Objective The occurrence of chickenpox in rapidly developing areas poses substantial seasonal risk to children.However,certain factors influencing local chickenpox outbreaks have not been studied.Here,we examined the relationship between spatial clustering,heterogeneity of chickenpox outbreaks,and socioeconomic factors in Southern China. Methods We assessed chickenpox outbreak data from Southern China between 2006 and 2021,comprising both relatively fast-growing parts and slower sub-regions,and provides a representative sample of many developing regions.We analyzed the spatial clustering attributes associated with chickenpox outbreaks using Moran's I and local indicators of spatial association and quantified their socioeconomic determinants using Geodetector q statistics. Results There were significant spatial heterogeneity in the risk of chickenpox outbreaks,with strong correlations between chickenpox risk and various factors,particularly demographics and living environment.Furthermore,interactive effects among specific are factors,such as population density and per capita residential building area,percentage of households with toilets,percentage of rental housing,exhibited q statistics of 0.28,0.25,and 0.24,respectively. Conclusion This study provides valuable insights into the spatial dynamics of chickenpox outbreaks in rapidly developing regions,revealing the socioeconomic factors affecting disease transmission.These implications extend the formulation of effective public health strategies and interventions to prevent and control chickenpox outbreaks in similar global contexts.

Objective:To understand the epidemiological characteristics of public health emergency events (PHEE) of varicella in China from 2006 to 2021 and related response performances.Methods:The data of varicella PHEE in 31 provinces of China from 2006 to 2021 were collected through the Public Health Emergency Management Information System, Microsoft Excel 2019 software and SPSS 26.0 statistical software were used to conduct descriptive epidemiological, statistical analysis on the time, area, location distribution, scale and epidemic management.Results:A total of 11 443 PHEE involving 341 048 related cases were reported from 2006 to 2021, with an annual attack rate of 1.78%-3.80% and a total attack rate of 2.33% (341 048/14 624 042). The number of PHEE and related cases of varicella decreased from 1 107 (35 349) in 2007 to 262 (6 884) in 2012 ( Z=-2.40, P<0.001), then increased year by year to 1 318 (42 649) in 2019 ( Z=2.58, P<0.001), with a significant decline since 2020. The varicella PHEE in China presents the seasonal characteristics,the peak is from April to June and from October to December, respectively. The sub-peak of varicella PHEE in eastern China generally appears 1-2 months earlier than in central and western China. Varicella PHEE reports are mainly distributed in eastern China, the attack rate is relatively high in western China, school-reported varicella PHEE was 88.26% of the total reports (10 099/11 443). The epidemic scale of varrcella PHEE typically range from 10 to 29 cases per year among the given outbreaks. The M ( Q1, Q3) of average number of cases, average duration, and average reporting interval of PHEE were 23 (16,35), 20 (14, 26) days, and 9 (5,19) days, respectively, and the reporting interval was positively correlated with the duration ( r=0.854, P<0.001). Conclusions:The varicella PHEE in China from 2006 to 2021 has not been effectively controlled. Schools are the key places to prevent and control varicella PHEE. Improving the sensitivity of varicella PHEE monitoring, strengthening the timely disposal of varicella epidemic, and promoting varicella vaccination are effective measures to prevent and control varicella PHEE.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy, safety and compliance of Voriconazole suspension formula on the prevention and treatment of invasive fungal infection (IFI) in children with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).Methods:Clinical data of 25 children treated Voriconazole suspension formula for the prevention and treatment of IFI during the period of allo-HSCT in the Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from August 1, 2020 to April 30, 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.The plasma trough concentration of Voriconazole was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and the genotype of CYP2C19 was detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The effect of CYP2C19 genotype on Voriconazole trough concentration was analyzed by rank-sum test, and Fisher′ s accurate test was used to analyze the influence of severity of gastrointestinal mucositis on serum trough concentration of Voriconazole in children with allo-HSCT. Results:A total of 25 children, including 18 males and 7 females were recruited.The median age at allo-HSCT was 6 (2-13) years.After initial administration of conventional dose of Voriconazole suspension formula during transplantation, plasma trough concentration of Voriconazole was intermittently monitored.Only 13 cases (52.0%) reached the target plasma trough concentration, 11 cases(44.0%) reached the target plasma trough concentration after adjusting the dose according to the plasma concentration, and 1 cases(4.0%) failed to reach it after increasing the dose twice.Genotype detection of CYP2C19 was performed in 20 children, involving 4 cases of poor metabolizers (PM), 9 cases of intermediate metabolizers (IM), 6 cases of extensive metabolizers (EM), and 1 case of ultra extensive metabolizer (UEM). A significant difference in plasma trough concentration was detected among all groups ( F=24.012, P<0.01). During the transplantation, 12 cases developed mild to moderate gastrointestinal mucositis, and 7 cases had severe gastrointestinal mucositis.The stan-dard rate of plasma trough concentration in children with severe gastrointestinal mucositis (1/7 cases, 14.3%)was significantly lower than those with mild to moderate gastrointestinal mucositis (9/12 cases, 75.0%) ( P=0.02). Five children (71.4%) with severe gastrointestinal mucositis could reach the target trough concentration after increasing the drug dose, suggesting that severe gastrointestinal mucositis had a great influence on the plasma concentration of Vorico-nazole suspension.The incidence of IFI in 25 children with allo-HSCT was 0, and the compliance of children taking Voriconazole dry suspension was 100.0%.The incidence of adverse reactions was 24.0% and all adverse reactions were relieved after symptomatic treatment. Conclusions:The plasma concentration of Voriconazole varies greatly among children and in different states of the same patient.Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the trough concentration of the drug and adjust the drug dose.The use of Voriconazole suspension formula for the prevention and treatment of fungal infection during allo-HSCT in children is clinically safe and effective, with a good compliance in children.

