OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of saikosaponin C （SSC） on acute liver injury （ALI） in mice induced by carbon tetrachloride （CCl4） based on serum metabolomics. METHODS Forty mice were divided into blank group （water）， model group （water）， positive control drug group （Biphenyl diester drop pills， 150 mg/kg）， and SSC low- and high-dose groups （2.5， 10 mg/kg） using the random number table method， with 8 mice in each group. They were given water/ relevant drugs， once a day， for 7 consecutive days. One hour after the last administration， all mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.2% CCl4 olive oil to induce ALI model， except for the blank group. After 17 hours of the modeling， the liver index of mice was calculated. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， and IL-1β in serum of mice were detected. The histopathological changes of liver tissue were observed. Meanwhile， the serum metabolomics of mice were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Compared with the blank group， the levels of liver index， ALT， AST， LDH， TNF-α， IL-6， and IL-1β in the model group were significantly increased （P＜0.01）. Hepatocytes were edema， vacuolar degeneration， more necrosis， and a large number of inflammatory cells were infiltrated. Compared with the model group， liver index and serum index levels of mice were significantly decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， accompanied by marked improvement in histopathological damage to the liver tissue. The metabolomics results showed that compared with the model group， there were 63 up-regulated and 256 down-regulated differential metabolites in the serum of mice in the SSC high-dose group， including prostaglandin B2， 20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4， 5- hydroxy-L-tryptophan， 7α -hydroxycholesterol， etc.； these metabolites were primarily involved in metabolic pathways such as arachidonic acid metabolism， 5-hydroxytryptamine synapse， primary bile acid biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS SSC exerts a protective effect against CCl4-induced ALI by down-regulating the level of key metabolites such as prostaglandin B2 and 20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4， and then ruducing metabolic pathways such as arachidonic acid metabolism， 5- hydroxytryptamine synapse， and primary bile acid biosynthesis.

There is a large gap between production and demand of plant oil in China, which leads to the heavy reliance on imports. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) are two key enzymes responsible for the synthesis of triacylglycerol, thereby affecting the yield and quality of plant oil. This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress in DGAT and PDAT in terms of their biological functions in plant oil synthesis, the molecular mechanisms of regulating plant lipid metabolism, growth, and development under stress, and their roles in driving oil synthesis under the background of synthetic biology. Furthermore, future research and application of DGAT and PDAT are prospected. This review aims to provide a basis for deeply understanding the molecular mechanism of plant oil synthesis and improving the quality and productivity of oil crops by the utilization of DGAT and PDAT genes.
Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/physiology* ; Plant Oils/metabolism* ; Acyltransferases/metabolism* ; Lipid Metabolism/genetics* ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Triglycerides/biosynthesis*

Objective: To constructCSF1R+/-mice and to analyze their genotypes, so as to provide animal model basis for disease pathological mechanism and drug target. Methods : A linearized targeting vector was designed according to Cre/Loxp system. A Loxp site was inserted upstream of the 5th exon of theCSF1Rgene, and a neomycin resistance box with Loxp sites on both sides was inserted downstream of the 5th exon. The linearized targeting vector was electroporated into embryonic stem cells. The correctly targeted embryonic stem cells were injected into the blastocysts of C57BL/6J mice to obtain chimeric mice, which were bred with Zp3-Cre mice. The newborn mice were numbered 9-14 days after birth and their tails were cut. The DNA of the mice was extracted, and the genotype of the mice was identified by polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis. The expression of CSF1R in mouse macrophages was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of CSF1R in mouse tissues was detected by Western blot. Results: The results of agarose gel electrophoresis showed that 453 bp bands were amplified in wild type mice, and 453 bp and 650 bp bands were amplified in heterozygous mice. The results of flow cytometry showed that the expression of CSF1R in peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages of CSF1R heterozygous mice was lower than that of WT group(P<0.05). The results of Western blot showed that the expression of CSF1R in spleen, kidney and brain tissue of CSF1R heterozygous group was lower than that of WT group(P<0.05). Conclusion CSF1R+/-mice are successfully constructed, reproduced and identified, which provides an animal model basis for further revealing the potential mechanism of CSF1R in immune regulation.

