BackgroundCorneal stromal cells (CSCs) are components of the corneal endothelial microenvironment that can be induced to form a functional tissue-engineered corneal endothelium. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have been reported as an important component of regenerative medicine and cell therapy for corneal stromal damage. We have demonstrated that the treatment with ADSCs leads to phenotypic changes in CSCs in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms of such ADSC-induced changes in CSCs remain unclear.

MethodsADSCs and CSCs were isolated from New Zealand white rabbits and cultured in vitro. An Exosome Isolation Kit, Western blotting, and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) were used to isolate and confirm the exosomes from ADSC culture medium. Meanwhile, the optimal exosome concentration and treatment time were selected. Cell Counting Kit-8 and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide assays were used to assess the effect of ADSC- derived exosomes on the proliferation and apoptosis of CSCs. To evaluate the effects of ADSC- derived exosomes on CSC invasion activity, Western blotting was used to detect the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and collagens.

Results:ADSCs and CSCs were successfully isolated from New Zealand rabbits. The optimal concentration and treatment time of exosomes for the following study were 100 μg/ml and 96 h, respectively. NTA revealed that the ADSC-derived exosomes appeared as nanoparticles (40-200 nm), and Western blotting confirmed positive expression of CD9, CD81, flotillin-1, and HSP70 versus ADSC cytoplasmic proteins (all P < 0.01). ADSC-derived exosomes (50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml) significantly promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis (mainly early apoptosis) of CSCs versus non-exosome-treated CSCs (all P < 0.05). Interestingly, MMPs were downregulated and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related proteins including collagens and fibronectin were upregulated in the exosome-treated CSCs versus non-exosome-treated CSCs (MMP1: t = 80.103, P < 0.01; MMP2: t = 114.778, P < 0.01; MMP3: t = 56.208, P < 0.01; and MMP9: t = 60.617, P < 0.01; collagen I: t = -82.742, P < 0.01; collagen II: t = -72.818, P < 0.01; collagen III: t = -104.452, P < 0.01; collagen IV: t = -133.426, P < 0.01, and collagen V: t = -294.019, P < 0.01; and fibronectin: t = -92.491, P < 0.01, respectively).

Conclusion:The findings indicate that ADSCs might play an important role in CSC viability regulation and ECM remodeling, partially through the secretion of exosomes.

Adipose Tissue ; cytology ; Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; physiology ; Cell Survival ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Exosomes ; metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix ; metabolism ; Fibroblasts ; cytology ; metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; metabolism ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Rabbits

PURPOSE: Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is a critical factor for vascular stabilization and endothelial survival via inhibition of endothelial permeability and leukocyte- endothelium interactions. Hence, we hypothesized that treatment with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) carrying the Ang1 gene (UCMSCs-Ang1) might be a potential approach for acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: UCMSCs with or without transfection with the human Ang1 gene were delivered intravenously into rats one hour after intra-abdominal instillation of LPS to induce ALI. After the rats were sacrificed at 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 8 days, and 15 days post-injection of LPS, the serum, the lung tissues, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were harvested for analysis, respectively. RESULTS: Administration of fluorescence microscope confirmed the increased presence of UCMSCs in the injured lungs. The evaluation of UCMSCs and UCMSCs-Ang1 actions revealed that Ang1 overexpression further decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, TGF-β1, and IL-6 and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the injured lungs. This synergy caused a substantial decrease in lung airspace inflammation and vascular leakage, characterized by significant reductions in wet/dry ratio, differential neutrophil counts, myeloperoxidase activity, and BALF. The rats treated by UCMSCs-Ang1 showed improved survival and lower ALI scores. CONCLUSION: UCMSCs-Ang1 could improve both systemic inflammation and alveolar permeability in ALI. UC-derived MSCs-based Ang1 gene therapy may be developed as a potential novel strategy for the treatment of ALI.
Acute Lung Injury/chemically induced/*therapy ; Angiopoietin-1/*genetics ; Animals ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Endotoxins ; Genetic Therapy ; Interleukin-10/metabolism ; Interleukin-6/metabolism ; Leukocyte Count ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Lung/metabolism ; Male ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/metabolism ; Neutrophils/metabolism ; Rats ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism ; Umbilical Cord/*cytology

OBJECTIVETo investigate effects of retinol on the expressions of epidermal growth factor (EGF), stem cell factor (SCF), colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in cultured human umbilical-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs).

