Objective:To translate the Needs and Provision Complexity Scale (NPCS) into Chinese and validate its reliability and validity among stroke patients.Methods:The Chinese version of NPCS was developed through forward translation, back-translation, cultural adaptation, and pre-survey using the modified Brislin translation model. Convenience sampling was used to select 330 stroke patients who visited Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital between May and July 2024 for questionnaire surveys, thereby validating the reliability and validity of the scale. A total of 330 questionnaires were distributed, with 316 valid responses collected for the need version and 305 valid responses collected for the provision version.Results:The Chinese version of NPCS was divided into a need version and a provision version, each comprising two dimensions and 15 items. The content validity index at the item level of the need and provision version of the scale ranged from 0.833 to 1.000, with an average content validity index of 0.943 for both. The Cronbach's α coefficients of the scale were 0.916 and 0.918, and the Cronbach's α coefficients of each dimension were from 0.882 to 0.919, and the test-retest reliability coefficients were 0.913 and 0.897, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis yielded two common factors of personal health care and social support, with cumulative variance contribution rates of 71.437% and 70.266%, respectively. The Chinese version of the scale demonstrated good model fit.Conclusions:The Chinese version of NPCS has good reliability and validity, and can be used for investigating the provision and need of rehabilitation and social support services for stroke patients.

Objective:To translate the Needs and Provision Complexity Scale (NPCS) into Chinese and validate its reliability and validity among stroke patients.Methods:The Chinese version of NPCS was developed through forward translation, back-translation, cultural adaptation, and pre-survey using the modified Brislin translation model. Convenience sampling was used to select 330 stroke patients who visited Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital between May and July 2024 for questionnaire surveys, thereby validating the reliability and validity of the scale. A total of 330 questionnaires were distributed, with 316 valid responses collected for the need version and 305 valid responses collected for the provision version.Results:The Chinese version of NPCS was divided into a need version and a provision version, each comprising two dimensions and 15 items. The content validity index at the item level of the need and provision version of the scale ranged from 0.833 to 1.000, with an average content validity index of 0.943 for both. The Cronbach's α coefficients of the scale were 0.916 and 0.918, and the Cronbach's α coefficients of each dimension were from 0.882 to 0.919, and the test-retest reliability coefficients were 0.913 and 0.897, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis yielded two common factors of personal health care and social support, with cumulative variance contribution rates of 71.437% and 70.266%, respectively. The Chinese version of the scale demonstrated good model fit.Conclusions:The Chinese version of NPCS has good reliability and validity, and can be used for investigating the provision and need of rehabilitation and social support services for stroke patients.

Analogical reasoning improvement is important in educational outcome improvement. Inspired by recent ideas and evidence, we applied anti-saccade task training as an executive attention intervention and tested whether it could improve analogical reasoning performance. A serial-task paradigm was applied where participants performed an anti-saccade followed by an analogical reasoning task including a perception condition. The experimental group finished the anti-saccade task in which the ratio of anti-saccade trials to pro-saccade trials was 5:1 while the counterpart was 1:1 in the active control group. Also, a blank control group was established where participants merely finished the analogical reasoning task. Event-related electroencephalographic (EEG) data were recorded when participants were performing the executive attention and analogical reasoning tasks. In addition, their resting state EEG was collected before and after the executive attention intervention. Behaviorally, the experimental group reacted significantly faster than the other two groups in analogical reasoning but not in perception. At the neural level, in the experimental group alone, the anti-saccade trials elicited a smaller N2 than pro-saccade trials and the resting alpha power was improved after executive attention intervention. No significant difference in P2 was found between the two groups in analogical reasoning or perception but the experimental group showed a larger late positive component than the active control group in analogical reasoning. We also found that the late positive component mediated the relationship between the N2 of anti-saccade trials and analogical reasoning reaction times in the experimental group. We further discussed the role of executive attention in the analogical reasoning process, which may pave the way for the future reliable improvement of fluid intelligence.
Young Adult ; Humans ; Problem Solving ; Attention ; Reaction Time ; Electroencephalography