OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of saikosaponin C （SSC） on acute liver injury （ALI） in mice induced by carbon tetrachloride （CCl4） based on serum metabolomics. METHODS Forty mice were divided into blank group （water）， model group （water）， positive control drug group （Biphenyl diester drop pills， 150 mg/kg）， and SSC low- and high-dose groups （2.5， 10 mg/kg） using the random number table method， with 8 mice in each group. They were given water/ relevant drugs， once a day， for 7 consecutive days. One hour after the last administration， all mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.2% CCl4 olive oil to induce ALI model， except for the blank group. After 17 hours of the modeling， the liver index of mice was calculated. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， and IL-1β in serum of mice were detected. The histopathological changes of liver tissue were observed. Meanwhile， the serum metabolomics of mice were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Compared with the blank group， the levels of liver index， ALT， AST， LDH， TNF-α， IL-6， and IL-1β in the model group were significantly increased （P＜0.01）. Hepatocytes were edema， vacuolar degeneration， more necrosis， and a large number of inflammatory cells were infiltrated. Compared with the model group， liver index and serum index levels of mice were significantly decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， accompanied by marked improvement in histopathological damage to the liver tissue. The metabolomics results showed that compared with the model group， there were 63 up-regulated and 256 down-regulated differential metabolites in the serum of mice in the SSC high-dose group， including prostaglandin B2， 20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4， 5- hydroxy-L-tryptophan， 7α -hydroxycholesterol， etc.； these metabolites were primarily involved in metabolic pathways such as arachidonic acid metabolism， 5-hydroxytryptamine synapse， primary bile acid biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS SSC exerts a protective effect against CCl4-induced ALI by down-regulating the level of key metabolites such as prostaglandin B2 and 20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4， and then ruducing metabolic pathways such as arachidonic acid metabolism， 5- hydroxytryptamine synapse， and primary bile acid biosynthesis.

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), when released extracellularly, plays a pivotal role in the development of spinal cord synapses and exacerbates autoimmune diseases within the central nervous system. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a condition that models multiple sclerosis, the levels of extracellular HMGB1 and interleukin-33 (IL-33) have been found to be inversely correlated. However, the mechanism by which IL-33 deficiency enhances HMGB1 release during EAE remains elusive. Our study elucidates a potential signaling pathway whereby the absence of IL-33 leads to increased binding of P300/CBP-associated factor with HMGB1 in the nuclei of astrocytes, upregulating HMGB1 acetylation and promoting its release from astrocyte nuclei in the spinal cord of EAE mice. Conversely, the addition of IL-33 counteracts the TNF-α-induced increase in HMGB1 and acetylated HMGB1 levels in primary astrocytes. These findings underscore the potential of IL-33-associated signaling pathways as a therapeutic target for EAE treatment.
Animals ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism* ; Astrocytes/metabolism* ; Interleukin-33/metabolism* ; HMGB1 Protein/metabolism* ; Acetylation ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; p300-CBP Transcription Factors/metabolism* ; Mice ; Spinal Cord/metabolism* ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Signal Transduction

There is a large gap between production and demand of plant oil in China, which leads to the heavy reliance on imports. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) are two key enzymes responsible for the synthesis of triacylglycerol, thereby affecting the yield and quality of plant oil. This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress in DGAT and PDAT in terms of their biological functions in plant oil synthesis, the molecular mechanisms of regulating plant lipid metabolism, growth, and development under stress, and their roles in driving oil synthesis under the background of synthetic biology. Furthermore, future research and application of DGAT and PDAT are prospected. This review aims to provide a basis for deeply understanding the molecular mechanism of plant oil synthesis and improving the quality and productivity of oil crops by the utilization of DGAT and PDAT genes.
Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/physiology* ; Plant Oils/metabolism* ; Acyltransferases/metabolism* ; Lipid Metabolism/genetics* ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Triglycerides/biosynthesis*