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of the expression levels of biological protein markers regenerating islet-derived protein 3-alpha(REG3α), soluble tumor suppressor factor 2(sST2) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1(TNFR1) in peripheral blood in the diagnosis and efficacy evaluation of intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in children after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).Methods:Retrospective analysis of 50 children who underwent allo-HSCT, in the Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2020 to February 2021 were enrolled, including 39 males and 11 females [median age: 8.5 (1-13) years]. The expression levels of above 3 biological proteins were detected before transplantation, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 5 weeks, 7 weeks, 9 weeks, 11 weeks and 13 weeks after transplantation, when intestinal aGVHD occured, and after treatment.Children with intestinal aGVHD were taken as the observation group, and children without intestinal aGVHD were taken as the control group.Whether differences in the expression levels of the 3 biological proteins in the peripheral blood of the 2 groups of children were statistically significant was analyzed.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of the above three biological proteins for intestinal aGVHD, and independent sample t test was performed to compare the expression levels of the 3 biological proteins before and after treatment in children with intestinal aGVHD. Results:(1) The concentrations of REG3α, sST2, and TNFR1 in the peripheral blood of the observation group were (33 985.42±24 631.33) ng/L, (139 899.66±115 825.65) ng/L, (3 041.65±2 418.72) ng/L, respectively, which were higher than the control group of (7 457.39±4 547.49) ng/L, (32 059.57±23 452.85) ng/L, (1 944.51±1 170.35) ng/L, the difference was statistically significant ( t=6.04, 5.19, 2.17, all P<0.05). (2) The area under ROC curve (AUC) of REG3α combined with sST2 in the diagnosis of intestinal aGVHD was 0.952 (95% CI: 0.851-0.992, P<0.001), the maximum Youden index was 0.894, the corresponding sensitivity was 83%, and the specificity was 99%.Its diagnostic value was better than REG3α, sST2 and TNFR1 ( Z=1.763, 1.332, 3.001, all P<0.05). (3) The concentrations of REG3α, sST2, and TNFR1 before treatment in the peripheral blood of children having received effective treatment were (31 343.01±25 364.71) ng/L, (146 629.52±110 501.04) ng/L and (2 489.00±859.70) ng/L, respectively, which were (12 104.37±11 704.60) ng/L, (93 539.55±81 920.93) ng/L and (2 048.15±813.47) ng/L after treatment, lower than those before treatment.The expression levels of REG3α and sST2 were significantly reduced ( t=-3.23, -2.10, all P<0.05), while the difference of the expression level of TNFR1 before and after treatment was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). Conclusions:REG3α and sST2 can be used as important reference indicators for clinical auxiliary diagnosis of intestinal aGVHD, and have good auxiliary diagnostic value.REG3α and sST2 can be used as objective indicators to evaluate the efficacy of clinical treatment of intestinal aGVHD.

