial diagnosis suggested a space-occupying lesion in the tibia with a suspicion of ECD. Histopathological examination of a biopsy from the left tibial lesion indicated a histiocytic proliferative disorder. After a multidisciplinary consultation, a definitive diagnosis of LCH with fibrous hyperplasia and extensive infiltration of foam cells, along with scattered multinucleated giant cells, was established. The presence of the BRAFV600E mutation further supported the concurrent diagnosis of ECD. Subcutaneous interferon-α therapy was initiated. Two years later, pulmonary lesions were identified. Computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple round nodules in both lungs, chronic inflammatory changes, and fibrous cord-like lesions. Consequently, interferon treatment was discontinued, and oral vemurafenib was administered. After three years of follow-up, chest CT demonstrated a significant reduction in chronic inflammatory lesions and fibrous cords, along with a decrease in nodule size. Currently, after four years of continuous follow-up, the patient remains in stable condition, experiences no significant discomfort, and continues to receive vemurafenib maintenance therapy. A review of the literature suggests that the co-occurrence of LCH and ECD is rare, often leading to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. While no standardized treatment protocol exists, patients harboring the BRAFV600E mutation may benefit from BRAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of 5th generation mobile communication technology(5G) remote robot-assisted cholecystectomy on postoperative recovery and quality of life in patients with gallstones.Methods:Clinical data of patients who underwent 5G remote robotic cholecystectomy(20 cases) vs traditional robotic cholecystectomy(20 cases) at Gansu Provincial People's Hospital from May to September 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Intraoperative and postoperative related indexes were compared between the two groups, and changes in pain analog scores before, 12 hours, and 24 hours after surgery, and global quality of life (GIQLI) scores before and 3 months after surgery were evaluated.Results:There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of intraoperative and postoperative conditions (intraoperative blood loss, operative time, time to exhaustion, and length of hospital stay). Patients' pain analog scores at 12 and 24 hours postoperatively were lower than preoperatively, but the differences were not statistically significant( P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in recovery indicators between the two groups compared to the control group ( P>0.05). Conclusion:The postoperative recovery metrics of 5G tele-robotic-assisted cholecystectomy were consistent with the results of conventional robotic surgery.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Fomes officinalis(Vill.ex Fr.)Ames and their anti-inflammatory activities.METHODS The 95％ethanol extract from F.officinalis was isolated and purified by silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,HW-40C,MCI and semi-preparative HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.Their anti-inflammatory activities in vitro were evaluated by RAW264.7 model.RESULTS Twenty compounds were isolated and identified as asperginine A(1),laricinolic acid(2),methoxylaricinolic acid(3),fomeffic acid(4),19-acetoxy-13S-hydroxylabda-8(17),14-diene(5),bisbenzopyran(6),lariciresinol acetate(7),fomitopsin G(8),fomitopsin H(9),demalonyl fomitopsin H(10),fomlactone A(11),fomlactone B(12),fomefficinol A(13),fomefficinol B(14),laetiporins A(15),laetiporins B(16),dehydrosulphurenic acid(17),dehydroeburicoic acid(18),3-keto-dehydrosulfurenic acid(19),eburicoic acid(20).The IC50 values of compounds 7,13,20 were(4.00±1.02),(3.29±0.62),(3.22±0.94)μmol/L,respectively.CONCLUSION Compound 1 is a new compound,3,6,15,16 are isolated from this plant for the first time.Compounds 7,13,20 have strong anti-inflammatory activities.