Objective : To construct triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2(TREM2) gene knockout(TREM2-/-) mice using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, to breed TREM2-/- mice and to analyze the genotype of TREM2-/- mice. Methods : CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to selectively knock out exon 2-3 regions of TREM2 gene to construct a TREM2-/- mouse model, and the genetic background of all mice was C57BL/6J. Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was used to identify the genotype of mice. Quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR) and Western blot were used to detect the expression level of TREM2 in major tissues of mice, and the authenticity and scientific nature of PCR identification results were verified from mRNA level and protein level. According to the sgRNA sequence, the possible off-target sites were predicted on the CCTop website, and the tail DNA of mice was extracted and amplified by PCR and then Sanger sequencing was performed to detect whether there was off-target effect in TREM2-/- mice. Results : TREM2-/- mice were successfully constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and the mice were genotyped. The results of agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the mouse genotype with only 415 bp band amplified was wild type(WT), the mouse genotype of the 449 bp band amplified only was TREM2-/-, and the mouse genotypes amplified with 415 bp and 449 bp double bands were heterozygous. qPCR results showed that compared with WT mice, the mRNA expression of TREM2 in heart and brain tissues of TREM2-/- mice was down-regulated(P-/- mice was reduced(P-/- mice. Conclusion TREM2-/- mice are successfully constructed and bred, a reliable genotype identification method is established, the genetic stability of the mouse model is verified, which will provide an important genetic animal model for the study of TREM2 gene function.

With the rapid advancement and wide application of microwave technology, it enhances convenience while potentially endangering health. The immune system, as a vital shield, is an important protective barrier and also one of the sensitive targets of microwave radiation. The immune system is particularly affected by microwave radiation via innate and adaptive immune responses, which is supported by both population surveys and experimental studies; however, the precise mechanism of immunotoxicity of microwave radiation remains under investigation. In light of recent scientific advances in the correlation between microwave radiation and the immune system, the deleterious impact of microwave radiation on innate immunity was delineated. Microwave radiation can induce irregular innate immune function by damaging macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. The effects of microwave radiation on adaptive immunity were also elucidated. Microwave radiation can impair cellular immune response by influencing T cell proliferation, maturation and activation, and distribution of T cell subpopulation, and also hinder humoral immune function by influencing B lymphocyte protein expression, maturation during development, and number of B cells. Disparity in the immune function of the body can precipitate the onset of various immune-associated diseases, so the immunotoxic effects of microwave radiation and associated protection need considerable attention and detailed investigation. This article reviewed the shortcomings of existing studies, and suggested that future experimental studies should use experimental parameters that are more similar to the actual scene of life and work, pay more attention to the biological effects of combined multi-frequency microwave exposure on the immune system, use standardized and unified experimental methods, and incorporate more sophisticated experimental technologies to further elucidate the laws of damage effect and exact mechanism of microwave radiation on the immune system, so as to provide a scientific basis for potent protection against the damage effect of microwave radiation on the immune system.

Objective: To investigate the hygienic status of the central air conditioner ventilation system in public places in urban areas of Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province, so as to provide insights into formulation of supervision and management interventions. Methods: A total of 15 public places with the central air conditioner ventilation system were randomly sampled from main urban areas in Ma'anshan City in 2022. Sampling and detection were performed following the standard GB/T 18204.5—2013 Examination methods for public places Part 5: Central air conditioning ventilation system, including total number of bacteria and total number of fungus on the inner surface of wind pipes, total number of bacteria and fungus, particulate matter (PM10) and β-hemolytic streptococci in the air supply system, and Legionella pneumophila in the cooling water, and the detection indicators were assessed following the WS 394—2012 Guideline for hygiene of the central air conditioner ventilation system in public places. The eligible rate of samples, the detection rate of L. pneumophila were analyzed. Results: A total of 368 samples were collected from 15 public places, and the qualified rate was 50.54%, no places had all eligible measurement indicators. The qualified rates of total bacteria and fungus numbers on the inner surface of wind pipes were 52.67% and 59.33%. The qualified rates of total bacterium number, total fungus number, PM10 and β-hemolytic streptococci were 12.00%, 28.00%, 90.00% and 96.00% in the air supply system. The qualified rates of samples in administrative workplaces, hotels, bathing places and malls (supermarkets) were 32.50%, 59.24%, 61.09% and 68.92%, the qualified rates of total bacteria on the inner surface of air ducts were 8.33%, 72.46%, 66.67% and 61.90%, and the qualified rates of total fungus numbers in air supply were 0, 21.70%, 33.30% and 71.40%, respectively, with statistical significance (P<0.05). A total of 18 cooling water samples were collected, and L. pneumophila was detected in three samples (16.67%). Conclusions Poor hygiene is seen in the central air conditioning ventilation systems in public places in main urban areas of Ma'anshan City. High attention needs to be paid to contamination of bacterium, fungus and L. pneumophila, and expansion of supervision coverage and improved supervision intensity are recommended.