Objective To study the pharmacokinetic characteristics of clobazam tablet in Chinese healthy subjects and evaluate the bioequivalence of test preparation(T)and reference preparation(R)under fasting or fed conditions.Methods A randomized,open-label,single-dose,two-period,two-way crossover bioequivalence trial was performed.34 healthy subjects were enrolled in fasting study and 30 in fed study.Each subjects received a single dose of T 20 mg or R 20 mg with a washout period of 28 days.Plasma concentrations of clobazam and its active metabolite,N-desmethylclobazam were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS).The pharmacokinetic parameters of clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam were calculated by non-compartment model.Geometric mean values for the T/R ratios of clobazam's main pharmacokinetic parameters and their corresponding 90 percent confidence intervals(CI)were evaluated to assess bioequivalence of the two preparations.Results In fasting study,the 90 percent CI of the geometric mean values for the T/R ratios were 94.46 to 103.82 percent for Cmax,99.64 to 103.62 percent for AUC0-tand 99.39 to 103.51 percent for AUC0-∞,respectively.In fed study,the 90 percent CI of the geometric mean values for the T/R ratios of were 93.86 to 106.02 percent for Cmax,100.37 to 104.51 percent for AUC0-tand 100.71 to 104.63 percent for AUC0-∞,respectively.Conclusion In this study,the 90 percent CI of the geometric mean values of Cmax,AUC0-tand AUC0-∞ for T/R ratios were all within the acceptable bioequivalence limits of 80 to 125 percent for clobazam.Therefore two formulations were considered bioequivalent.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between family behaviors and overweight/obesity in primary and junior school students aged 6-14 years in Xuzhou, and to provide a reference for a targeted measure to prevent and control overweight and obesity. Methods: Using multistage stratified cluster random sampling, a total of 6 220 students aged 6-14 years old from 10 primary schools and 10 junior schools were investigated by a self-designed questionnaire. Chi-square and multivariate Logistic regression models were used to explore the relationship between family behaviors and overweight/obesity in primary and junior school students. Results: The rate of overweight/obesity in primary and junior boys was higher than that in primary and junior girls. The rate of overweight/obesity in urban students was higher than that of rural students(P<0.05). The Chi-square analysis showed that overweight of parents, irregular breakfast, eating fast food, eating sweets, drinking sweetened beverage, long screen time and short sleep duration were risk family behavior factors of overweight/obesity in primary and junior boy students(P<0.05). The risk family behavior factors of overweight/obesity in primary and junior girl students were overweight of parents, irregular breakfast, eating fast food and eating sweets(P<0.05). The risk family behavior factors of overweight/obesity, such as drinking sweetened beverage and short sleep duration, were also related to primary girls(P<0.05), and long screen time was related to junior girls(P<0.05). The multivariate Logistic regression showed that such family behavior factors as irregular breakfast(OR-boy=1.58, OR-girl=1.74), eating fast food(OR-boy=1.37, OR-girl=1.11), eating sweets(OR-boy=1.85, OR-girl=1.52), drinking sweetened beverage(OR-boy=1.64, OR-girl=1.33) and short sleep duration(OR-boy=1.56, OR-girl=1.69) were positively correlated with the prevalence of overweight/obesity in primary students. Long screen time was also correlated to overweight/obesity primary boy students(OR=1.18). Family behavior factors for child overweight and obesity induded overweight of parents(OR-boy=1.29, OR-girl=1.23) and eating sweets(OR-boy=1.44, OR-girl=1.51). Irregular breakfast(OR=1.51), eating fast food(OR=1.22), drinking sweetened beverage (OR=1.75) and long visual screen time (OR=1.15) were also positively correlated with the prevalence of overweight/obesity in junior boy students. Conclusion Family behavior factors were positively correlated with the prevalence of overweight/obesity in primary and junior students. The influence of family behavior factors were different between primary and junior students. Behavioral interventions based on family should be adopted to prevent and control the overweight/obesity of children.

Objective To analyze the relationship between sleep duration, screen viewing time, and the prevalence of overweight/obesity among primary school students in Xuzhou. Methods Using a cluster sampling method, a total of 3 228 students (including 1 679 boys and 1 549 girls with an average age of 10.78±0.69 years) from grade one to six from 10 primary schools in Xuzhou underwent interview using a self?designed questionnaire containing basic characteristics, sleep duration, and screen viewing time. Data on height and weight were also collected. The relationship between sleep duration, screen viewing time, and overweight/obesity was analyzed using a logistic regression analysis. Results The prevalence rates of overweight among boys and girls were 16.56% and 11.94%, respectively (χ2=13.59, P<0.05). The prevalence rates of obesity among boys and girls were 14.47% and 10.07%, respectively (χ2=14.01, P<0.05). In total, 74.41% students reported a lack of sleep; the average sleeping time was (9.24±1.07) h. The average sleeping time among boys was (9.35 ± 1.12) h and among girls was (9.13 ± 1.03) h. The difference in sleep duration between boys and girls was significant (t=5.79, P<0.05). The differences in sleep duration and overweight/obesity were significant between both boys (χ2=18.62, P<0.05) and girls (χ2=21.14, P<0.05). Regarding screen viewing time, 17.29% of students spent more than 2 hours per day viewing a screen. The difference in screen viewing time between boys and girls was significant (Z=3.02, P=0.014). The proportion of children with screen viewing time of more than 2 h/d among overweight/obese and healthy weight male students was 29.50% (82/278) and 22.56% (316/1401), respectively, which was significantly different (χ2=6.18, P=0.01). However, there was no significant difference when examining the same groups among girls (12.98% (24/185;obese/overweight) vs . 9.97% (136/1364; healthy weight); χ2=1.59, P=0.21). After adjusting for parental obesity, eating sweets, and physical activity, logistic regression analysis showed that students who had a sleep duration less than 10 h/d had an odds ratio of 1.4 (95% CI: 1.15-1.71), the odds ratio for boys and girls was 1.56 (95% CI: 1.13-2.14) and 1.69 (95% CI: 1.15-2.46). The students who had a screen viewing time of more than 2 h/d had an odds ratio of 1.14 (95% CI: 1.05-1.80); the odds ratio for boys in this group was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.03-1.67). Conclusion Short sleep duration is a risk factor for being overweight/obese in both boys and girls. However, long screen viewing times were associated with being overweight/obese only in boys.

