Formate is an important solar fuel, with large application potential in bioconversion. Especially, the win-win collaboration is achieved when formate is applied to the cultivation of microalgae, which combines the advantages from both artificial and natural photosynthesis. However, the inhibition of formate on the photosynthetic electron transport hinders the application of formate at high concentrations. The engineering or directed evolution of the regulation pathway is a case-by-case and time-consuming strategy. Here, we developed a new strategy by introducing a Stenotrophomonas sp. strain which was isolated and identified from the long-term self-evolution process of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for adapting to high concentrations of formate. The co-culture with the strain or the fermentation broth relieved the inhibition of formate (50 mmol/L) on C. reinhardtii and promoted the growth of the microalga. Especially, the protein content increased significantly to nearly 50% of the dried weight. In addition, the co-culture also benefited the growth of both Chlorella pyrenoidesa and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 exposed to formate, which indicated broader applicability of this strategy. This strategy provides the opportunity to overcome the bottleneck in the formate-mediated artificial-natural hybrid photosynthesis and to aid the development of technologies for solar energy-driven production of bulk biomass, including proteins, by carbon dioxide reduction.
Photosynthesis/physiology* ; Formates/pharmacology* ; Stenotrophomonas/growth & development* ; Microalgae/metabolism* ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/growth & development*

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of Tongsai Granules(TSG)on macrophage-mediated inflammatory response to alleviate acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)in rats and explore the underlying mechanism.Methods Twenty-four rats were divided into control group,AECOPD model group,TSG treatment group,and moxifloxacin+salbutamol(MXF+STL)treatment group.In the rat models of COPD,AECOPD was induced by nasal instillation of Klebsiella pneumoniae on day 3 of week 9 after modeling,and saline,TSG or MXF+STL were administered via gavage on days 1 and 2 and days 4 to 7 of week 9.After the treatments,lung tissues were collected for examining for pathologies and expressions of inflammatory markers,MMP2,and MMP9.In cultured macrophage MH-S cells with LPS stimulation,the effect of TSG-medicated serum on IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,COX-2,and iNOS expressions and phosphorylation levels of p38,p-p62,LC3,FoxO3a,and mTOR were evaluated.Results TSG significantly improved lung pathologies and lung function in AECOPD rats by reducing bronchial wall thickness and mean alveolar linear intercept,increasing alveolar numbers,and reducing pulmonary expression of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,MMP2 and MMP9.In MH-S cells,TSG significantly suppressed LPS-induced expressions of inflammatory cytokines,COX-2 and iNOS.Serum pharmacology coupled with network pharmacology identified 10 chemical components in TSG-medicated serum,and functional analysis of their 466 targets suggested that the therapeutic effect of TSG on AECOPD was mediated primarily by luteolin and quercetin,which regulate the MAPK,mTOR,FoxO,and autophagy pathways.In MH-S cells,luteolin significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory responses and expressions of p-p38,FoxO3a,mTOR,p-p62 and LC3.Conclusion TSG reduces macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses to alleviate AECOPD in rats possibly by modulating p38,mTOR,and FoxO3a pathways and inhibiting autophagy.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of Tongsai Granules(TSG)on macrophage-mediated inflammatory response to alleviate acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)in rats and explore the underlying mechanism.Methods Twenty-four rats were divided into control group,AECOPD model group,TSG treatment group,and moxifloxacin+salbutamol(MXF+STL)treatment group.In the rat models of COPD,AECOPD was induced by nasal instillation of Klebsiella pneumoniae on day 3 of week 9 after modeling,and saline,TSG or MXF+STL were administered via gavage on days 1 and 2 and days 4 to 7 of week 9.After the treatments,lung tissues were collected for examining for pathologies and expressions of inflammatory markers,MMP2,and MMP9.In cultured macrophage MH-S cells with LPS stimulation,the effect of TSG-medicated serum on IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,COX-2,and iNOS expressions and phosphorylation levels of p38,p-p62,LC3,FoxO3a,and mTOR were evaluated.Results TSG significantly improved lung pathologies and lung function in AECOPD rats by reducing bronchial wall thickness and mean alveolar linear intercept,increasing alveolar numbers,and reducing pulmonary expression of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,MMP2 and MMP9.In MH-S cells,TSG significantly suppressed LPS-induced expressions of inflammatory cytokines,COX-2 and iNOS.Serum pharmacology coupled with network pharmacology identified 10 chemical components in TSG-medicated serum,and functional analysis of their 466 targets suggested that the therapeutic effect of TSG on AECOPD was mediated primarily by luteolin and quercetin,which regulate the MAPK,mTOR,FoxO,and autophagy pathways.In MH-S cells,luteolin significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory responses and expressions of p-p38,FoxO3a,mTOR,p-p62 and LC3.Conclusion TSG reduces macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses to alleviate AECOPD in rats possibly by modulating p38,mTOR,and FoxO3a pathways and inhibiting autophagy.

