Fibrosis is characterized as an aberrant reparative process involving the direct replacement of damaged or deceased cells with connective tissue, leading to progressive architectural remodeling across various tissues and organs. This condition imposes a substantial burden, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), renowned for its medicinal properties, has been incorporated as a key component in Chinese patent medicines to mitigate fibrotic diseases. Ginsenosides, the primary bioactive compounds in ginseng, have garnered significant attention. Over the past five years, extensive research has explored the pharmaceutical potential of ginsenosides in diverse organ fibrosis conditions, including liver, myocardial, renal, and pulmonary fibrosis. Studies have elucidated that ginsenosides demonstrate potential effects on inflammatory responses stemming from parenchymal cell damage, myofibroblast activation leading to extracellular matrix (ECM) production, and myofibroblast apoptosis or inactivation. Additionally, potential downstream targets and pathways associated with these pathological processes have been identified as being influenced by ginsenosides. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the efficacious treatments utilizing ginsenosides for various tissue fibrosis types and their potential anti-fibrotic mechanisms. Furthermore, it offers a reference for the development of novel candidate drugs for future organ fibrosis therapies.
Ginsenosides/pharmacology* ; Humans ; Fibrosis/drug therapy* ; Animals ; Panax/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use*

Objective:To evaluate the effect of gender factor on the potency of remimazolam inhibiting responses to laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion.Methods:Patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ, aged 18-60 yr, with body mass index of 18-28 kg/m 2, requiring LAM insertion, undergoing elective surgery, were divided into 2 groups according to the gender: male group (group M) and female group (group F). The dose of remimazolam was determined by using modified Dixon′s up-and-down method.Remimazolam 0.3 mg/kg was injected intravenously in the first patient.When the patients lost consciousness, bispectral index value ≤60 or modified Observer′s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score <1, sufentanil 0.3 μg/kg and rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg were injected intravenously, and the LMA was inserted 3 min later.The positive response to LMA insertion was defined as swallowing, biting LMA, bucking, body movement during insertion, or an increase in the maximum mean arterial pressure or the maximum heart rate >20% of the baseline value with 2 min after insertion.When the response to LMA insertion was positive or modified Observer′s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score >1 after injection of remimazolam, the dose of remimazolam was increased in the next patient, otherwise the dose was decreased, and the difference between the two successive doses was 0.03 mg/kg.This process was repeated until the 7th turning point occurred.The median effective dose (ED 50) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of remimazolam inhibiting responses to LMA insertion were calculated by Probit. Results:A total of 29 cases in group F and 22 cases in group M completed the study.The ED 50 (95% CI) of remimazolam was 0.146 (0.106-0.175) mg/kg in group F. The ED 50 (95% CI) of remimazolam was 0.203 (0.131-0.237) mg/kg in group M. The ED 50 of remazolam was significantly higher in group M than in group F ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The potency of remimazolam inhibiting responses to LMA insertion is more effective in female patients than in male patients.

Objective To investigate epidemiological characteristics of animal plague in Microtus brandti plague foci in China from 2005-2013,and to found the reason for cross epidemic of Microtus brandti and Mongolian gerbil plague.Methods Totally 135 Yesinia pestis (Y.pestis) were isolated in Microtus brandti plague foci from 2005 to 2013.According to the typing method of Y.pestis and The Criteria of Plague Natural Foci and Animal Plague Epidemic(GB 16883-1997),bacteria type was identified using biochemical tests and sugar alcohols glycolysis test.Monitoring reports of the plague epidemic situation in Abag Banner,Xilinhot,Sonid left Banner,Xi Ujimqin Banner,Dong Ujimqin Banner,Inner Mongolia were collected.The epidemiological distribution of animal plague in Microtus brandti plague foci was analyzed.Results In 135 strains tested which were isolated from 2005-2007 and 2010,128 strains were fermented farinose,unfermented rhamnose; and 7 strains were fermented rhamnose,unfermented arabinose in 2008.According to the types of Microtus brandti Y.pestis (fermented rhamnose,unfermented arainose) and Mongolian gerbil Y.pestis (fermented arainose,unfermented rhamnose),Microtus brandti plague was identified in the epidemic in Xilinhot and Dong Ujimqin Banner in 2008.The Mongolian gerbil plague was epidemic in Abag Banner,Xilinhot and Xi Ujimqin Banner in2005-2007 and 2010.Conclusions In 2005,Mongolian gerbil type of Y.pestis is first isolated in Abag Banner,Xilinhot and Xi Ujimqin Banner.It is confirmed a newly discovered Mongolian gerbil plague foci.Abag Banner,Xilinhot,Sonid left Banner,Xi Ujimqin Banner and Dong Ujimqin Banner are Microtus brandti plague foci,only Dong Ujimqin Banner is Microtus brandti plague foci,others are two types of Microtus brandti and Mongolian gerbil plague foci.Since 2005,new epidemic situation is found,the Microtus brandti plague foci is becoming complex.It is a serious threat to human being.We must further strengthen the research and prevention in future.