Background: The Dejour classification is widely accepted for grading the severity of trochlear dysplasia. However, whether it serves as a reliable prognostic marker for patellar instability surgery or a guide for clinical decision-making has yet to be established. Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, with or without tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO), yields comparable outcomes across Dejour grades. Nonetheless, we hypothesized that specific trochlear parameters would be more significant predictors of surgical results. Methods: This study included patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction, with or without TTO, for recurrent patellar dislocation at a single institution between 2010 and 2023. Patients with at least 1 year of follow-up were included. Preoperative demographics, radiographic measurements such as sulcus angle, lateral trochlear inclination (LTI), and trochlear depth, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and intraoperative findings including cartilage status were analyzed. Severe trochlear dysplasia (STD) was categorized as Dejour B/D, while non-STD encompassed all other cases, and these 2 groups were compared. Postoperative PROMs were assessed at 1 year postoperatively and at the final follow-up. A noninferiority test was performed using Kujala, Lysholm, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, with the inferiority margin defined by the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Linear relationships between LTI, a widely used indicator of trochleoplasty, and PROMs were evaluated. Additionally, differences in the proportion of patients achieving MCID, substantial clinical benefit, and patient-acceptable symptom state were analyzed using odds ratios. Results: Forty-two knees (41 patients) were finally enrolled. Radiographic measurements, except for LTI at the most proximal trochlea, showed no significant differences between the STD and non-STD groups. Clinical outcomes also demonstrated no significant differences between the 2 groups, and noninferiority was confirmed. When analyzed based on LTI, no differences in PROMs were observed at the postoperative 1 year. However, at the final follow-up (mean, 37.27 months), the most proximal trochlear LTI showed significant correlations with both Kujala and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score over the follow-up period. Conclusions MPFL reconstruction, with or without TTO, leads to similar clinical improvements for STD classified by Dejour criteria. However, when assessed using proximal LTI, dysplasia’s role as a prognostic factor should be considered.

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are an important treatment option for ulcerative colitis, providing rapid onset of action, oral administration, and efficacy even after biologic failure. The 3 approved agents—tofacitinib, filgotinib, and upadacitinib—differ in JAK isoform selectivity, leading to clinically meaningful differences in efficacy and safety. Evidence from network meta-analyses, clinical trials, and real-world studies consistently shows that upadacitinib provides the highest efficacy for induction and maintenance of remission, whereas filgotinib demonstrates the most favorable safety profile. The strong efficacy of upadacitinib and tofacitinib is particularly relevant in patients with severe disease, including acute severe ulcerative colitis, and upadacitinib maintains high efficacy regardless of prior advanced therapy exposure. JAK inhibitors also benefit extraintestinal manifestations. Although risks such as herpes zoster, serious infection, thromboembolism, and major cardiovascular events differ among agents, long-term data suggest generally acceptable safety when used appropriately. Intraclass JAK-to-JAK cycling is feasible, with about half of patients achieving steroid-free clinical remission in retrospective cohorts. Based on mechanistic, clinical, and real-world evidence, filgotinib may be a first-line option for patients with lower disease activity or when safety is a priority, whereas upadacitinib or tofacitinib may be preferred in higher disease activity. Strategically selecting agents may improve durability and outcomes.

Rectal cancer, which accounts for approximately 40% of colorectal cancers, remains a major clinical concern. Recent advances in diagnostic imaging, surgical techniques, radiotherapy, and systemic treatment have steadily improved rectal cancer outcomes. Considering this, the Korean Rectal Cancer Multidisciplinary (KRCM) Committee has aimed to provide clinicians and policymakers with up-to-date, evidence-based clinical practice guidelines to support optimal decision-making, reflecting current evidence, the Korean healthcare context, and patient values and preferences. The Clinical Practice Guidelines for Rectal Cancer version 2.0 were developed through multidisciplinary collaboration with related academic societies, building upon and updating the KRCM Clinical Practice Guidelines version 1.0 (titled “Multidisciplinary guidelines for the management of rectal cancer”). These consensus guidelines of the KRCM were established based on a comprehensive literature review, evidence synthesis, with recommendation development guided by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology, and consideration of applicability in real-world clinical practice under the national health insurance system. Each recommendation has been presented with its strength and level of evidence.