METHODSHuman UCMSCs were isolated from human umbilical cord and identified for immunophenotypes. The cells were then cultured in DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 12% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12% FBS+1 µmol/L retinol, 15% knockout serum replacement (KSR) and 15% KSR+ 1 µmol/L retinol. The expressions of the cytokines EGF, SCF, CSF1 and LIF in the cells were detected using RT-PCR and ELISA.

RESULTSThe isolated cells exhibited characteristic immunophenotypes of human UCMSCs and expressed EGF, CSF1 and SCF at both mRNA and protein levels but not LIF protein. Retinol (1 µmol/L) significantly promoted the expressions of SCF and CSF1 at both mRNA and protein levels but did not result in changes of EGF and LIF expressions in human UCMSCs.

CONCLUSIONRetinol at the concentration of 1 µmol/L can promote expression of SCF and CSF1 in human UCMSCs in vitro.

Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; EGF Family of Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor ; metabolism ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; metabolism ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Stem Cell Factor ; metabolism ; Umbilical Cord ; cytology ; Vitamin A ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo screen the differentially expressed miRNAs and their target genes in adipogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to better understand the mechanism for regulating the balance between osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation.

METHODSCultured hMSCs were induced for adipogenic differentiation, and at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of induction, the cells were examined for miRNA and mRNA expression profiles using miRNA chip and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) techniques. Correlation analysis was carried out for the miRNAs and mRNAs of potential interest. The databases including TargetScan, PicTar and miRanda were used to predict the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNA.

RESULTSThe expression of miR-140-5p was down-regulated and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) expression increased progressively during adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs, showing a negative correlation between them. Target gene prediction using the 3 databases identified LIFR as the target gene of miR-140-5p.

CONCLUSIONmiRNA-140-5p may play an important role by regulating its target gene LIFR during adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs.

Adipocytes ; cytology ; Adipogenesis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Down-Regulation ; Humans ; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit ; metabolism ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Osteoblasts ; cytology ; RNA, Messenger ; Transcriptome

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of culture supernatant of human amnion mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs-CS) on biological characteristics of human fibroblasts.

METHODS(1) hAMSCs were isolated from deprecated human fresh amnion tissue of placenta and then sub-cultured. The morphology of hAMSCs on culture day 3 and hAMSCs of the third passage were observed with inverted phase contrast microscope. (2) Two batches of hAMSCs of the third passage were obtained, then the expression of vimentin of cells was observed with immunofluorescence method, and the expression of cell surface marker CD90, CD73, CD105, and CD45 was detected by flow cytometer. (3) hAMSCs-CS of the third passage at culture hour 72 were collected, and the content of insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ (IGF-Ⅰ), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (4) Human fibroblasts were isolated from deprecated human fresh prepuce tissue of circumcision and then sub-cultured. Human fibroblasts of the third passage were used in the following experiments. Cells were divided into blank control group and 10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% hAMSCs-CS groups according to the random number table (the same grouping method below), with 48 wells in each group. Cells in blank control group were cultured with DMEM/F12 medium containing 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS), while cells in the latter 4 groups were cultured with DMEM/F12 medium containing corresponding volume fraction of hAMSCs-CS and 2% FBS. The proliferation activity of cells was detected by cell counting kit 8 and microplate reader at culture hour 12, 24, 48, and 72, respectively, and corresponding volume fraction of hAMSCs-CS which causing the best proliferation activity of human fibroblasts was used in the following experiments. (5) Human fibroblasts were divided into blank control group and 50% hAMSCs-CS group and treated as in (4), with 4 wells in each group, at post scratch hour (PSH) 0 (immediately after scratch), 12, 24, 48, and 72, the migration distance of cells was observed and measured with inverted phase contrast microscope. (6) Human fibroblasts were grouped and treated as in (5), with 3 battles in each group, and apoptosis rate of cells was detected by flow cytometer. Data were processed with analysis of variance of factorial design, analysis of variance for repeated measurement, one-way analysis of variance, LSD test, and t test.