Objective: To verify the accuracy of oxygen concentration (FiO₂) of modified oxygen treatment with Venturi and humidity system. Methods: Patients just after ventilator weaning and before the removal of tracheal intubation/tracheotomy tube, who admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Henan Provincial People's Hospital from May 1st to December 15th in 2017, were enrolled. All patients were given a modified oxygen treatment with Venturi and humidity system, and the oxygen flow rate (Flow) of the Venturi device and the oretical value of FiO₂ were adjusted according to the patient's condition. Patients were divided into five groups based on doctor's orders: Flow 3 L/min FiO₂ 0.24, Flow 3 L/min FiO₂ 0.26, Flow 6 L/min FiO₂ 0.28, Flow 6 L/min FiO₂ 0.30, Flow 9 L/min FiO₂ 0.35. The value of FiO₂ at the inhalation end of patients of each group was measured by TSI airflow analyzer, and the consistency between the measured value of FiO₂ at the inhalation end and the FiO₂ marked value of Venturi was compared and analyzed. Results: When the FiO₂ theoretical value of Venturi were adjusted to 0.24, 0.26, 0.28, 0.30, and 0.35, the measured values of FiO₂ at the inhalation end of patients were 0.38±0.05, 0.38±0.05, 0.40±0.04, 0.41±0.04, and 0.77±0.11, respectively, which were all significantly higher than the theoretical value of FiO₂ (all P < 0.01). The difference between the measured value of FiO₂ at the inhalation side and the FiO₂ value of the Venturi annotated and the difference rate were both "V"-shaped, both of which decreased with the increase in theoretical value of FiO₂ to a Flow of 9 L/min and a theoretical value of FiO₂ 0.35, the accuracy was the worst, with the FiO₂ difference of 0.42±0.11, and the FiO₂ difference rate of (121.6±36.5)%. Conclusion There is a difference between the measured value and the theoretical value of FiO₂ at the inhalation end of the modified Venturi oxygen therapy humidification system, which needs to be paid attention to during clinical oxygen therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the accuracy of oxygen concentration (FiO₂) of modified oxygen treatment with Venturi and humidity system. METHODS: Patients just after ventilator weaning and before the removal of tracheal intubation/tracheotomy tube, who admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Henan Provincial People's Hospital from May 1st to December 15th in 2017, were enrolled. All patients were given a modified oxygen treatment with Venturi and humidity system, and the oxygen flow rate (Flow) of the Venturi device and the oretical value of FiO₂ were adjusted according to the patient's condition. Patients were divided into five groups based on doctor's orders: Flow 3 L/min FiO₂ 0.24, Flow 3 L/min FiO₂ 0.26, Flow 6 L/min FiO₂ 0.28, Flow 6 L/min FiO₂ 0.30, Flow 9 L/min FiO₂ 0.35. The value of FiO₂ at the inhalation end of patients of each group was measured by TSI airflow analyzer, and the consistency between the measured value of FiO₂ at the inhalation end and the FiO₂ marked value of Venturi was compared and analyzed. RESULTS: When the FiO₂ theoretical value of Venturi were adjusted to 0.24, 0.26, 0.28, 0.30, and 0.35, the measured values of FiO₂ at the inhalation end of patients were 0.38±0.05, 0.38±0.05, 0.40±0.04, 0.41±0.04, and 0.77±0.11, respectively, which were all significantly higher than the theoretical value of FiO₂ (all P < 0.01). The difference between the measured value of FiO₂ at the inhalation side and the FiO₂ value of the Venturi annotated and the difference rate were both "V"-shaped, both of which decreased with the increase in theoretical value of FiO₂ to a Flow of 9 L/min and a theoretical value of FiO₂ 0.35, the accuracy was the worst, with the FiO₂ difference of 0.42±0.11, and the FiO₂ difference rate of (121.6±36.5)%. CONCLUSIONS There is a difference between the measured value and the theoretical value of FiO₂ at the inhalation end of the modified Venturi oxygen therapy humidification system, which needs to be paid attention to during clinical oxygen therapy.
Humans ; Humidity ; Oxygen/analysis* ; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy ; Respiration, Artificial ; Ventilator Weaning

