BACKGROUND:Cerebral ischemic stroke is one of the main fatal and disabling diseases in the clinic,but only a few patients benefit from vascular recanalization in time,so it is urgent to explore new and effective therapy.As one of the critical pathological changes of ischemic stroke,the glial scar formed mainly by astrocytes is one major cause that hinders axonal regeneration and neurological recovery at the late stage of stroke. OBJECTIVE:To elucidate the pathological process and crucial signal regulatory mechanism of astrocytes in the formation of glial scar after ischemic stroke,as well as the potential therapeutic targets,to provide a theoretical reference for intervening astrocytic scar formation against ischemic stroke effectively,and novel strategies for promoting post-stroke rehabilitation. METHODS:The relevant articles published in CNKI,PubMed and Web of Science databases from 2010 to 2022 were retrieved.The search terms were"Ischemic stroke,Brain ischemi*,Cerebral ischemi*,Astrocyt*,Astroglia*,Glial scar,Gliosis,Astrogliosis"in Chinese and English.Finally,78 articles were included after screening and summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Astrocytes play an important role in the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis.After ischemic stroke,astrocytes change from a resting state to an active state.According to the different severities of cerebral ischemic injury,astrocyte activation changes dynamically from swelling and proliferation to glial scar formation.(2)Mature astrocytes are stimulated to restart the cell cycle,then proliferate and migrate to lesions,which is the main source of the glial scar.Neural stem cells in the subventricular zone,neuron-glial antigen 2 precursor cells and ependymal precursor cells in the brain parenchyma can also differentiate into astrocytes.Endothelin-1,aquaporin 4,ciliary neurotrophic factor and connexins are involved in this process.In addition,chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan,as the main component of the extracellular matrix,forms the dense glial scar barrier with proliferated astrocytes,which hinders the polarization and extension of axons.(3)Activation or inhibition of crucial signal molecules involved in astrocyte activation,proliferation,migration and pro-inflammation functions regulate the glial scar formation.Transforming growth factor beta 1/Smad and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 are classical pathways related to astrogliosis,while receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase and glycogen synthase kinase 3β are significant molecules regulating the inflammatory response.However,there are relatively few studies on Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 and Interleukin-17 and their downstream signaling pathways in glial scar formation,which are worthy of further exploration.(4)Drugs targeting astrogliosis-related signaling pathways,cell proliferation regulatory proteins and inflammatory factors effectively inhibit the formation of glial scar after cerebral ischemic stroke.Among them,the role of commonly used clinical drugs such as melatonin and valproic acid in regulating glial scar formation has been verified,which makes it possible to use drugs that inhibit glial scar formation to promote the recovery of neurological function in patients with stroke.(5)Considering the protective effects of glial scar in the acute phase,how to choose the appropriate intervention chance of drugs to maintain the protective effect of the glial scar while promoting nerve regeneration and repair in the local microenvironment is the direction of future efforts.

Objective:To establish a method via transfection of RNA to rescue coxsackievirus B3 B3 (CVB3).Methods:The efficiency of CVB3 genomic RNA extraction from three nucleic acid extraction reagents, Qiagen 57704, Qiagen 52904, and Trizol, and the transfection efficiency of viral RNA with two transfection reagents (Lipofectamine 2000 and Lipofectamine 3000) were compared. The efficiency of CVB3 rescue in Vero cells and HEK293T cells to determine the optimal conditions for rescuing CVB3.Results:The number of phagolysosomes for virus rescue by Qiagen 57704, Qiagen 52904, and Tizol kit extracted RNA was 13.33±1.53, 150±15.00, and 1.67±0.58, respectively, and there was a statistically significant difference in the efficiency of the three method of extracting CVB3 RNA to rescue the viral RNA ( F=268.920, P<0.001); The number of phage spots formed by Lipofectamine3000 and Lipofectamine2000 transfected RNA was 74.50±3.00 and 22.00±5.00, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01); Qiagen 52904 reagent extracted CVB3 nucleic acid more efficiently than Qiagen 57704 and Trizol reagents; the transfection efficiency of transfection reagent Lipofectamine 3000 was 3 times more than than that of Lipofectamine 2000, and the efficiency of virus rescue of CVB3 in HEK293T cell culture was higher than that of HeLa and Vero cells, and the copy numbers of the three kinds of viruses rescuing the virus were 6.09×10 7±8.00×10 5, 5.18×10 3±6.17×10 2 and 0, the difference was statistically significant ( F=17 383.644, P<0.001), and it was also found that the efficiency of virus rescue could be improved by multiple elution when extracting RNA. Conclusions:In this study, we successfully established the method of transfecting RNA to rescue CVB3, which can effectively improve the efficiency of virus rescue by choosing Qiagen 52904 nucleic acid extraction kit, increasing the number of elution, using Lipofectamine 3000 transfection reagent, and transfection of HEK293T cells.