RESULTS(1) On culture day 3, most hAMSCs were in large form, and spindle-shaped with much prominences like fibroblasts or in flat polygonal shape. hAMSCs of the third passage were spindle-shaped. The expression of vimentin of hAMSCs of the third passage was strongly positive, and the expressions of surface markers CD90, CD73, and CD105 of the cells were positive, while the expression of CD45 of the cells was negative. (2) The content of IGF-Ⅰ, VEGF, EGF, and bFGF in hAMSCs-CS were respectively (11.7±1.0), (316±68), (6.1±0.4), and (1.49±0.05) pg/mL. (3) At culture hour 12-72, the proliferation activity of human fibroblasts in each hAMSCs-CS group was significantly higher than that in blank control group (with P values below 0.01), and the proliferation activity of human fibroblasts in 50% hAMSCs-CS group was the highest. (4) The width of scratch in two groups was nearly the same at PSH 0. The migration distance of cells in 50% hAMSCs-CS group was significantly longer than that in blank control group at PSH 12-72 (with P values below 0.01). (5) The apoptosis rate of human fibroblasts in blank control group was (16.2±2.4)%, which was significantly higher than that in 50% hAMSCs-CS group [(7.4±3.6)%, t=6.710, P<0.01].

CONCLUSIONShAMSCs-CS can promote proliferation and migration of human fibroblasts and inhibit the apoptosis of human fibroblasts.

Amnion ; cytology ; Apoptosis ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; chemistry ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; metabolism ; Female ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 ; metabolism ; Fibroblasts ; cytology ; drug effects ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; metabolism ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; chemistry ; Pregnancy ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; metabolism

Objective To compare the effecacy of human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) with human mononuclear cell (hMNC) in treating rat cerebral infarct.Methods The SD rat models of cerebral infarct were established by distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO). Rats were divided into four groups: sham,ischemia vehicle,MSC,and MNC transplantation groups. For the transplantation group,1×10hMSCs or hMNCs were intravascularly transplanted into the tail vein 1 hour after the ischemia onset. The ischemia vehicle group received dMCAO surgery and intravascular saline injection 1,3,5,and 7 days after the ischemia onset,and then behavioral tests were performed. At 48 h after the ischemia onset,the abundance of Iba- 1,the symbol of activated microglia,was evaluated in the peri-ischemia striatum area; meanwhile,the neurotrophic factors such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in ipsilateral peri-ischemia striatum area were also measured. Results The relative infarct volume in ischemia vehicle group,hMSC group,and hMNC transplantation group were (37.85±4.40)%,(33.41±3.82)%,and (30.23±3.63)%,respectively. The infarct volumes of MSC group (t=2.100,P=0.034) and MNC group (t=2.109,P=0.0009) were significantly smaller than that of ischemia vehicle group,and that of MNC group was significantly smaller than that of MSC group (t=1.743,P=0.043). One day after transplantation,the score of ischemia vehicle group in limb placing test was (4.32±0.71)%,which was significantly lower than that in sham group (9.73±0.36)% (t=2.178,P=8.61×10). The scores of MSC and MNC group,which were (5.09±0.62)% (t=2.1009,P=0.024) and (5.90±0.68)% (t=2.1008,P=0.0001),respectively,were significantly higher than that of ischemia vehicle group; also,the score of MNC group was significantly higher than that of MSC group(t=2.1009,P=0.0165). The contralateral forelimb scores of MSC and MNC groups in beam walking test were (5.56±0.86)% (t=2.120,P=0.020) and (5.13±0.95)% (t=2.131,P=0.003),were both significantly lower than that of ischemia vehicle group [(6.47±0.61)%]. Three days after the transplantation,the limb placing test score of MNC group [(6.91±1.10)%] was significantly higher than that of ischemia vehicle group (5.80±0.82)% (t=2.110,P=0.027). The score of MSC group [(6.30±0.77)%] showed no statistic difference with that of ischemia vehicle group(t=2.101,P=0.199).The contralateral forelimb scores of MNC group in beam walking test [(4.34±0.58)%] was significantly lower than that of ischemia vehicle group [(5.31±0.65)%] (t=2.100,P=0.006) and MSC group [(4.92±0.53)%] (t=2.100,P=0.041); there was no statistic difference between MSC group and ischemia vehicle group (t=2.109,P=0.139). The relative abundance of Iba- 1 in sham,ischemia vehicle,MSC,and MNC groups was 1.00+0.00,1.72±0.21,1.23±0.08,and 1.48±0.06,respectively. The Iba-1 relative abundance of ischemia vehicle group was significantly higher than that of sham group (t=2.262,P=2.9×10). The Iba-1 relative abundances of both MSC (t=2.178,P=3.91×10)and MNC (t=2.200,P=0.007)groups were significantly lower than that of ischemia vehicle group. It was also significantly lower in MNC group than in MSC group also (t=2.120,P=7.09×10). Three days after transplantation,the BDNF and GDNF levels of MSC group,which were (531.127±73.176)pg/mg (t=2.109,P=0.003)and(127.780±16.733)pg/mg(t=2.100,P=2.76×10),respectively,were significantly higher than those of ischemia vehicle group,which were (401.988±89.006)pg/mg and (86.278±14.832) pg/mg,respectively. The BDNF and GDNF levels of MNC group,which were (627.429±65.646)pg/mg (t=2.144,P=0.017) and (153.117±20.443)pg/mg (t=2.109,P=0.010),respectively,were all significantly higher than that of MSC group. At day 7,the BDNF and GDNF levels of MSC group,which were (504.776±83.282)pg/mg (t=2.101,P=0.005) and (81.641±11.019)pg/mg (t=2.100,P=0.002),respectively,were significantly higher than those of ischemia vehicle group,which were (389.257±70.440)pg/mg and (64.322±9.855) pg/mg,respectively. The BDNF and GDNF levels of MNC group,which were (589.068±63.323)pg/mg (t=2.100,P=0.027) and (102.161±19.932)pg/mg (t=2.144,P=0.017),respectively,were all significantly higher than that of MSC group. Conclusions Both hMSC and hMNC are beneficial to the ischemia-damaged brain when they are intravascularly transplanted within 1 h after the onset of ischemia. The anti-inflammation ability and secretion of neurotrophic factors are the underlying mechanisms of the therapeutic effects. MNC is more effective than MSC in reducing infarct area and improving behaviors,which might be explained by the fact that MNC induces more GDNF and BDNF in brain than MSC.
Animals ; Bone Marrow ; Brain Ischemia ; therapy ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fetus ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Humans ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; therapy ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; cytology ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility of inducing human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) to differentiate into Leydig cells in the interstitial tissue of the rat testis.

