Purpose: To compare the anatomical and clinical outcomes based on the distance from the corneal limbus to the scleral tunnel in flanged intrascleral intraocular lens (IOL) fixation. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients who underwent scleral fixation of flanged IOLs. Group 1 (54 eyes) had a distance of 2.1 mm from the corneal limbus to the scleral tunnel, and Group 2 (48 eyes) had a distance of 2.8 mm. We evaluated the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), postoperative complications, IOL tilt and decentration, refractive prediction error (RPE), effective lens position, and iris-IOL distance. Results: The BCVA, postoperative complications, IOL tilt, and IOL decentration did not differ between the two groups (p > 0.05). The RPE showed a hyperopic shift in Group 1 and a myopic shift in Group 2 (Group 1: +0.24 ± 0.68 D, Group 2: -0.03 ± 0.43 D, p = 0.03). The iris-IOL distance was statistically longer in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (Group 1: 1.02 ± 0.40 mm, Group 2: 0.57 ± 0.32 mm, p = 0.02). The incidence of pupillary optic capture was significantly higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (Group 1; 0%, Group 2; 8.3%, p = 0.03). Conclusions It should be considered that a shorter distance from the corneal limbus to the scleral tunnel results in a postoperative hyperopic shift and reduces the incidence of pupillary optic capture when performing flanged intrascleral IOLs fixation.

Purpose: To propose improvements for promoting eyeball donation and managing donated corneas, this study analyzed the current system in Korea and reviewed relevant Korean laws, international standards, and foreign practices. Methods: To understand the current situation in Korea, annual reports published by the Korean Network for Organ Sharing and existing Korean laws were examined. For the international context, references were made to the National Organ Transplant Act, 21 CFR Part 1271 (Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Part 1271), Current Good Tissue Practice guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration, and the Medical Standards of the Eye Bank Association of America in the United States. Opinions on promoting eyeball donation, improving the monitoring system for donated corneas and revising laws related to cornea management were gathered. The perspectives of 31 experts affiliated with the Korea Cornea Society were collected through a survey. Results: Currently, there are no laws or regulations that can be appropriately applied to the cornea which has properties of both organs and tissue. Additionally, there is no law regulating imported corneas. Therefore, there is a need to legislate or revise the current law; all experts who conducted the survey agreed on this. Furthermore, the current system faces limitations in the efficient procurement, stable supply, and management of donor corneas, as well as in donation promotion. To address these issues, the establishment of independent legislation for managing donated corneas and a National Central Eye Bank was proposed. This central body would oversee continuous personnel training, education, and monitoring, along with ensuring stable procurement, processing, and supply of corneas within a structured management system. Sixty-eight percent of the surveyed experts agreed with this proposal. Conclusions To establish a safe and efficient Korean corneal supply and demand system, it is imperative to enact cornea-specific laws, including the establishment of a National Central Eye Bank.

Purpose: We evaluated the long-term clinical outcomes of pars plana Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation combined with vitrectomy in patients with glaucoma. Methods: We included 25 eyes of glaucoma patients requiring pars plana vitrectomy who underwent combined pars plana AGV implantation and vitrectomy due to uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) despite maximal medical therapy. Surgical success was defined as maintaining IOP between 6 and 21 mmHg, irrespective of topical IOP-lowering medication use. Surgical failure was defined as inadequate IOP control or a decline in visual acuity to no light perception. Preoperative and postoperative parameters, including visual acuity, IOP, number of topical IOP-lowering medications, surgical success rate, corneal endothelial cell density, and postoperative complications, were analyzed. Results: The mean follow-up period was 49.5 ± 12.5 months. The mean preoperative IOP of 32.4 ± 8.4 mmHg significantly decreased to 18.0 ± 9.2 mmHg at the final visit (p < 0.001). Based on Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, the cumulative surgical success rates were 80% at 1 year, 72% at 2 years, and 68% at 5 years postoperatively. The overall success rate at the final follow-up was 76%. Corneal endothelial cell density decreased by 16.5% compared to preoperative values. Early postoperative complications (within 1 month) included hypotony in 16% of eyes, choroidal detachment in 12%, vitreous hemorrhage in 12%, and hyphema in 4%. Late complications included corneal endothelial dysfunction in one eye (4%). Conclusions In glaucoma patients requiring pars plana vitrectomy combined pars plana Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation and vitrectomy achieved sustained IOP reduction with a relatively low rate of complications. This combined surgical approach appears to be a safe and effective long-term treatment option for refractory glaucoma cases requiring posterior segment intervention.