Objective To investigate the role and potential mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducible protein 8-like molecule 1(TNFAIP8L1)in acute liver injury in mice.Methods The second generation of C57BL/6J male wild-type(WT)mice and the C57BL/6J female TNFAIP8L1+/-mice and WT mice were selected to further self-breed the third generation of male TNFAIP8L1-/-mice and the third generation of WT male mice.Five normal third-generation male WT mice and five normal third-generation male TNFAIP8L1-/-mice were selected.The serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)levels of the two types of normal mice were measured and compared.The infiltration of inflammatory cells and cell necrosis in the liver tissues of the two types of normal mice were observed after hematoxylin & eosin(HE)staining.Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentages of neutrophils(Neu),eosinophils(EOS),dendritic cells(DC),bone marrow-derived macrophages(BMDMs),and bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell(BMNCs)in the liver myeloid cell subsets of the two types of normal mice.Another 5 third-generation male WT mice and 4 third-generation male TNFAIP8L1-/-mice were selected to induce acute liver injury mouse models using lipopolysaccharide(LPS)/D-galactosamine(D-Gal).After 24 hours,the serum ALT levels of the two types of acute liver injury mice were detected and compared,the infiltration of inflammatory cells and cell necrosis in the liver tissues of the two types of acute liver injury mice were observed,and the percentages of Neu,EOS,DC,BMDMs and BMNCs in the liver myeloid cell subsets of the two types of acute liver injury mice were measured by using the above methods.Results There was no significant difference in the percentages of Neu,EOS,DC,BMDMs and BMNCs,and serum ALT levels in the livermyeloid cell subsets of normal WT mice and TNFAIP8L1-/-mice(P＞0.05).HE staining results of liver tissues in normal WT mice and TNFAIP8L1/mice showed that hepatic lobules were structurally complete and clear,hepatocytes were morphologically normal and arranged neatly,and there was no obvious inflammatory cell infiltration or cell necrosis.Twenty-four hours after acute liver injury,the percentages of Neu and BMNCs in the liver myeloid cell subsets and the serum ALT levels in the liver tissues of TNFAIP8L1-/-mice were significantly higher than those of WT mice(P＜0.05);there was no significant difference in the percentages of EOS,DC and BMDMs in the liver myeloid cell subsets of mice between the two groups(P＞0.05).In the liver tissues of WT mice with acute liver injury,hepatic lobules were structurally blurred,hepatocytes were swollen with scattered vacuolated steatosis,and a small amount of inflammatory cells were infiltrated.In the liver tissues of TNFAIP8L1/mice with acute liver injury,hepatic lobules were structurally non-existent,and hepatocytes were severely damaged and extensively necrotic,with a large amount of inflammatory cell infiltration.Conclusion The deficiency of the TNFAIP8L1 gene in mice does not affect the development of liver myeloid cells and the homeostasis of the liver.TNFAIP8L1 plays an inhibitory role in the occurrence and development of acute liver injury.TNFAIP8L1 gene deficiency aggravates LPS/D-Gal-induced acute liver injury,possibly by increasing Neu and BMNCs infiltration and recruiting other types of immune cells to infiltrate liver tissues,thereby exacerbating liver cell necrosis.

