Purpose: The nutrient intake status of the groups classified by smoking amount, drinking frequency, and obesity were compared using data from the Eighth (2019) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine the relationship of nutrient intake status with heath behavior in adults. Methods: This study analyzed the nutritional intakes of 4,379 people over 19-years old and compared nutrient intake amount (NIA) and density (ND), and ratios of nutrient intake (%DRI) and subjects intaking less (< DRI) compared to the daily dietary reference of the groups divided by health behaviors including smoking amount, drinking frequency, and obesity status. Results: NIA of dietary fiber, vitamin A, folic acid and vitamin C was lower in smoker groups compared to non-smoker group and ND of those decreased with smoking amount.%DRI of dietary fiber and vitamin C was also lower and < DRI of those higher in smoker group. NIA and ND of dietary fiber and vitamin C, and %DRI also decreased with drinking frequency. NIA of energy, protein, saturated fatty acid, iron, thiamin, and niacin was the highest in overweight group by body mass index (BMI), NIA of fat and sodium increased with obesity by BMI, and only sodium was higher in obese group by waist circumference. Lower consumption of dietary fiber and vitamin C in the groups of higher smoking amount and drinking frequency, and higher consumption of fat and sodium in obese groups imply the dietary problem to be improved. Conclusion This result implies that the nutritional status of the groups of smoking, drinking, or obesity have been improved but more effort is required to sustain the health diet at the same time.

Purpose: The nutrient intake status of the groups classified by smoking amount, drinking frequency, and obesity were compared using data from the Eighth (2019) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine the relationship of nutrient intake status with heath behavior in adults. Methods: This study analyzed the nutritional intakes of 4,379 people over 19-years old and compared nutrient intake amount (NIA) and density (ND), and ratios of nutrient intake (%DRI) and subjects intaking less (< DRI) compared to the daily dietary reference of the groups divided by health behaviors including smoking amount, drinking frequency, and obesity status. Results: NIA of dietary fiber, vitamin A, folic acid and vitamin C was lower in smoker groups compared to non-smoker group and ND of those decreased with smoking amount.%DRI of dietary fiber and vitamin C was also lower and < DRI of those higher in smoker group. NIA and ND of dietary fiber and vitamin C, and %DRI also decreased with drinking frequency. NIA of energy, protein, saturated fatty acid, iron, thiamin, and niacin was the highest in overweight group by body mass index (BMI), NIA of fat and sodium increased with obesity by BMI, and only sodium was higher in obese group by waist circumference. Lower consumption of dietary fiber and vitamin C in the groups of higher smoking amount and drinking frequency, and higher consumption of fat and sodium in obese groups imply the dietary problem to be improved. Conclusion This result implies that the nutritional status of the groups of smoking, drinking, or obesity have been improved but more effort is required to sustain the health diet at the same time.

Purpose: The nutrient intake status of the groups classified by smoking amount, drinking frequency, and obesity were compared using data from the Eighth (2019) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine the relationship of nutrient intake status with heath behavior in adults. Methods: This study analyzed the nutritional intakes of 4,379 people over 19-years old and compared nutrient intake amount (NIA) and density (ND), and ratios of nutrient intake (%DRI) and subjects intaking less (< DRI) compared to the daily dietary reference of the groups divided by health behaviors including smoking amount, drinking frequency, and obesity status. Results: NIA of dietary fiber, vitamin A, folic acid and vitamin C was lower in smoker groups compared to non-smoker group and ND of those decreased with smoking amount.%DRI of dietary fiber and vitamin C was also lower and < DRI of those higher in smoker group. NIA and ND of dietary fiber and vitamin C, and %DRI also decreased with drinking frequency. NIA of energy, protein, saturated fatty acid, iron, thiamin, and niacin was the highest in overweight group by body mass index (BMI), NIA of fat and sodium increased with obesity by BMI, and only sodium was higher in obese group by waist circumference. Lower consumption of dietary fiber and vitamin C in the groups of higher smoking amount and drinking frequency, and higher consumption of fat and sodium in obese groups imply the dietary problem to be improved. Conclusion This result implies that the nutritional status of the groups of smoking, drinking, or obesity have been improved but more effort is required to sustain the health diet at the same time.

Background: The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (PASC) are not well understood.Our study aimed to investigate various aspects of theses mechanisms, including viral persistence, immunological responses, and laboratory parameters in patients with and without PASC. Methods: We prospectively enrolled adults aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between August 2022 and July 2023. Blood samples were collected at three time-points: within one month of diagnosis (acute phase) and at 1 month, and 3 months post-diagnosis. Following a recent well-designed definition of PASC, PASC patients were defined as those with a questionnaire-based PASC score ≥ 12 persisting for at least 4 weeks after the initial COVID-19 diagnosis. Results: Of 57 eligible COVID-19 patients, 29 (51%) had PASC, and 28 (49%) did not. The PASC group had significantly higher nucleocapsid protein (NP) antigenemia 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis (P = 0.022). Furthermore, several cytokines, including IL-2, IL-17A, VEGF, RANTES, sCD40L, IP-10, I-TAC, and granzyme A, were markedly elevated in the PASC group 1 and/or 3 month(s) after COVID-19 diagnosis. In contrast, the median values of several serological markers, including thyroid markers, autoimmune indicators, and stress-related hormones, were within the normal range. Conclusion Levels of NP antigen and of various cytokines involved in immune responses become significantly elevated over time after COVID-19 diagnosis in PASC patients compared to non-PASC patients. This suggests that PASC is associated with prolonged immune dysregulation resulting from heightened antigenic stimulation.