Objective·To compare the clinical features between different subtype bipolar patients with first mania episode, and to contribute to early identification of bipolar disorder. Methods·This study was based on the database named as National Bipolar Mania Pathway Survey (BIPAS). From November 2012 to January 2013, bipolar patients from 26 mental health facilities in China were enrolled in current study. The clinical features were compared between mania patients of different subtypes, including hypomania (groupⅠ), mania without psychotic symptoms (groupⅡ), mania with psychotic symptoms (group Ⅲ) and mixed state (group Ⅳ). Results·There was significant difference in the percentage of clinical symptoms between different subtype bipolar patients with first mania episode, especially the mania and anxiety related symptoms. Group Ⅰ, Ⅲ , Ⅳ were further compared with groupⅡ, which was considered as the typical bipolar disorder. The results showed that the mania related symptoms was significantly higher in group Ⅱ, but anxiety related symptoms was significantly higher in group Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ. Moreover, Logistic regression analysis revealed that more eloquent or humor and unusually restless could be in favor of the diagnosis of hypomania; younger and mania or hypomania as first episode might be in favor of the diagnosis of mania with psychotic symptoms; older, national minorities and unusually restless could be in favor of the diagnosis of mixed state. Conclusion·The clinical features between different subtype bipolar patients with first mania episode are various, and analysis of the clinical features can contribute to early identification of bipolar disorder.

Objective To investigate the value and diagnostic efficiency of the quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) parameters using three dimention (3D)-histogram analysis for discriminating the Gleason score (GS) of prostate cancer. Methods A total of 53 patients pathologically confirmed as prostate cancer by systemic prostate biopsy who had routine , DCE and DWI-MRI scans were retrospectively analyzed. There were 15 cases for low-risk and 38 cases for intermediate/high-risk prostate cancer. The 3D ROI of all lesions based on T2WI was achieved by image registration to get the quantitative parameters of DCE-MRI and DWI-IVIM. The parameters of DCE-MRI contains: transfer constant (Ktrans), rate constant (Kep) and extracellular-extravascular volume fraction (Ve).The DWI-IVIM related quantitative parameters were ADC, diffusion coefficient (D), diffusion coefficient related to perfusion (D*) and perfusion fraction (f). Then the histogram analysis of these quantitative parameters was performed to get the mean, median, 25th percentile, 75th percentile, Skewness and Kurtosis. Using the Spearman rank correlation analysis to evaluate the correlation of these parameters and GS of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of these quantitative histogram parameters related to the GS in identifying low-risk and intermediate/high-risk of prostate cancer was carried by ROC. Results The Kep and Ktrans (mean, median, 25th, 75th) of DCE-MRI were positively correlated with GS (r value was 0.346 to 0.696, P<0.05). The ADC (mean, median, 25th, 75th), D (mean, median, 25th, 75th, Skewness, Kurtosis) and D*(25th) of DWI-IVIM were correlated with GS (r value was-0.544 to 0.428, P<0.05). The DCE-MRI quantitative parameters Kep (25th) had the highest area under curve (AUC, 0.961); The ADC (median) and D (25th) had higher AUC( 0.832, 0.888) in the quantitative parameters of DWI-IVIM, the difference between Kep(25th) and ADC (median) was statistically significant (Z value was 2.212, P value was 0.027). The difference of AUC between Kep (25th) and D (25th), D (25th) and ADC (median) was not statistically significant (Z values were 1.027 and 1.398, P values were 0.162 and 0.304, respectively).Conclusion DCE and IVIM quantitative parameters (Kep, Ktrans, ADC, D) histogram analysis results are correlated with GS, and can be used for distinguishing low-risk from intermediate/high-risk prostate cancer.