Objectives: In May 2025, clusters of salmonellosis were identified in 7 cities in the Republic of Korea, all associated with consumption of identical bakery products. This investigation aimed to characterize the outbreak, identify potential contributing factors, and inform strategies for preventing similar multi-facility foodborne outbreaks. Methods: A case series study was conducted among individuals who consumed Manufacturer H’s Product I and Product II on May 15–16, 2025 at 7 facilities (n = 1,235). Clinical specimens from symptomatic individuals, retained food samples, and environmental samples were collected and tested. Food-exposure histories were assessed, and active case finding was implemented across all supplied facilities. Traceback investigations were conducted at the manufacturer, distributor, and egg farms. Human and food isolates underwent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results: A total of 323 cases met the outbreak case definition (attack rate, 26.2%), of which 48 were laboratory-confirmed. Salmonella Enteritidis was isolated from both clinical specimens and retained bakery products. PFGE patterns were indistinguishable between human and food isolates, and WGS demonstrated high genetic relatedness. These findings confirmed a common-source outbreak linked to the implicated bakery products. Conclusion This outbreak underscores the value of integrating epidemiological investigation, active case finding, and molecular typing to identify common food vehicles in outbreaks involving widely distributed manufactured foods. Coordinated collaboration between public health and food safety authorities is essential for the effective detection, response, and prevention of multi-facility foodborne outbreaks.

OBJECTIVE To formulate the Hazardous Drug List in China， and provide a scientific basis for standardizing the management of hazardous drugs， preventing and controlling occupational exposure risks in medical institutions at all levels in China. METHODS Under the joint organization of the Intravenous Medication Admixture Management Professional Committee of the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and the National Medical Quality Control Center for Pharmaceutical Management， based on literature research and international hazardous drug lists and their development procedures， the scope of hazardous drug selection， selection principles， and evidence confirmation criteria were determined through expert panel seminars and expert questionnaire survey method （Delphi method）. Chemical drugs， biological agents， and Chinese patent medicines marketed in China that met the selecti on principles were screened to form the Chinese Expert Consensus on the Hazardous Drug List . RESULTS Five principles for selecting hazardous drugs were established （including protective labeling in package inserts， carcinogenicity， reproductive toxicity， genotoxicity， and organ toxicity at low doses）， along with the corresponding evidence confirmation criteria. The Hazardous Drug List containing 210 drugs was formulated， covering anti-tumor drugs， endocrine system drugs， nervous system drugs， immunomodulators， anti-infective drugs， cardiovascular system drugs， hematological system drugs， urinary system drugs， obstetrics and gynecology drugs， dermatological drugs and other categories. Compared with international hazardous drug lists， 25 newly included hazardous drugs were added， including 15 anti-tumor drugs， 6 Chinese patent medicines and 4 biological agents. In addition， 88 Chinese patent medicines that may have potential occupational exposure risks are listed in the appendix for reference by medical institutions in management. CONCLUSIONS The development of this consensus closely aligns with the actual clinical drug use in China， with a scientific and rigorous methodology， and can serve as a reference for medical institutions at all levels to standardize the management of hazardous drugs and prevent and control occupational exposure risks.

Objective To gain insights into the biological characteristics of different populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus within and around the Yellow Sea wetland from the perspective of the occurrence of resistance, we investigated the levels of resistance to deltamethrin and kdr gene mutation in the wetland and its peripheral areas. Methods Specimens were collected from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations at two monitoring sites in the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area, and also from two populations in Yancheng City and the Liuhe District of Nanjing, and the resistance of these mosquitoes to deltamethrin was determined using the CDC biotest bottle method. For each concentration of deltamethrin assessed, a random subset of exposed specimens was selected for amplification of the kdr gene fragment, followed by Sanger sequencing to identify and analyze resistance-associated mutations. Results The LC50 levels of deltamethrin among mosquitoes from the four populations in Luhe, Yancheng, the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and the Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area were 2.048 5, 7.798 2, 3.473 3, and 17.695 5 mg/mL, respectively, with corresponding concentrations of deltamethrin ranging from 0.005 to 5.000,0.050 to 50.000,0.050 to 25.000 and 0.050 to 50.000 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ranges of the KT50 values were 11.76-107.43, 67.05-216.30,29.77-107.43 and 28.40-329.51 min; the 1-h knockdown rates were 34.58%-99.15%, 9.52%-43.80%, 55.09%-73.01%, and 10.09%-68.07%; and the 24-h mortality rates were 12.15%-67.52%,9.52%-79.56%,13.17%-82.21%, and 11.01%-78.99%, respectively. With respect to kdr gene mutation, we assayed a total of 63,70,59, and 57 mosquitoes for the four populations, for which we detected L1014F mutation frequencies of 14.29%, 35.00%, 20.34%, and 31.58%, respectively, with a majority of these mutations being heterozygous for resistance. In addition, five adult mosquitoes were identified has having synonymous mutations at site 1011[i. e. , AAT(asparagine)mutation to AAC(asparagine)]. Conclusions Our findings revealed the clear resistance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus to deltamethrin in the Yancheng region of the Yellow Sea wetland, and the resistance phenotype and kdr frequency of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment were comparable to those of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment, thereby indicating that the resistance of different populations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was homogeneous under the pressure of different insecticide selection within and around the wetland. However, the underlying mechanisms need to be further studied.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of a clustered outbreak of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS)as well as the ecological tick monitoring results for Zibo City, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods A case definition was cited before epidemic investigations were performed. Epidemiological investigations were performed on the index cases and their close contacts. Blood samples were collected from cases and close contacts, and quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to detect SFTS virus(SFTSV)nucleic acid sequences. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze risk factors and develop prevention and control strategies. Results This clustered outbreak involved two index cases and six close contacts with no deaths. Case A exhibited symptom onset on July 26. SFTS was confirmed on August 2. Case B exhibited symptom onset on August 1, and SFTS was confirmed on August 3. Patient B reported a recent history of tick bites. In both index cases, the incubation period for SFTS was inferred to be 7-12 days. The time interval from symptom onset to clinical diagnosis in the two cases ranged from 2-8 days, with an average period of 5 days. SFTSV nucleic acid test result were positive for both patients, whereas all six close contacts tested negative. All captured ticks tested negative for SFTSV using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The densities of parasitic and free-living ticks in the emergency monitoring area around the cases were 12.60 and 4.65 ticks/(flag·100 m). In 2024, the average parasitic tick index and free-living tick density index were 4.21 and 2.43 ticks/(flag ·100 m)in Yiyuan County, respectively. Conclusions No evidence of human-to-human transmission was found in the assessed SFTS clusters. The infections were likely acquired through tick bites during fieldwork, and the risk of a subsequent outbreak spreading was low.