BACKGROUND:Pulsed electromagnetic fields,as an important physical therapy,are exactly effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis,but the mechanism has not been fully clarified. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on the degeneration of knee joint cartilage in aged rats. METHODS:Eight 6-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were selected as the young group and were subjected to normal diet with no treatment.Sixteen 22-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into old group(n=8)and pulsed electromagnetic field group(n=8).The rats in the pulsed electromagnetic field group were subjected to a pulsed electromagnetic field intervention,once a day,5 days per week for continuous 8 weeks.The rats in the old group were given no treatment.All rats were anesthetized and executed after 8 weeks for the detection of relevant indexes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the young group,serum type Ⅱ collagen C-terminal peptide level was increased in the old group(P<0.05);compared with the old group,serum type Ⅱ collagen C-terminal peptide level was decreased in the pulsed electromagnetic field group(P<0.05).Micro-CT showed that the bone volume fraction,bone mineral density,and number of bone trabeculae decreased(P<0.05)and the trabecular separation increased(P<0.05)in the tibia of rats in the aged group compared with the young group;and the bone volume fraction,bone density,and number of trabeculae increased(P<0.05)and the trabecular separation decreased(P<0.05)in the tibia of rats in the pulsed electromagnetic field group compared with the aged group.The tibial plateau Safranin O-fast green staining showed that the articular cartilage structure of rats in the aged group was disorganized,and the number of chondrocytes was obviously reduced,and the tidal line could not be distinguished.The above results were improved in the pulsed electromagnetic field group.RT-qPCR and western blot assay showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase 1,matrix metalloproteinase 13,P53 and P21 in the articular cartilage and subchondral bone of rats were elevated in the aged group compared with the young group(P<0.05)and decreased in the pulsed electromagnetic field group compared with the old group(P<0.05).To conclude,pulsed electromagnetic fields may improve osteoarthritis in aged rats by inhibiting chondrocyte senescence,alleviating articular cartilage degradation and inhibiting subchondral bone osteoporosis through suppressing the expression of P53/P21.

Pancreatic fibrosis (PF) is primarily distinguished by the stimulation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and excessive extracellular matrix deposition, which is the main barrier impeding drug delivery and distribution. Recently, nanomedicine, with efficient, targeted, and controllable drug release characteristics, has demonstrated enormous advantages in the regression of pancreas fibrotic diseases. Notably, paracrine signals from parenchymal and immune cells such as pancreatic acinar cells, islet cells, pancreatic cancer cells, and immune cells can directly or indirectly modulate PSC differentiation and activation. The intercellular crosstalk between PSCs and these cells has been a critical event involved in fibrogenesis. However, the connections between PSCs and other pancreatic cells during the progression of diseases have yet to be discussed. Herein, we summarize intercellular crosstalk in the activation of PSCs and its contribution to the development of common pancreatic diseases, including pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and diabetes. Then, we also examine the latest treatment strategies of nanomedicine and potential targets for PSCs crosstalk in fibrosis, thereby offering innovative insights for the design of antifibrotic nanomedicine. Ultimately, the enhanced understanding of PF will facilitate the development of more precise intervention strategies and foster individually tailored therapeutic approaches for pancreatic diseases.