Objective:To explore the effects of body mass index (BMI) on the incidence of nocturnal hypertension in patients with hypertension.Methods:Totally 341 hospitalized hypertensive patients treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from February to May 2023 were selected by convenience sampling. Patients' general information, clinical data, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure results were collected. A binomial Logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the occurrence of nocturnal hypertension in these patients. The relationship between BMI and the incidence of nocturnal hypertension was examined using threshold effect tests and smooth curve fitting.Results:The binomial Logistic regression analysis indicated that blood phosphate level was a factor influencing the occurrence of nocturnal hypertension in hypertensive patients ( P<0.05). Smooth curve fitting and threshold effect test results showed that the relationship between BMI and the incidence of nocturnal hypertension was curve-correlated, with a turning point at 24.61 kg/m 2. To the left of the turning point, there was no correlation ( P=0.130) ; to the right, there was a correlation ( P=0.016) . Conclusions:When the BMI of hypertensive patients exceeds 24.61 kg/m 2, the likelihood of nocturnal hypertension increases with rising BMI, providing a precise intervention target for weight management-based patient care in hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis is described as a complex process in which new microvessels sprout from endothelial cells of existing vasculature. This study aimed to determine whether long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19 induced the angiogenesis of gastric cancer (GC) and its possible mechanism. METHODS: Gene expression level was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Cell counting kit-8, transwell, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), colony formation assay, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) angiogenesis assay as well as Matrigel plug assay were conducted to study the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of GC in vitro and in vivo . The binding protein of H19 was found by RNA pull-down and RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP). High-throughput sequencing was performed and next Gene Ontology (GO) as well as Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis was conducted to analyze the genes that are under H19 regulation. Methylated RIP (me-RIP) assay was used to investigate the sites and abundance among target mRNA. The transcription factor acted as upstream of H19 was determined through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase assay. RESULTS: In this study, we found that hypoxia-induced factor (HIF)-1α could bind to the promoter region of H19, leading to H19 overexpression. High expression of H19 was correlated with angiogenesis in GC, and H19 knocking down could inhibit cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Mechanistically, the oncogenic role of H19 was achieved by binding with the N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) reader YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1), which could recognize the m 6 A site on the 3'-untransated regions (3'-UTR) of scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SCARB1) mRNA, resulting in over-translation of SCARB1 and thus promoting the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of GC cells. CONCLUSION HIF-1α induced overexpression of H19 via binding with the promoter of H19, and H19 promoted GC cells proliferation, migration and angiogenesis through YTHDF1/SCARB1, which might be a beneficial target for antiangiogenic therapy for GC.
Humans ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/genetics* ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism* ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics* ; Hypoxia ; MicroRNAs/genetics* ; RNA ; RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism* ; RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism* ; Scavenger Receptors, Class B/metabolism* ; Stomach Neoplasms/genetics*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the regulatory mechanism of human hepatocyte apoptosis induced by lysosomal membrane protein Sidt2 knockout. METHODS: The Sidt2 knockout (Sidt2^-/-) cell model was constructed in human hepatocyte HL7702 cells using Crispr-Cas9 technology.The protein levels of Sidt2 and key autophagy proteins LC3-II/I and P62 in the cell model were detected using Western blotting, and the formation of autophagosomes was observed with MDC staining.EdU incorporation assay and flow cytometry were performed to observe the effect of Sidt2 knockout on cell proliferation and apoptosis.The effect of chloroquine at the saturating concentration on autophagic flux, proliferation and apoptosis of Sidt2 knockout cells were observed. RESULTS: Sidt2^-/- HL7702 cells were successfully constructed.Sidt2 knockout significantly inhibited the proliferation and increased apoptosis of the cells, causing also increased protein expressions of LC3-II/I and P62(P < 0.05) and increased number of autophagosomes.Autophagy of the cells reached a saturated state following treatment with 50 μmol/L chloroquine, and at this concentration, chloroquine significantly increased the expressions of LC3B and P62 in Sidt2^-/- HL7702 cells. CONCLUSION Sidt2 gene knockout causes dysregulation of the autophagy pathway and induces apoptosis of HL7702 cells, and the latter effect is not mediated by inhibiting the autophagy-lysosomal pathway.
