Objective:To explore the gait and eye movement parameters in early Parkinson's disease(PD)with sleep disorders, and analyze their association with underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional single-center design that included 82 early PD patients with Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)staging ≤2.5 who visited Beijing Hospital from October 2023 to May 2025.Patients were divided into two groups according to the PDSS-2 score(total score ≤15 for the no sleep disorder group and total score >15 for the sleep disorder group). Gait and eye movement parameters were collected respectively through the ReadyGo system and the EyeKnow eye movement system, and analyzed in combination with clinical scales.Multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify independent characteristic parameters associated with sleep disorders.Results:In terms of gait, the sleep disorder group had significantly lower step speed, left-right stride speed, and left-right swing speed(all P<0.05), and significantly higher variability of left-right stride time( P=0.017, 0.026). Regarding eye movements, the sleep disorder group had significantly more vertical smooth pursuit offsets[(56.24±2.87)times vs.(45.98±18.18)times, P=0.040], significantly higher maximum real-time variability of the right eye in response to light stimuli(90.75 vs.67.95%, P=0.006), and a longer latency to error responses in the counter-scanning task(337.06 vs.286.63 ms, P=0.005). To precisely control for confounding factors, key covariates such as mood and disease severity were included in the multivariate logistic regression model.After comprehensive adjustment, higher anxiety levels(Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, HAMA)( OR=1.32, P<0.001)and an increased number of vertical smooth pursuit offsets( OR=1.06, P=0.010)were independent factors associated with sleep disorders in early PD patients. Conclusions:In early PD patients, sleep disorders are closely associated with specific abnormalities in gait and eye movement parameters.In particular, vertical smooth pursuit offsets may serve as an objective biomarker independent of emotional status, reflecting the dysfunction of shared neural circuits.However, further mechanism studies are needed to verify whether they reflect the dysfunction of shared neural circuits.

Parkinson′s disease (PD) is one of the most common progressive neurodegenerative diseases, with clinical symptoms that include motor and non-motor symptoms. Motor symptoms, including static tremor, myotonia and bradykinesia, are the most commonly observed symptoms. Non-motor symptoms include neuropsychiatric symptoms, dementia, sleep disorders, salivation, fatigue, pain, orthostatic hypotension, gastrointestinal dysfunction, urinary dysfunction, hyperhidrosis, and impaired smell. Compared with motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms are not prominent, but seriously affect the daily life of patients. In clinical practice, some patients have hyperhidrosis before the onset of the disease. With the progression of PD, this hyperhidrosis symptom becomes more and more aggravated, causing serious sleep problems and even developing into depression and anxiety, which seriously affects the daily life of patients. Hyperhidrosis is one of the least studied non-motor symptoms in PD. This article will discuss the diagnosis of hyperhidrosis in PD patients, and summarize the latest progress of hyperhidrosis in PD patients.