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is an ocular mitochondrial disease that involves the impairment of mitochondrial complex I, which is an important contributor to blindness among young adults across the globe. However, the disorder has no available cures, since the approved drug idebenone for LHON in Europe relies on bypassing complex I defects rather than fixing them. Herein, PARKIN mRNA-loaded nanoparticle (mNP)-engineered mitochondria (mNP-Mito) were designed to replace dysfunctional mitochondria with the delivery of exogenous mitochondria, normalizing the function of complex I for treating LHON. The mNP-Mito facilitated the supplementation of healthy mitochondria containing functional complex I via mitochondrial transfer, along with the elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria with impaired complex I via an enhanced PARKIN-mediated mitophagy process. In a mouse model induced with a complex I inhibitor (rotenone, Rot), mNP-Mito enhanced the presence of healthy mitochondria and exhibited a sharp increase in complex I activity (76.5%) compared to the group exposed to Rot damage (29.5%), which greatly promoted the restoration of ATP generation and mitigation of ocular mitochondrial disease-related phenotypes. This study highlights the significance of nanoengineered mitochondria as a promising and feasible tool for the replacement of dysfunctional mitochondria and the repair of mitochondrial function in mitochondrial disease therapies.

Objective:To explore the efficacy and clinical significance of Eltrombopag combined with immunosuppression therapy(IST) in the treatment of severe aplastic anemia (SAA) in children.Methods:Clinical data of 63 children with initially diagnosed SAA in the Department of Hematology of Xinxiang Central Hospital from May 2017 to June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.All of them were all donors without siblings and they were classified into observation group (31 cases) and control group (32 cases). Patients in the observation group received IST combined with Eltrombopag treatment, and those in the control group received IST treatment.The Chi- square test was used to compare the overall remission (OR) rate and complete remission (CR) rate at 3 months, 6 months and 12 months, and incidence of infection and significant bleeding between groups.The t-test was used to compare the application of gra-nulocyte colony stimulating factor, the mean red blood cell transfusion, and the mean platelet infusion volume between groups.Kaplan-Meier method was adopted to analyze the 2-year overall survival (OS) rate and failure-free survival (FFS) rate, followed by the Log- rank test. Results:The 3-month and 6-month OR rate of the observation group were 61.29%(19/31 cases) and 80.64% (25/31 cases), respectively, which was significantly higher than that of the control group [37.50%(12/32 cases) and 59.38%(19/32 cases), χ2=45.27, 43.81, respectively, all P<0.05]. The 3-month and 6-month CR rate of the observation group were 32.26%(10/31 cases) and 45.16%(14 /31 cases), respectively, which was significantly higher than that of the control group [15.62%(5/32 cases) and 28.13%(9/32 cases), χ2=47.02, 48.35, respectively, all P<0.05]. The 12-month OR rate and CR rate in the observation group were 83.87%(26/31 cases), and 64.52%(20/31 cases), respectively, which were 81.25%(26/32 cases), and 59.38%(19/32 cases), respectively in the control group, and no significant differences in them were detected between the two groups (all P>0.05). The total amount of granulocyte colony stimulating factors [(13.58±4.28) doses vs.(23.24±6.68) doses, t=2.591], and the mean infusion volume of red blood cells [(5.48±1.67) U vs.(10.58±3.67) U, t=2.040] and platelets (4.15±2.47) bags vs.(9.15±3.87) bags, t=2.744) used in observation group within 6 months of treatment were significantly lower than those of the control group (all P<0.05). The rate of infection (16.13% vs.43.75%, χ2=47.12) and significant bleeding (16.13% vs.37.50%, χ2=44.52) in the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (all P<0.05). The 2-year OS rate of the observation group and control group were 93.55% (29/31 cases), and 87.50% (28/32 cases), respectively.No significant difference in the OS rate was found between groups ( P=0.407 3), nor as the 2-year FFS rate(87.10% vs.78.13%, P=0.326 6). Conclusions:IST combined with Eltrombopag can significantly improve the early treatment response rate of SAA children without a sibling identical donor, which can reduce red blood cell and platelet transfusion, and the incidence of infection and bleeding.