Background: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by erythema, papules, ocular symptoms, and heightened sensitivity. Patients with neurogenic symptoms such as burning or stinging remain particularly difficult to manage. Current guidelines often underrepresent energy-based devices (EBDs), pigmentary sequelae, psychosocial burden, and ocular comorbidities. Objective: To examine Korean dermatologists’ expert perspectives on rosacea management, focusing on skin sensitivity, neurogenic symptoms, pigmentary changes, psychosocial impact, ocular involvement, and EBD use. Methods: A web-based, 29-item survey was administered to 25 board-certified Korean dermatologists (May–June 2025). Quantitative and qualitative responses were analyzed. Results: Erythematotelangiectatic and papulopustular phenotypes with sensitivity skin predominated. EBDs (pulsed dye laser, intense pulsed light) were frequently used but limited by cost and sensitivity issues. Neurogenic symptoms were recognized but rarely treated with neuromodulators. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation was infrequent, yet monitoring was inconsistent.Psychosocial and ocular aspects were acknowledged but seldomly systematically addressed.Respondents expressed interest in emerging adjunctive treatments such as cold plasma, skin boosters, and holistic care approaches. Conclusion Korean dermatologists adopt individualized strategies for rosacea, yet practice gaps remain regarding neurogenic symptoms, pigmentary complications, and psychosocial and ocular comorbidities. Findings support the need for updated multidisciplinary, phenotype-driven guidelines aligned with real-world practice.

This study examined the associations of fall experiences with cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) disability among older adults. Methods: Using data from the 2023 National Survey of Older Koreans, a total of 9,816 individuals aged 65 years or older were analyzed. Independent samples t-tests, ANOVA, chi-square tests, linear regression, and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Additionally, subgroup regression analyses were conducted to identify socially vulnerable groups according to age group, education level, and caregiving expenses. Results: The analysis showed that cognitive function tended to be lower in individuals with fall experience (β=-0.44, p=.026), and the odds of ADL disability were higher among individuals with fall experience (odds ratio [OR]=2.04, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]=1.63~2.54). In addition, subgroup analyses showed that cognitive function was lower among individuals with fall experience in the ≥85 years group (β=- 1.30, p=.020) and among those with education at elementary school or below (β=-0.88, p=.001). The odds of ADL disability among those with fall experience were higher among those aged 65~74 years (vs. 75~84; OR=2.80, 95% CI=1.99~3.94) and ≥85 years (vs. 75~84; OR=2.59, 95% CI=1.38~4.84), those with higher education (vs. lower; OR=4.95, 95% CI=1.19~20.60), and those with no caregiving expenses (vs. any; OR=2.06, 95% CI=1.63~2.60). Conclusion: These findings provide important foundational data for both policy development and academic research. They highlight the need for a multifaceted approach to fall prevention and underscore its importance in enhancing the quality of life for the older adults.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of supplemental automated breast ultrasound (ABUS) added to mammography-based breast cancer screening for women with nondense breasts. Materials and Methods: A retrospective search of radiology databases at two tertiary institutions identified asymptomatic women with nondense breasts who underwent breast cancer screening using both digital mammography (DM) and supplemental ABUS between January 2020 and December 2023. We excluded women without sufficient follow-up data or those without an established final diagnosis, including histopathologic results. The performance measures of DM alone and ABUS combined with DM (ABUS plus DM) were compared. The primary outcome was the cancer detection rate (CDR), and the secondary outcomes were sensitivity and specificity. Subgroup analyses were performed for women with scattered fibroglandular density and almost entirely fatty breasts. Results: A total of 2,904 pairs of screening examinations were performed in 1,683 women (59 ± 10 years), detecting 26 cancers. In comparison with DM alone, ABUS plus DM showed higher CDR (9.0 vs. 7.9 per 1,000 examinations, P < 0.001), higher sensitivity (100% [26/26] vs. 88.5% [23/26], P < 0.001), and lower specificity (95.0% [2,735/2,878] vs. 97.9% [2,817/2,878], P < 0.001). In women with scattered fibroglandular density, ABUS increased the CDR from 7.4 to 8.5 per 1,000 examinations and improved the sensitivity from 87.0% [20/23] to 100% [23/23] (P < 0.001). In women with almost entirely fatty breasts, ABUS plus DM showed the same CDR (16.4 per 1,000 examinations) and sensitivity (100% [3/3]) as DM alone. Three cancers (11.5% [3/26]), all of which were stage T1N0, were detected only by supplemental ABUS. Conclusion Supplemental ABUS improved cancer detection and sensitivity in women with nondense breasts, with the benefits primarily observed in those with scattered fibroglandular density.

Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino is a deciduous tree commonly distributed in East Asia. Several investigations have documented the biological activity of extracts of this species, igniting increased interest in its therapeutic potential. However, the phytochemical constituents accountable for these activities remain largely unexplored. In this study, we focused on the antioxidant potential of the leaves and twigs, utilizing bioactivityguided fractionation combined with LC-QTOF-MS online DPPH screening to systematically identify the active compounds. This approach led to the isolation of eight compounds, three of which (compounds 1, 3, and 7) have not previously been documented in the genus Zelkova. Among the isolates, 4 emerged as the most potent antioxidant, exhibiting significant radical scavenging activity in both DPPH (IC 50 = 13.67 ± 1.21 μM) and ABTS (IC50 = 2.69 ± 0.48 μM) assays, exceeding ascorbic acid (IC 50 = 61.51 ± 10.22 μM) and trolox (IC50 = 8.22 ± 2.16 μM), respectively. Our findings not only enrich the phytochemical profile of Z. serrata but also highlight the effectiveness of LC-MS-DPPH as an effective approach for rapid antioxidant discovery.

Purpose: Due to its rarity, treatment guidelines for appendiceal cancer have traditionally followed those established for colorectal cancer, despite showing distinct histologic and clinical features. This study aimed to compare the clinicopathologic characteristics and long-term oncologic outcomes of appendiceal cancer with those of right-sided colon cancers. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with stage I–III appendiceal, cecal, or ascending colon cancer who underwent curative resection between 2010 and 2020 at our center. A 1:3:3 exact matching for age, sex, TNM stage, and adjuvant chemotherapy was performed. Survival outcomes were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods. Results: Overall, 245 patients with appendiceal cancer (n = 35), ascending colon cancer (n = 105), and cecal cancer (n = 105) were analyzed. Appendiceal cancer exhibited a higher proportion of T4 tumors and fewer harvested lymph nodes compared with ascending or cecal cancers. The mean follow-up duration was 9.5 years. The 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were lower in appendiceal cancer (66.2% and 52.9%) than in ascending (91.2% and 78.4%) or cecal cancer (88.5% and 78.3%). Similarly, the 10-year disease-free survival rate was lower in appendiceal cancer (59.2%) compared with ascending (83.1%) and cecal cancers (78.4%). Cox regression analysis identified age (≥65 years), perforation, nodal metastasis, and lymphovascular invasion as independent predictors of poor prognosis. Conclusion Appendiceal cancer exhibited significantly worse long-term survival compared to cecal or ascending colon cancer. Tumor perforation, nodal metastasis, and lymphovascular invasion were adverse prognostic factors for overall and disease-free survival.

Conventional aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonists, which play a critical role in modulating tumor immune evasion, have shown limited clinical translation due to poor solubility, restricted systemic exposure, and dose-limiting toxicities. To overcome these limitations, we developed SB5794, a phosphate prodrug of the potent AhR antagonist SB2617, designed to improve aqueous solubility and pharmacokinetic properties. SB5794 exhibited markedly enhanced solubility and achieved more than six-fold higher systemic exposure in mice compared with SB2617, while fully retaining its in vitro AhR antagonistic activity. In syngeneic tumor models, SB5794 significantly inhibited tumor growth, and its combination with anti–PD-1 therapy further enhanced antitumor efficacy. However, repeated-dose studies revealed dose-dependent histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and immune organs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that SB5794 possesses improved drug-like properties and strong immunomodulatory activity, supporting its potential as a next-generation AhR-targeted immunotherapeutic candidate.

Purpose: This 6-year post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study was conducted in South Korea to evaluate the real-world safety and effectiveness of eribulin in patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracyclines and taxanes. Materials and Methods: During the study period (17 August 2012 to 16 August 2018), case-report files (CRFs) of patients receiving eribulin were collected. The main study endpoint was to assess the safety of eribulin. Evaluation of the effectiveness of eribulin was an exploratory endpoint. Patients were followed for 1 year after eribulin initiation. Results: CRFs were collected from 64 investigators at 64 sites for 1,079 patients. The safety analysis set (SAS) included 1,001 eribulin recipients; effectiveness was assessed in 244 patients. In the SAS, patients were predominantly female (99.6%), with a median age of 53.0 years, and diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer (92.0%). Eribulin was administered as a median 4th line chemotherapy. A total of 2,124 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported in 661 patients (66.0%). Neutropenia was the most common TEAE (32.5% of patients), occurring at a median of 9-11 days from initial eribulin administration. Overall response and disease control rates were 31.7% and 95.6%, respectively, and the median duration of eribulin use (time to treatment failure) was 3.0 months. Conclusion This large real-world PMS analysis in patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer demonstrated the effectiveness of eribulin and found no new safety concerns relative to safety information from prior clinical and real-world studies, and approvals in South Korea and other countries.