Objective: To explore the differences in brain protection between anterograde cerebral perfusion(ACP) and retrograde cerebral perfusion(RCP) in aortic arch surgery. Methods: Aortic arch circulatory surgery, ACP and RCP techniques were searched at the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Wanfang Database and the Chinese Biomedical Database from January 2013 to December 2018. Cohort studies were then performed with early postoperative death, transient neurological dysfunction(TND), stroke, and transient ischemic attack(TIA). For each study, data on endpoints in the ACP and RCP groups were used to generate risk ratios(RR) and 95% confidence intervals(CI). The funnel chart was used to test publication bias. Results: A total of 6 692 patients were enrolled in 12 studies, of which 3 902 patients received low-temperature circulatory arrest plus ACP, and 2 790 patients received low-temperature circulatory arrest plus RCP. Summary analysis showed that the early postoperative death(RR=0.83, 95%CI=0.51-1.35, P=0.46), stroke(RR=1.09, 95%CI=0.91-1.31, P=0.33), transient neurological dysfunction(RR=0.81, 95%CI=0.17-3.91, P=0.80) and transient ischemic attack(RR=1.00, 95%CI=0.74-1.34, P=1.00) in both groups were no significant differences(all P>0.05). Conclusion There are no significant differences in postoperative mortality and neurological dysfunction between antegrade cerebral perfusion and retrograde cerebral perfusion in the aortic arch surgery. Combined with hypothermic circulatory arrest, it can be selected according to the actual situation of aortic arch surgery.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine and tramadol on perioperative insulin resistance in patients undergoing radical resection of rectal carcinoma.Methods Sixty ASA I or II patients undergo-ing radical resection of rectal carcinoma were randomly divided into 3 groups(n =20 each):dexmedetomidine group (group D),tramadol group(group T),control group(group C).Group D was given dexmedetomidine intravenously at 1μg/kg 15min before induction of anesthesia followed by a continuous infusion of 0.5μg·kg -1 ·h -1 until the abdo-men was closed,and group T was given tramadol intravenously at 1.5mg/kg 15min before induction of anesthesia fol-lowed by a continuous infusion of 0.5mg·kg -1 ·h -1 until the abdomen was closed,whereas group C received the same volume of normal saline.Venous blood samples were taken at 30min before anesthesia induction(T1 ),1 h after the beginning of the operation(T2 ),1h after operation(T3 ),24h after operation(T4 )for determination of blood con-centrations of glucose(BG),insulin(INS),interleukin -6 (IL -6),tumor necrosis factor -α(TNF -α).Insulin resistance(HOMA -IR)and insulin sensitivity index(QUICKI)were calculated.The numbers of patients with PONV were studied respectively.Results The serum IL -6,TNF -α,BG,INS concentrations and HOMA -IR were signifi-cantly lower while ISI was significantly higher in both group D[t =7.71,3.37,8.78,8.73,11.45,2.82(T2 ),3.04, 2.95,12.75,10.73,16.09,2.92(T3 ),11.26,2.45,11.40,5.10,14.5,2.51(T4 ),all P <0.05]and group T[t =3.02,2.59,2.93,7.76,6.32,2.03(T2 ),8.78,2.27,4.14,8.83,7.68,2.12(T3 ),6.10,2.05,3.71,2.35,7.12, 2.09(T4 ),all P <0.05]at T2 ,T3 and T4 than those in group C.The serum TNF -αconcentration and HOMA -IR were significantly lower while ISI was significantly higher in group D[t =6.68,4.58,2.05 (T2 ),9.01,6.66,2.23 (T3 ),7.54,5.5,2.02(T4 ),all P <0.05]at T2 ,T3 and T4 than those in group T.The numbers of patients with PONV were significantly higher in group T than those in group D and group C (χ2 =26.13,18.75,all P <0.05 ). Conclusion Both dexmedetomidine and tramadol can attenuate perioperative insulin resistance in patients undergo-ing Radical Resection of Rectal Carcinoma,and the decrease the consentrations of IL -6 and TNF -αmay be involved in the mechanism.The roles of prevention of perioperative insulin resistance in dexmedetomidine group are superior to tramadol group.The incidence of PONV is less in a dexmedetomidine group than that in a tramadol group.

OBJECTIVETo establish an efficient and high resolution 2-DE (two-dimensional electrophoresis) protocol for root tuber proteome analysis of Rehmannia glutinosa.

METHODProteins from root tuber of R. glutinosa were extracted by using five different methods and their productivity and profiles were assessed by means of SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional electrophoresis.

RESULTThe trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-phenol extraction method was found most effective for the extraction with the highest protein yield, the most spots in protein patterns, and the highest resolution of proteins, and the clearest background could be achieved simultaneously. A 1:5 solution of ampholine pH 3-10 and pH 5-8 for a nonlinear gel and the 170 microg of protein loading dosage obtained maps with more protein spots and higher resolution of separation patterns.

CONCLUSIONThis study based on the optimized root tuber proteome preparation and the 2-DE protocol gets a high resolution and reproducibility 2-DE image, which will be expected to have excellent applications in proteomics studies of R. glutinosa tuber root.

Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; methods ; Plant Proteins ; analysis ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Proteome ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Rehmannia ; chemistry