Humans ; Lysosome-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism* ; Autophagy ; Apoptosis ; Hepatocytes ; Lysosomes/metabolism* ; Chloroquine/pharmacology* ; Nucleotide Transport Proteins/metabolism*

Purpose: Mixed-lineage leukemia protein 4 (MLL4/KMT2D) is a histone methyltransferase, and its mutation has been reported to be associated with a poor prognosis in many cancers, including lung cancer. We investigated the function of MLL4 in lung carcinogenesis. Materials and Methods: RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in A549 cells transfected with control siRNA or MLL4 siRNA was performed. Also, we used EdU incorporation assay, colony formation assays, growth curve analysis, transwell invasion assays, immunohistochemical staining, and in vivo bioluminescence assay to investigate the function of MLL4 in lung carcinogenesis. Results: We found that MLL4 expression was downregulated in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues and tended to decrease with disease stage progression. We analyzed the transcriptomes in control and MLL4- deficient cells using high-throughput RNA deep sequencing (RNA-seq) and identified a cohort of target genes, such as SOX2, ATF1, FOXP4, PIK3IP1, SIRT4, TENT5B, and LFNG, some of which are related to proliferation and metastasis. Our results showed that low expression of MLL4 promotes NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis and is required for the maintenance of NSCLC stem cell properties. Conclusion Our findings identify an important role of MLL4 in lung carcinogenesis through transcriptional regulation of PIK3IP1, affecting the PI3K/AKT/SOX2 axis, and suggest that MLL4 could be a potential prognostic indicator and target for NSCLC therapy.

Objective: This ex vivo study evaluated the effect of ultrasound and Er:YAG laser irrigation activation techniques on the penetration of sodium hypochlorite solution into infected human root canal dentin, providing a reference for clinical infection control of infected root canals. Methods : Thirty-six cases of infected root canals were collected and randomly divided into three groups according to the irrigation technique: 12 cases in the conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) group, 12 cases in the passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) group, 12 cases in the Er:YAG laser and photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) group and 36 cases of clean root canals (12 cases in the CSI group, 12 cases in the PUI group, 12 cases in the PIPS group). All of the selected root canals were straight root canals of posterior teeth. After standardizing the root length, all canals were subjected to instrumentation and dynamic irrigation. 2% methylene blue solution was used to visualize the penetration of the irrigant. EXAKT cutting and grinding equipment was used to take transverse sections of 100-150 μm at the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the root canals. The data (maximum penetration depth, average penetration depth, and penetration percentage) were observed under a light microscope to evaluate the effect of dye penetration. Results : With the three irrigation techniques, the maximum penetration depth, average penetration depth and penetration percentage of the infected root canals were significantly lower than those of clean root canals in the full length of the root canal (P<0.05). The penetration percentage, average penetration depth and maximum penetration depth of the PIPS group were significantly higher than those of the CSI group in the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the infected root canal, respectively (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the maximum penetration depth, average penetration depth or penetration percentage between the PUI and CSI groups (P>0.05). There was also no significant difference in the maximum penetration depth, average penetration depth or penetration percentage between the PIPS and PUI groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The dentine permeability of infected root canals was weaker than that of clean root canals. Er:YAG laser-assisted irrigation activation technology could significantly improve the penetration of sodium hypochlorite solution into infected dentin, but passive ultrasonic irrigation did not significantly improve the penetration.