METHODSHUMSCs were obtained by tissue blocks culture attachment and their purity and multi-lineage differentiation ability were verified by flow cytometry and chondrogenic/adipogenic/osteogenic differentiation. Then the HUMSCs were marked by CM-Dil and transplanted into the interstitial tissue of the rat testis. At 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation, the survival and differentiation status of the HUMSCs were observed by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. The suspension of the rat Leydig cells was obtained at 8 weeks for determining the expression of the Leydig cell marker 3β-HSD in the HUMSCs, the cells labeled with CM-Dil were sorted and cultured, and the medium collected after 3 days of culture for measurement of the testosterone level.

RESULTSThe expression of the Leydig cell marker CYPllal was not observed in the HUMSCs at 4 weeks but found at 8 weeks after transplantation and the differentiation rate of 3β-HSD was about 14.5% at 8 weeks. CM-Dil labeled cells survived after sorting and testosterone was detected in the medium.

CONCLUSIONSHUMSCs are likely to differentiate into Leydig cells in the interstitium of the rat testis.

Animals ; Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Carbocyanines ; Cell Differentiation ; Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme ; metabolism ; Feasibility Studies ; Humans ; Leydig Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Rats ; Testis ; cytology ; Time Factors ; Umbilical Cord ; cytology

OBJECTIVETo determine the effect of aspirin on cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, cell cycle and apoptosis in murine bone marrow stromal cells, so as to explore an appropriate dose range to improve bone regeneration in periodontal treatment.

METHODSST2 cells were stimulated with aspirin (concentrations of 1, 10, 100 and 1 000 μmol/L) for 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 d. Cell proliferation was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. After ST2 cells were treated for 1, 3 and 7 d, ALP activity was measured by ALP kit, cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry (FCM) after treated for 48 h.