Objective:To evaluate gait characteristics in early-stage Parkinson′s disease (PD) patients using an artificial intelligence-based quantitative motor function assessment system (Readygo) and validate whether PD patients with clinically normal gait actually exhibit objective gait impairments, and to explore the features and progression patterns of gait dysfunction in early PD.Methods:This cross-sectional, single-center study enrolled early-stage PD patients (Hoehn-Yahr stage≤2.5) from outpatient or inpatient departments of Beijing Hospital between October 2023 and October 2024, along with accompanying caregivers as healthy controls (HCs). Demographic data (sex, age, education level) were collected, and cognitive, psychological, and sleep-related scales assessments were administered. Based on the gait score (Item 3.10) from the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson′s Disease Rating Scale-Ⅲ (MDS-UPDRS-Ⅲ), PD patients were stratified into 3 subgroups: PD-normal gait (score=0), PD-mild gait impairment (score=1), and PD-moderate gait impairment (score=2). The Readygo system quantified gait parameters, including step width, stride length, step height, gait speed, stride velocity, swing velocity, and turn duration. Binary Logistic regression was uesd to identify biomarkers differentiating PD-normal gait group from HCs.Results:A total of 66 early-stage PD patients and 34 HCs were enrolled. Across the HCs, PD-normal gait, PD-mild gait impairment and PD-moderate gait impairment groups, there was a progressive decline in gait speed [1.07 (0.97, 1.15) m/s vs 0.97 (0.90, 1.06) m/s vs 0.90 (0.82, 1.00) m/s vs 0.77 (0.72, 0.86) m/s, H=29.949, P<0.001], bilateral stride velocity [left: 1.14 (1.07, 1.21) m/s vs 1.06 (0.94, 1.14) m/s vs 0.95 (0.88, 1.04) m/s vs 0.86 (0.76, 0.93) m/s, H=30.778, P<0.001; right: 1.12 (1.04, 1.22) m/s vs 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) m/s vs 0.96 (0.90, 1.04) m/s vs 0.89 (0.77, 0.90) m/s, H=29.561, P<0.001], and bilateral swing velocity [left: (2.56±0.28) m/s vs (2.38±0.32) m/s vs (2.19±0.33) m/s vs (1.96±0.32) m/s, F=14.132, P<0.001; right: 2.46 (2.35, 2.62) m/s vs 2.35 (2.13, 2.62) m/s vs 2.22 (2.05, 2.36) m/s vs 2.03 (1.71, 2.13) m/s, H=25.771, P<0.001], along with a progressive shortening of bilateral step length [left: 1.19 (1.14, 1.27) m vs 1.15 (1.04, 1.22) m vs 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) m vs 0.95 (0.80, 1.06) m, H=32.613, P<0.001; right: 1.20 (1.14, 1.30) m vs 1.13 (1.03, 1.22) m vs 1.07 (0.90, 1.17) m vs 0.97 (0.80, 1.03) m, H=30.528, P<0.001]. Conversely, turning time progressively lengthened [1.20 (1.09, 1.49) s vs 1.21 (1.10, 1.46) s vs 1.30 (1.19, 1.51) s vs 1.98 (1.53, 2.12) s, H=23.195, P<0.001]. Logistic regression identified that the right stride length was a discriminative factor between HCs and PD-normal gait group ( OR=0.023, 95% CI 0-0.291, P=0.012). Conclusions:As gait dysfunction worsens, PD patients demonstrate gradual reductions in speed-related parameters and stride length, with increasing turn duration.Early PD patients with clinically normal gait may already exhibit subtle impairments. Right stride length may serve as a potential biomarker to distinguish PD patients from HCs.

Objective:To explore the gait and eye movement parameters in early Parkinson's disease(PD)with sleep disorders, and analyze their association with underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional single-center design that included 82 early PD patients with Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)staging ≤2.5 who visited Beijing Hospital from October 2023 to May 2025.Patients were divided into two groups according to the PDSS-2 score(total score ≤15 for the no sleep disorder group and total score >15 for the sleep disorder group). Gait and eye movement parameters were collected respectively through the ReadyGo system and the EyeKnow eye movement system, and analyzed in combination with clinical scales.Multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify independent characteristic parameters associated with sleep disorders.Results:In terms of gait, the sleep disorder group had significantly lower step speed, left-right stride speed, and left-right swing speed(all P<0.05), and significantly higher variability of left-right stride time( P=0.017, 0.026). Regarding eye movements, the sleep disorder group had significantly more vertical smooth pursuit offsets[(56.24±2.87)times vs.(45.98±18.18)times, P=0.040], significantly higher maximum real-time variability of the right eye in response to light stimuli(90.75 vs.67.95%, P=0.006), and a longer latency to error responses in the counter-scanning task(337.06 vs.286.63 ms, P=0.005). To precisely control for confounding factors, key covariates such as mood and disease severity were included in the multivariate logistic regression model.After comprehensive adjustment, higher anxiety levels(Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, HAMA)( OR=1.32, P<0.001)and an increased number of vertical smooth pursuit offsets( OR=1.06, P=0.010)were independent factors associated with sleep disorders in early PD patients. Conclusions:In early PD patients, sleep disorders are closely associated with specific abnormalities in gait and eye movement parameters.In particular, vertical smooth pursuit offsets may serve as an objective biomarker independent of emotional status, reflecting the dysfunction of shared neural circuits.However, further mechanism studies are needed to verify whether they reflect the dysfunction of shared neural circuits.