Objective:To study the genetic variation and distribution characteristics of thalassemia in people of childbearing age in Hubei Province, and to provide clinical basis for the local government decision-making departments to formulate and promote appropriate policies for prevention and control of thalassemia.Methods:Venous blood samples were collected from 44 849 people of childbearing age in hospitals in Hubei Province from May 13, 2019 to August 17, 2021. PCR-flow fluorescence hybridization and PCR+diversion hybridization were used to screen thalassemia genes. Spouses of those who tested positive were also tested for thalassemia genes. When both spouses carried the same type of thalassemia gene, the amniotic fluid of pregnant women was extracted for prenatal diagnosis and followed up.Results:Among the 44 849 people of childbearing age, 2 286 cases were diagnosed as thalassemia gene carriers through genetic testing, and the total detection rate was 5.10% (2 286/44 849). Among them, 1 488 cases were diagnosed as α-thalassemia, and the detection rate was 3.32% (1 488/44 849); 767 cases were diagnosed as β-thalassemia, and the detection rate was 1.71% (767/44 849); 31 cases were diagnosed as α-thalassemia combined with β-thalassemia, and the detection rate was 0.07% (31/44 849). The top three genotypes of α-thalassemia were -α 3.7/αα, -- SEA/αα, and -α 4.2/αα, accounting for 58.06% (864/1 488), 26.14% (389/1 488), and8.74% (130/1 488), respectively. The top three genotypes of β-thalassemia were β IVS-Ⅱ-654/β N, β CD41-42/β N, and β CD17/β N, accounting for 41.72% (320/767), 21.25% (163/767), and 16.04% (123/767), respectively. The main genotypes of α-thalassemia combined with β-thalassemia were -α 3.7/αα complex β IVS-Ⅱ-654/β N and -α 3.7/αα complex β CD41-42/β N, accounting for 29.03% (9/31) and 16.13% (5/31), respectively. A total of 59 people of childbearing age were conducted prenatal diagnosis, among fetus, there were 4 cases of severe thalassemia (2 cases of severe α-thalassemia, 2 cases of severe β-thalassemia), 5 cases of intermediate α-thalassemia, 5 cases of intermediate or severe β-thalassemia, 19 cases of mild thalassemia (8 cases of mild α-thalassemia, 11 cases of mild β-thalassemia), 13 cases of stationary α-thalassemia, and 1 case of stationary α-thalassemia combined with mild β-thalassemia, there were 12 cases without α-thalassemia or β-thalassemia genes. After follow-up, 4 cases of severe thalassemia, 2 cases of intermediate α-thalassemia, and 5 cases of intermediate or severe β-thalassemia were terminated pregnancy by the joint decision of both parents. Conclusions:In Hubei Province, the detection rate of thalassemia is high, and α-thalassemia is the main mutation type. The combination of thalassemia gene screening and prenatal diagnosis is of great significance in reducing the birth rate of children with thalassemia.

Objective:Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology is used to compare the advantages of insulin degludec (IDeg) as a basal insulin regimen compared with insulin glargine (IGlar) in the treatment of adult type 1 diabetes mellitus.Methods:30 adult patients with T1DM admitted to Heji Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College from September 2019 to December 2020 were screened. According to the random number table method, the patients were randomly divided into two groups (insulin degludec group and insulin glargine group) at a ratio of 1∶1, respectively treated with IDeg, IGlar and aspartate insulin for 12 weeks. The main outcome measures were the coefficient of variation of blood glucose (CV), mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), time in range (TIR), time above range (TAR) and time below range (TBR). The secondary outcome measures were mean blood glucose (MBG), standard deviation of blood glucose (SD), fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2 h BG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA 1c), means of daily differences (MOOD), and the frequency of hypoglycemic events. Results:At 12 weeks of treatment, the HbA 1c, FPG, 2 h BG, MBG, SD, CV and MAGE of insulin degludec group were lower than those of insulin glargine group, with statistically significant difference (all P<0.05). The TIR in the insulin degludec group was significantly higher than that in the insulin glargine group [73(63, 75)% vs 43(28, 63)%, P<0.001], and the TAR was lower than that in the glycerine group [25(17, 23)% vs 35(33, 64)%, P=0.003]. From the curve spectrum of blood glucose level of the two groups, the stability of blood glucose in the insulin degludec group was better than that in the insulin glargine group. After 12 weeks of treatment, 8 cases (8/15) in insulin degludec group had HbA 1c<7.0%, and 4 cases (4/15) in insulin glargine group had HbA 1c<7.0%, without statistically significant difference ( P=0.264). There were 7 cases (7/15) in the insulin degludec group and 1 case (1/15) in the insulin glargine group who achieved high quality blood glucose control, with statistically significant difference ( P=0.035). At the 12th week of outpatient follow-up, the incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemic events in insulin degludec group was significantly lower than that in insulin glargine group (4/15 vs 11/15, P=0.027). Conclusions:Compared with insulin glargine, insulin degludec can achieve higher blood glucose compliance rate, lower blood glucose level and reduce blood glucose fluctuations in patients with type 1 diabetes.