Objective:To construct a predictive model for mortality in patients with multiple trauma combined with thoracic injuries and evaluate its predictive value.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 184 patients with multiple trauma combined with thoracic injuries admitted to the International Zhuang Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine from April 2019 to December 2023, including 129 males and 55 females, aged 19-85 years [(46.1±13.7)years]. According to the prognostic outcomes at 3-month follow-up after discharge, the patients were divided into survival group ( n=145) and death group ( n=39). Data were recorded in both groups at admission, including gender, age, and cause of injury, laboratory tests such as systolic blood pressure, oxygen saturation (SaO 2), hemoglobin (Hb), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and lactate, combined injuries such as the number of combined injuries, number of rib fracture, bilateral rib fracture, first-rib fracture, sternum fracture, thoracic vertebral fracture, bilateral pulmonary contusion, bilateral pneumothorax, subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, skull fracture, skull base fracture, cervical vertebral fracture, brain herniation, cerebral contusion, lumbar vertebral fracture, pelvic and abdominal cavity hematoma, liver injury, kidney injury, spleen injury, clavicle fracture, scapular fracture, femoral fracture, and pelvic fracture, and injury scores such as shock index (SI), modified shock index (MSI), injury severity score (ISS), revised trauma score (RTS), Glasgow coma score (GCS), and thoracic trauma severity (TTS) score. Univariate binary logistic regression analysis was used to screen for risk factors of death in patients with multiple trauma combined with thoracic injuries. LASSO regression and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed to identify predictive variables and independent risk factors for mortality in those patients and to construct a regression equation. A nomogram prediction model based on the regression equation was developed using R language. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to evaluate the discrimination of the model. The ROC curves were internally validated using the Bootstrap method with 1 000 resamples. The calibration of the model was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) goodness-of-fit test. The clinical application value of the model was evaluated using decision curve analysis (DCA) and clinical impact curve (CIC) analysis. Results:There were statistically significant differences between the survival group and the death group in systolic blood pressure, SaO 2, NLR, lactate, number of combined injuries, subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, skull fracture, skull base fracture, brain herniation, liver injury, SI, MSI, ISS, RTS, GCS, and TTS ( P<0.05 or 0.01). The results of the univariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that the above-mentioned related variables except for systolic blood pressure were all significantly associated with death in patients with multiple trauma combined with thoracic injuries ( P<0.05 or 0.01). Five predictive variables, TTS, GCS, brain herniation, ISS, and lactate were obtained in LASSO regression analysis. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that GCS ( OR=0.70, 95% CI 0.58, 0.83), brain herniation ( OR=46.18, 95% CI 4.27, 499.26), TTS ( OR=1.71, 95% CI 1.30, 2.24), and lactate ( OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.01, 1.80) were independent risk factors for death in patients with multiple trauma combined with thoracic injuries ( P<0.05 or 0.01). Based on the aforementioned independent risk factors, a regression formula was constructed as follows: P=e x/(1+e x), with the x=-0.36×"GCS"+3.83×"brain herniation"+0.53×"TTS"+0.30×"lactate levels"-11.03. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the predictive model for mortality in patients with multiple trauma combined with thoracic injuries based on the equation was 0.97 (95% CI 0.93, 1.00). The AUC was internally validated using the Bootstrap method with 1 000 samples, resulting in an AUC of 0.97 (95% CI 0.91, 1.00). The results of the H-L goodness-of-fit test showed that the bias-corrected calibration curve of the model was in good consistence with the actual curve and both of them were close to the ideal curve. In the evaluation of the clinical application value of the predictive model, the DCA results showed that the predictive model could achieve good clinical net benefit. The CIC results showed that when the threshold probability was greater than 0.7, the model-identified high-risk patients for death highly matched the patients who actually died. Conclusion:The predictive model for mortality in patients with multiple trauma combined with thoracic injuries based on GCS, brain herniation, TTS, and lactate has good predictive performance and clinical application value.

Objective:To develop a treatment-related quality of life scale for Chinese patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and to test its reliability and validity.Methods:The initial scale was constructed through a literature search, Delphi expert correspondence, and cognitive testing. This study conducted a preliminary survey of 379 patients with MM and a formal survey of 865 patients from the hematology departments of 155 hospitals nationwide from February 2024 to March 2024. The final scale was obtained after conducting item analysis and reliability and validity tests on the initial scale.Results:The constructed scale contains 36 items covering six domains: physiological, psychological, social, treatment side effects, general health, and others. In the preliminary survey, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of each item ranged from 0.597 to 0.939, and the test-retest reliability was 0.747 ( P<0.001). Exploratory factor analysis extracted eight common factors with a cumulative variance contribution of 60.058%. In the formal survey, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of each item ranged from 0.484 to 0.930, and the test-retest reliability was 0.835 ( P<0.001). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a comparative fit index of 0.750, a root-mean-square error of approximation of 0.090, and a root-mean-square residual of 0.067. Conclusion:The treatment-related quality of life scale for Chinese patients with MM designed in this study exhibited good reliability and validity, reflecting the impact of treatment on the quality of life of patients. This scale can provide a reference to clinicians for assessing the disease status of patients.