Parkinson′s disease (PD) is one of the most common progressive neurodegenerative diseases, with clinical symptoms that include motor and non-motor symptoms. Motor symptoms, including static tremor, myotonia and bradykinesia, are the most commonly observed symptoms. Non-motor symptoms include neuropsychiatric symptoms, dementia, sleep disorders, salivation, fatigue, pain, orthostatic hypotension, gastrointestinal dysfunction, urinary dysfunction, hyperhidrosis, and impaired smell. Compared with motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms are not prominent, but seriously affect the daily life of patients. In clinical practice, some patients have hyperhidrosis before the onset of the disease. With the progression of PD, this hyperhidrosis symptom becomes more and more aggravated, causing serious sleep problems and even developing into depression and anxiety, which seriously affects the daily life of patients. Hyperhidrosis is one of the least studied non-motor symptoms in PD. This article will discuss the diagnosis of hyperhidrosis in PD patients, and summarize the latest progress of hyperhidrosis in PD patients.

Objective:To evaluate gait characteristics in early-stage Parkinson′s disease (PD) patients using an artificial intelligence-based quantitative motor function assessment system (Readygo) and validate whether PD patients with clinically normal gait actually exhibit objective gait impairments, and to explore the features and progression patterns of gait dysfunction in early PD.Methods:This cross-sectional, single-center study enrolled early-stage PD patients (Hoehn-Yahr stage≤2.5) from outpatient or inpatient departments of Beijing Hospital between October 2023 and October 2024, along with accompanying caregivers as healthy controls (HCs). Demographic data (sex, age, education level) were collected, and cognitive, psychological, and sleep-related scales assessments were administered. Based on the gait score (Item 3.10) from the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson′s Disease Rating Scale-Ⅲ (MDS-UPDRS-Ⅲ), PD patients were stratified into 3 subgroups: PD-normal gait (score=0), PD-mild gait impairment (score=1), and PD-moderate gait impairment (score=2). The Readygo system quantified gait parameters, including step width, stride length, step height, gait speed, stride velocity, swing velocity, and turn duration. Binary Logistic regression was uesd to identify biomarkers differentiating PD-normal gait group from HCs.Results:A total of 66 early-stage PD patients and 34 HCs were enrolled. Across the HCs, PD-normal gait, PD-mild gait impairment and PD-moderate gait impairment groups, there was a progressive decline in gait speed [1.07 (0.97, 1.15) m/s vs 0.97 (0.90, 1.06) m/s vs 0.90 (0.82, 1.00) m/s vs 0.77 (0.72, 0.86) m/s, H=29.949, P<0.001], bilateral stride velocity [left: 1.14 (1.07, 1.21) m/s vs 1.06 (0.94, 1.14) m/s vs 0.95 (0.88, 1.04) m/s vs 0.86 (0.76, 0.93) m/s, H=30.778, P<0.001; right: 1.12 (1.04, 1.22) m/s vs 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) m/s vs 0.96 (0.90, 1.04) m/s vs 0.89 (0.77, 0.90) m/s, H=29.561, P<0.001], and bilateral swing velocity [left: (2.56±0.28) m/s vs (2.38±0.32) m/s vs (2.19±0.33) m/s vs (1.96±0.32) m/s, F=14.132, P<0.001; right: 2.46 (2.35, 2.62) m/s vs 2.35 (2.13, 2.62) m/s vs 2.22 (2.05, 2.36) m/s vs 2.03 (1.71, 2.13) m/s, H=25.771, P<0.001], along with a progressive shortening of bilateral step length [left: 1.19 (1.14, 1.27) m vs 1.15 (1.04, 1.22) m vs 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) m vs 0.95 (0.80, 1.06) m, H=32.613, P<0.001; right: 1.20 (1.14, 1.30) m vs 1.13 (1.03, 1.22) m vs 1.07 (0.90, 1.17) m vs 0.97 (0.80, 1.03) m, H=30.528, P<0.001]. Conversely, turning time progressively lengthened [1.20 (1.09, 1.49) s vs 1.21 (1.10, 1.46) s vs 1.30 (1.19, 1.51) s vs 1.98 (1.53, 2.12) s, H=23.195, P<0.001]. Logistic regression identified that the right stride length was a discriminative factor between HCs and PD-normal gait group ( OR=0.023, 95% CI 0-0.291, P=0.012). Conclusions:As gait dysfunction worsens, PD patients demonstrate gradual reductions in speed-related parameters and stride length, with increasing turn duration.Early PD patients with clinically normal gait may already exhibit subtle impairments. Right stride length may serve as a potential biomarker to distinguish PD patients from HCs.