ObjectiveThe frequency difference limen (FDL) serves as a fundamental metric utilized for effectively quantifying the precise perceptual capabilities of the central auditory system. However, traditional measurement methods rely heavily on the active behavioral responses of subjects and are consequently highly susceptible to the negative influence of confounding subjective factors. Furthermore, existing research paradigms frequently employ uniform stimulus configurations that overlook critical individual perceptual differences. Based on brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, this comprehensive study aims to establish an objective and quantitative evaluation method for auditory frequency discrimination by systematically analyzing and decoding the specific neural responses elicited at the exact threshold state. MethodsWe designed a personalized rapid serial auditory presentation (RSAP) paradigm customized based on each individual’s precise FDL. A cohort of eleven healthy participants was recruited to evaluate the paradigm using pure-tone sequences at a baseline frequency of 4 000 Hz. This experimental paradigm simulates a realistic auditory perception environment through the continuous presentation of acoustic stimuli, thereby allowing for an in-depth investigation into the specific neural representations evoked by weak frequency deviations at the threshold state. Given that auditory stimulus-evoked response features exhibit complex and differentiated spatiotemporal distribution patterns across multiple frequency domains, this study further deeply integrates the cross-scale feature interaction module with the dynamic spatiotemporal attention allocation strategy, innovatively proposing the Multi-Scale Spatial-Temporal Dual Attention Network (MS-STAMNet). Specifically, the network constructs parallel processing branches with multiple receptive fields and introduces a dynamic adaptive weighting strategy to precisely localize core neural activity signals, further deeply integrating multi-scale information through cross-branch feature information interaction to achieve robust single-trial decoding of weak auditory evoked responses. ResultsThe comprehensive electrophysiological data analysis demonstrated that subtle auditory frequency deviation stimuli presented at the threshold level successfully elicited pronounced N2 and P3 event-related potential features, reflecting pre-attentive mismatch detection and subsequent cognitive evaluation, which were prominently distributed over the frontal, central, and temporal regions of the scalp. In the complex time-frequency domain, the extracted neural response characteristics exhibited distinct, statistically significant event-related synchronization within both the low-frequency δ and θ frequency bands, which was simultaneously accompanied by a widespread, prominent event-related desynchronization within the higher α band. A comparative analysis of model performance demonstrated that MS-STAMNet achieved an average unweighted average recall (UAR) of (69.67±6.12)% and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.761 8±0.07, significantly outperforming the established baseline models such as EEGNet and PLNet. Furthermore, a distinct dissociation phenomenon was verified between neural decoding and behavioral performance through regression analysis (R²=0.016, P=0.709), indicating that this model can effectively capture the implicit features of subtle frequency deviations, even when they fail to trigger explicit conscious responses. Additionally, attention weight visualization analysis further reveals the highly accurate focus of the network on key features concentrated over the bilateral temporal and fronto-parietal regions. ConclusionThis study systematically and comprehensively uncovers the multi-dimensional spatiotemporal evolutionary patterns of complex neural responses processing subtle acoustic variations under long-sequence threshold auditory stimulation. Concurrently, it verifies the efficacy and robustness of the proposed MS-STAMNet architecture in accurately deciphering weak, single-trial electroencephalogram signals amidst complex background noise. Ultimately, these neurophysiological and algorithmic findings lay a solid theoretical and methodological foundation for the objective and quantitative evaluation of individual auditory cognitive capabilities in clinical applications, transcending the fundamental limitations of traditional behavioral paradigms and providing robust technical support for future auditory research and related clinical assessments.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive neurophysiological monitoring technique. It records the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex using electrodes placed on the scalp surface. Owing to its high safety, portability, and millisecond-level temporal resolution, EEG has been widely utilized in a variety of fields, including clinical diagnosis, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), and cognitive neuroscience research. However, due to its microvolt-level amplitude, EEG is highly susceptible to various artifacts, including electrooculographic (EOG), electrocardiographic (ECG), electromyographic (EMG), and power line interference (PLI). These artifacts can obscure genuine neural activity and introduce spurious electrophysiological features. Consequently, they may compromise EEG signal quality, thereby reducing the reliability of downstream analyses. To address this issue, numerous EEG artifact removal methods have been developed, including both traditional denoising techniques and deep learning-based approaches. Traditional EEG denoising methods have long served as the primary solutions for artifact removal. Representative approaches include filtering, regression, and blind source separation. Although these methods have demonstrated effectiveness in specific scenarios, they suffer from several inherent limitations. Filtering assumes that artifacts and EEG signals can be separated in the frequency domain, but many artifacts, such as EOG and EMG, overlap with EEG spectra, which may lead to the loss of valuable neural information. Regression methods require high-quality artifact references to estimate and subtract contaminations, limiting their effectiveness in reference-free scenarios. Blind source separation can remove artifacts without external references, but it typically requires the number of EEG channels to exceed the number of sources, restricting its application in single- or low-channel EEG recordings. Deep learning-based EEG denoising methods address these limitations effectively. First, they learn the nonlinear mapping between contaminated and clean EEG directly from data in an end-to-end manner. This approach does not rely on assumptions about spectral separability, thereby preserving neural activity more completely. Second, the reference information is incorporated during the training phase, allowing the trained model to perform artifact removal independently without external references. Third, deep learning models can be flexibly designed to accommodate various recording setups, achieving robust denoising for both high-density and single-channel EEG. Collectively, these advantages enable deep learning-based methods to overcome the main challenges of traditional approaches, providing more accurate and reliable EEG signal recovery. The superior denoising performance of deep learning-based EEG denoising methods has attracted increasing attention in EEG artifact removal research. As a result, many deep learning-based denoising methods have been developed and successfully applied in neural engineering areas. However, a systematic review of the techniques and applications in this field is still lacking. To address this gap, this paper reviews recent advances in deep learning-based EEG denoising from four perspectives: technical principle, benchmark dataset, denoising model, and evaluation method. Representative applications in neural signal analysis and BCI decoding are also summarized. Furthermore, the advantage, existing challenge, and future research direction of deep learning-based EEG denoising are discussed. This review aims to provide valuable theoretical insights and technical guidance for researchers. It is also expected to promote further advances and broader applications of deep learning-based EEG denoising techniques.

Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of single-port thoracoscopic surgery (SPTS) in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. Methods Computer searches were conducted in PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, WanFang, and the Chinese Medical Association databases to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies on the comparison of efficacy and safety of SPTS and three-port thoracoscopic surgery (TPTS) for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax from their inception to March 2024. The Cochrane RCT bias risk assessment tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) were used to assess the quality of RCTs and cohort studies, respectively. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.1. Results A total of 68 studies were included, comprising 23 RCTs and 45 cohort studies with a total of 5403 patients. The NOS scores of the cohort studies were 7-8 points. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with TPTS, SPTS had less intraoperative blood loss [SMD=−1.58, 95%CI (−1.93, −1.22), P<0.001], shorter postoperative hospital stay [SMD=−1.05, 95%CI (−1.29, −0.82), P<0.001], shorter postoperative drainage tube placement time [SMD=−0.75, 95%CI (−1.00, −0.50), P<0.001], fewer postoperative complications [OR=0.34, 95%CI (0.26, 0.45), P<0.001], fewer postoperative recurrences [OR=0.48, 95%CI (0.32, 0.72), P<0.001], and less pain at 24, 48, and 72 h postoperatively [SMD=−1.71, 95%CI (−2.13, −1.30), P<0.001; SMD=−1.70, 95%CI (−2.35, −1.06), P<0.001; SMD=−1.72, 95%CI (−2.16, −1.29), P<0.001]. Conclusion SPTS is safe and effective in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax with high clinical value and can be further promoted in clinical practice. Considering the limitations in the number and quality of included studies, researches with larger sample sizes and higher quality are needed to validate the above conclusions.