Microwave technology has been widely applied in various fields such as military affairs, communication, transportation, medical treatment, and industrial and agricultural production. Nevertheless, such technology poses potential threats to human health while bringing convenience to production and life. Previous studies have shown that the reproductive system is one of the most sensitive targets to microwave radiation, and its microwave damage effect and treatment have garnered wide concern. This paper reviews the recent domestic and foreign studies on the impacts of microwave radiation on reproductive health and its treatment, especially the damage effects, mechanisms, and treatment method, from the aspects of epidemiological investigations and animal experiments. The purpose is to provide suggestions and references for future research on the effects of microwave radiation on reproductive damage and its treatment.

Objective To explore the protective effect and mechanism of modified Buyang Huanwu Decoction and Shenqi Dihuang Decoction on diabetic kidney disease(DKD)mice based on the regulation of VEGF-C/VEGFR3 pathway inhibiting lymphangiogenesis.Methods Twenty-four male db/db mice were randomly divided into model group,Chinese medicine group(modified Buyang Huanwu Decoction combined with Shenqi Dihuang Decoction,crude drug 24.44 g·kg-1)and western medicine group(Irbesartan,13.5 mg·kg-1),with eight mice in each group.Eight db/m mice were selected as control group.Intragastric administration was given once a day for 12 consecutive weeks.Fasting blood glucose(FBG),total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(ACR)and kidney index were measured.The pathological changes of renal tissue were observed by HE and Masson staining.The expressions of fibronectin(FN),type I collagen(Col I),Vimentin,α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1),vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3(VEGFR3),vascular endothelial growth factor-C(VEGF-C),lymphatic endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor 1(LYVE-1),podoplanin(PDPN),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)in renal tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry.The protein expressions of Col I,Vimentin,α-SMA,TGF-β1,VEGFR3,VEGF-C,LYVE-1,TNF-α and IL-1β in renal tissue were detected by Western Blot.The mRNA expressions of FN,Col I,TGF-β1,VEGF-C,VEGFR3,TNF-α and IL-1β in renal tissue were detected by Real-time PCR.Results Compared with the control group,the levels of serum FBG,TG,TC,ACR and kidney index in the model group were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Glomerular hypertrophy,mesangial matrix increased,basement membrane thickening,cystic cavity narrowing,renal tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis,interstitial infiltration of a large number of inflammatory cells,renal tubular atrophy;the level of renal fibrosis was significantly increased(P＜0.05).The protein expressions of FN,Col I,Vimentin,α-SMA,TGF-β1,VEGFR3,LYVE-1,TNF-α,IL-1β in renal interstitium,the expression of VEGF-C protein in cytoplasm and the expression of VEGFR3 and PDPN protein around renal tubular capillaries were significantly up-regulated(P＜0.05).The protein expressions of Col I,Vimentin,α-SMA,TGF-β1,VEGFR3,VEGF-C,LYVE-1,TNF-α and IL-1β in renal tissue were significantly up-regulated(P＜0.05).The mRNA expression levels of FN,Col I,TGF-β1,VEGF-C,VEGFR3,TNF-α and IL-1β in renal tissue were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the levels of serum TG,TC and ACR in the Chinese medicine group were significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Renal tissue injury was improved to varying degrees,renal inflammatory cell infiltration was reduced to a certain extent,and renal tissue fibrosis was significantly reduced(P＜0.05).The protein expressions of FN,Col I,Vimentin,α-SMA,TGF-β1,VEGFR3,LYVE-1,TNF-α,IL-1β in renal interstitium,the protein expression of VEGF-C in cytoplasm and the protein expressions of VEGFR3 and PDPN around renal tubular capillaries were significantly down-regulated(P＜0.05).The protein expressions of Col I,Vimentin,α-SMA,TGF-β1,VEGFR3,VEGF-C,LYVE-1,TNF-α and IL-1β in renal tissue were significantly down-regulated(P＜0.05).The mRNA expression levels of FN,Col I,TGF-β1,VEGF-C,VEGFR3,TNF-α and IL-1β in renal tissue were significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Conclusion Modified Buyang Huanwu Decoction combined with Shenqi Dihuang Decoction can reduce the level of inflammation and fibrosis in renal tissue of DKD mice,and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of VEGF-C/VEGFR3 pathway to inhibit lymphangiogenesis.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical outcome of Robot-assisted sacroiliac screw fixation in the treatment of fragility fracture of the sacrum in the elderly.Methods:From March 2016 to June 2022, a retrospective analysis was performed on 30 patients with fragility fractures of the sacrum in the elderly who accepted robot-assisted sacroiliac screw to treat fragility fractures of the sacrum in our hospital. There were 12 males and 18 females with average age 71.03±8.25 years (range, 60-89 years). According to the classification of fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP) in the elderly, there were 22 patients with FFP II, 2 patients with FFP III, and 6 patients with FFP IV. Surgical planning was based on the average CT value of S 1 channel and whether there is a transsacral screw channel. Robot-assisted sacroiliac screw fixation was performed during surgery. The pain of pre-operation and post-operation was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS), the position of sacroiliac screws was evaluated by Gras grading, and the degree of functional recovery after surgery was evaluated using the Majeed function score. Results:All 30 patients successfully completed the operation. The mean operation time was 27.00±6.68 min (range, 18-35 min), the mean fluoroscopy times were 27.13±5.16 (range, 18-34), and the mean blood loss was 30.53±6.61 ml (range, 23-38 ml). All patients were followed up, and the mean follow-up time was 19.03±7.8 months (range, 8-25 months). The VAS was 5(5, 6), 4(3, 4), 3(2, 3), 0(0, 1) points before surgery, 1 week, 2 months and 6 months after surgery, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( H=103.26, P<0.001). After the surgery of 2 months, 6 months and the last follow-up time, the Majeed function scores were 88(83, 90), 91(87, 92), 92(90, 93) points, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( H=19.59, P<0.001). Screw position was evaluated according to Gras grading at 3 days after surgery, including 28 cases of level I, 2 cases of level II, and no screw penetrated the cortical bone or entered the sacral canal or sacral foramen. No vascular or nerve injury occured during the operation. 28 patients with FFS met the fracture healing criteria, and the healing time was 4.54±1.57 months (range, 3-7 months). Two patients had bone nonunion, one of whom underwent anterior ring plate removal due to infection of the pelvic anterior wound, and one month later, pelvic CT scan revealed loosening of the sacroiliac screw; the other one is considered to be related to too early weight bearing. Conclusion:For fragility fractures of the sacrum in elderly, Robot-assisted sacroiliac screw is an effective minimally invasive treatment, with high accuracy of screw placement, effective pain reduction, improved fracture healing rate, and achieve the satisfactory clinical efficacy.