Objective:To investigate the status quo and training needs of general practitioner (GP) job-transfer training program in Hebei Province.Methods:An online survey with self-designed questionnaire was conducted on May 2019 through WeChat among 165 trainees in the General Practice Training Center of Hebei Province. A total of 165 questionnaires were distributed and 149 were valid with an effective rate of 90.3%. The contents of the questionnaire included the basic information of the trainees, the evaluation of the current training, and the needs of the GPs′ job-transfer training.Results:Among 149 participants, there were 131 (87.9%)from the secondary hospitals or above, 146(98.0%)with bachelor′s degree or above, and 128 (85.9%)with intermediate or above professional titles. The survey showed that 72.0%(67/93)thought the main reasons affecting participation in the training were busy work load and insufficient personnel, the main problems of training were too short training duration(45.2%, 42/93), the not focused training contents(38.7%, 36/93) and lack of practice(37.6%, 35/93). In the 149 trainees, 136(91.3%) thought that the most important contents should be standardized diagnosis and treatment of common diseases; 104(69.8%), 118(79.2%), 115(77.2%) and 98(65.8%) considered that the knowledge of prevention and health-protection, first aid, latest progress and chronic disease management were needed for training; 110(73.8%)and 80(53.7%)thought the mastery of clinical practice and basic theory were needed. And 57.7% (86/149)of the trainees believed that research training was needed, and there was significant difference in the demand for research training among participants from different work units and with different professional titles (χ 2=15.371,10.625,all P<0.05). The accepted training methods were case study(53.7%, 81/149) and practical work(37.6%, 56/149). For training duration, 43.6% (65/149) thought it should not exceed 6 months and 56.4% (84/149) preferred more than 1 year; there was a significant difference in demanded training duration among trainees from different work units, with different education background and professional titles (χ 2=16.225,6.243,25.966, all P<0.05). Conclusion:We need a multi-channel and multi-level training model to establish a better job-transfer training system for general practitioners, in order to meet different training needs and to improve the effectiveness of the training.

Human motion recognition (HAR) is the technological base of intelligent medical treatment, sports training, video monitoring and many other fields, and it has been widely concerned by all walks of life. This paper summarized the progress and significance of HAR research, which includes two processes: action capture and action classification based on deep learning. Firstly, the paper introduced in detail three mainstream methods of action capture: video-based, depth camera-based and inertial sensor-based. The commonly used action data sets were also listed. Secondly, the realization of HAR based on deep learning was described in two aspects, including automatic feature extraction and multi-modal feature fusion. The realization of training monitoring and simulative training with HAR in orthopedic rehabilitation training was also introduced. Finally, it discussed precise motion capture and multi-modal feature fusion of HAR, as well as the key points and difficulties of HAR application in orthopedic rehabilitation training. This article summarized the above contents to quickly guide researchers to understand the current status of HAR research and its application in orthopedic rehabilitation training.

Objective To study the relationship between mean platelet volume (MPV) and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants.Method From January 2012 to June 2017,a retrospective case-control study was performed on preterm infants with gestational age (GA)＜32 weeks admitted to our hospital.The preterm infants with severe ROP were assigned into severe ROP group,and preterm infants with the same GA and birth weight but without ROP were assigned into the control group.The MPV were compared between the two groups,and Logistic regression method was used to analyze the risk factors for severe ROP.Result A total of 82 preterm infants with severe ROP were enrolled,including 51 males and 31 females with GA of 24～31 weeks.The control group also included 82 patients.The mechanical ventilation (MV) duration and continuous positive pressure ventilation duration of preterm infants in severe ROP group were significantly longer than the control group [7.2 (3.9,10.8) d vs.5.6 (3.5,8.9) d,7.8 (4.7,11.6) d vs.5.3 (2.3,9.2) d];the incidences of sepsis and intracranial hemorrhage were significantly higher than the control group [32.9％ (27/82) vs.17.1％ (14/82),31.7％(26/82) vs.17.1％ (14/82)],and the breast feeding rate was significantly lower than the control group[15.8％(13/82)vs.52.4％ (43/82)] (P＜0.05).The MPV of the preterm infants in the severe ROP group was significantly higher than the control group at 36-and 40-week of corrected GA [(10.6± 1.8) fl vs.(10.1± 1.4) fl,(10.8± 1.8) fl vs.(10.2± 1.5) fl] (P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that high birth weight (OR=0.998,95％CI 0.996～ 0.999) protective factor for severe ROP,increased MPV (OR=1.084,95％CI 1.011 ～ 1.163) was risk factor for severe ROP.The ROC curve analysis indicated that threshold values of MPV at corrected GA of 32-week,36-week,and 40-week were 9.9 fl,10.9 fl,and 10.8 fl,respectively;and the sensitivities and specificities were 93.2％ and 68.0％,84.1％,and 92.3％,88.6％ and 89.5％,respectively.Conclusion MPV may be associated with the development of severe ROP in preterm infants.