RESULTSMTT assays showed that various doses of aspirin have different effects on the cell growth. Briefly, lower concentrations (1, 10 μmol/L) of aspirin promoted the cell growth, the A value of 0, 1 and 10 μmol/L aspirin 7-day-treated cells were 0.313±0.012, 0.413±0.010 and 0.387±0.017 respectively (P <0.01 vs control), and so did the ALP level ([4.3±0.9], [6.0±0.3] and [7.7±0.4] μmol·min(-1)·g(-1), P <0.05 vs control), while higher concentrations, especially 1000 μmol/L of aspirin might inhibit the cell growth with time going, A value and ALP level were 0.267±0.016, (4.3±1.3) μmol·min(-1)·g(-1) respectively (P <0.05 vs control). Cell cycle analysis revealed no changes in comparison to control cells after treatment with 1 or 10 μmol/L aspirin, but it was observed that cell mitosis from S phase to G2/M phase proceeded at higher concentrations of 100 μmol/L aspirin, and the cell cycle in phase G0/G1 arrested at 1000 μmol/L. Parallel apoptosis/necrosis studies showed that the percentage of cells in apoptosis decreased dramatically at all doses of aspirin, the apoptosis rates of ST2 cells responded to 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 μmol/L aspirin were (11.50±0.90)%, (5.30±0.10)%, (5.50±0.10)%, (4.90±0.90)% and (7.95±0.25)% respectively (P<0.05 vs control).

CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrated that lower dosage of aspirin can promote ST2 cells growth, osteogenic activity and inhibit its apoptosis. Aspirin maybe used for the bone reconstruction with a proper concentration.

Alkaline Phosphatase ; metabolism ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Aspirin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Bone Regeneration ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Division ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Flow Cytometry ; Formazans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Mice ; Periodontics ; Tetrazolium Salts ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the application of tendon-derived stem cells (TDSC) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) for patellar tendon injury repair in rat model.

METHODSTDSCs and BMSCs were isolated from patellar tendons or bone marrow of healthy SD rats. The patellar tendon injury model was induced in 60 SD rats, then the animals were divided into 3 groups with 20 in each group: rats in TDSC group received transplantation of TDSC with fibrin glue in defected patellar tendon, rats in BMSC group received BMSC with fibrin glue for transplantation and those in control group received fibrin glue only. The gross morphology, histology and biomechanics of the patellar tendon were examined at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the treatment.

RESULTSGross observation showed that the tendon defects in TDSC group and BMSC group almost disappeared in week 8, while the boundary of tendon defects in control group was still visible. Histology examination showed that the neo-tendon formation in TDSC group and BMSC group was observed at week 8, while there was no neo-tendon formation in control group. Biomechanics study showed that the ultimate stress and Young Modulus, relative ultimate stress and relative Young Modulus increased with the time going in all groups(all P<0.05); the ultimate stress and Young Modulus, relative ultimate stress and relative Young Modulus of TDSC and BMSC groups were significantly higher than those in control group at week 4, 6 and 8(all P<0.05). There was no difference in ultimate stress and Young Modulus between TDSC group and BMSC group(P>0.05), however, the relative Young Modulus of TDSC group was significantly higher than that in BMSC group at week 8(P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONAllogeneic TDSC and BMSC transplantation facilitates the repair of tendon injury and improves the biomechanics of tendon. TDSC is more suitable for in vivo tendon regeneration than BMSC.

Animals ; Bone Marrow ; Elastic Modulus ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Regeneration ; Tendon Injuries ; therapy ; Tendons ; cytology ; Wound Healing

Embryonic stem cells have unlimited proliferative capacity, which may provide a source of tendon stem/progenitor cells for tissue engineering. Experts of International Science and Technology Collaborative Program of Ministry of Science and Technology have developed a protocol consensus on differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into the tendon cells. The consensus recommends a protocol of two-step generation of human embryonic stem cells into tendon cells: the human embryonic stem cells are first differentiated into mesenchymal stem cells on different material surfaces; then with the scaffold-free tissue engineering tendon formed by high-density planting, the mesenchymal stem cells are induced into tendon cells under static or dynamic mechanical stimulation in vivo and in vitro. Tissue engineering tendon established in vitro by the protocol can be used as a model in toxicological analysis and safety evaluation of tendon-relevant small molecule compounds, medical materials and drugs.
Cell Differentiation ; Consensus ; Human Embryonic Stem Cells ; cytology ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Tendons ; cytology ; Tissue Engineering