Objective To study the pharmacokinetic characteristics of clobazam tablet in Chinese healthy subjects and evaluate the bioequivalence of test preparation(T)and reference preparation(R)under fasting or fed conditions.Methods A randomized,open-label,single-dose,two-period,two-way crossover bioequivalence trial was performed.34 healthy subjects were enrolled in fasting study and 30 in fed study.Each subjects received a single dose of T 20 mg or R 20 mg with a washout period of 28 days.Plasma concentrations of clobazam and its active metabolite,N-desmethylclobazam were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS).The pharmacokinetic parameters of clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam were calculated by non-compartment model.Geometric mean values for the T/R ratios of clobazam's main pharmacokinetic parameters and their corresponding 90 percent confidence intervals(CI)were evaluated to assess bioequivalence of the two preparations.Results In fasting study,the 90 percent CI of the geometric mean values for the T/R ratios were 94.46 to 103.82 percent for Cmax,99.64 to 103.62 percent for AUC0-tand 99.39 to 103.51 percent for AUC0-∞,respectively.In fed study,the 90 percent CI of the geometric mean values for the T/R ratios of were 93.86 to 106.02 percent for Cmax,100.37 to 104.51 percent for AUC0-tand 100.71 to 104.63 percent for AUC0-∞,respectively.Conclusion In this study,the 90 percent CI of the geometric mean values of Cmax,AUC0-tand AUC0-∞ for T/R ratios were all within the acceptable bioequivalence limits of 80 to 125 percent for clobazam.Therefore two formulations were considered bioequivalent.