Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which is primarily treated with medication. However, the insufficient efficacy and safety risk of current immunoregulatory therapies mean that finding new adjuvant or alternative therapies is urgently needed. As a new therapeutic target, intestinal microecology occupies an important position in the occurrence and development of IBD and is expected to play a pivotal role in the next generation of IBD therapy. Currently, fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotic therapy, prebiotic therapy, dietary therapy and bacteriophage therapy have been used to regulate the intestinal microecology of IBD. This article reviews the research progress of intestinal microecology regulation in the treatment of IBD.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which is primarily treated with medication. However, the insufficient efficacy and safety risk of current immunoregulatory therapies mean that finding new adjuvant or alternative therapies is urgently needed. As a new therapeutic target, intestinal microecology occupies an important position in the occurrence and development of IBD and is expected to play a pivotal role in the next generation of IBD therapy. Currently, fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotic therapy, prebiotic therapy, dietary therapy and bacteriophage therapy have been used to regulate the intestinal microecology of IBD. This article reviews the research progress of intestinal microecology regulation in the treatment of IBD.

Objective:To explore the resistance to protease inhibitors (PI), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and integrase inhibitors (INSTIs) of HIV-1 CRF55_01B and the transmission of drug-resistant strains among HIV-1 CRF55_01B infected patients before antiviral treatment in China.Methods:HIV-1 RNA was extracted from plasma samples of the patients infected with CRF55_01B in the national surveillance of HIV drug resistance before antiviral treatment in 2018. A 1 056 bp gene fragment of protease/reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) region and an 846 bp gene fragment of integrase (IN) region were obtained and sequenced. Drug resistance was analyzed by using all drugs included in the Stanford University HIV db Program, HIV-1 molecular network analysis was performed with software HIV-TRACE and polymorphism mutations of CRF55_01B integrase gene region were analyzed.Results:A total of 178 samples from 26 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China were analyzed, and 170 sequences of CRF55_01B PR/RT region and 170 sequences of IN region of corresponding samples were obtained. The drug resistance rate was 15.3% (26/170). The drug resistance rates of PIs, NRTIs, NNRTIs and INSTIs were 1.2% (2/170), 1.2% (2/170), 15.3% (26/170), 0.6% (1/170), respectively. The level of drug resistance was mostly low. NNRTIs drug resistance mutations were mainly V179D/E co-appeared with other mutations, and 84.1% (143/170) of the infected patients carrying V179D/E alone showed potential drug resistance. INSTIs drug resistance mutation was G163R, and showed low resistance to EVG and RAL. The molecular network access rate was 30.0%(51/170)according to the 0.9% gene distance threshold. The resistant strains were transmitted between men with homosexual transmission and heterosexually transmitted people, and both carried resistant mutations E138G and V179E. In the integrase region, CRF55_01B and CRF01_AE and B subtypes showed high mutation frequency difference in 5 sites (T215A、G134N、I135V, K136R and L101I/V).Conclusions:Before antiviral treatment, CRF55_01B infected patients in China had a high resistance to NNRTIs. Strains carrying both E138G and V179E resistance mutations were transmitting in clusters. The prevalence of CRF55_01B integrase inhibitor resistant strains is low, but some genetic polymorphisms with high mutation rate in the integrase gene region have potential influence on drug sensitivity. The influence of drug resistance of new recombinant strains on antiviral therapy in China needs to be further monitored and analyzed.

HIV molecular network is a recently reported method for studying the transmission characteristics of HIV-infected people. Countries have used this method to conduct a large number of researches on transmission relations, transmission hotspots and epidemic surveillance for the purpose of providing evidence for precise AIDS intervention and control. At present, there are three major methods for constructing molecular networks in the world, i.e. genetic distance method based on pairwise alignment, phylogenetic node support method, and joint parameter method based on the two methods. This paper reviews the progress of the three methods for constructing HIV molecular network to study the transmission characteristics of HIV-infected patients, in order to provide data support for the prevention and control of HIV. Since the emergence of the molecular network method, Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Sichuan and other provinces in China have reported relevant research results using molecular network analysis, which provided scientific data for further precise AIDS prevention and control. Recent international studies have also predicted that molecular network based transmission cluster detection is expected to become a new method to stop AIDS epidemic.