tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs)—small RNA fragments derived from transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA)—fall into the category of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs). They can be categorized into two major types: tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) and tRNA-derived stress-induced small RNAs (tiRNAs). With the rapid advancement in high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatics, tsRNAs have been involved in a variety of biological processes, including gene expression, signal transduction, and epigenetic inheritance, while also playing a significant role in tumor progression. The efficacy of radiotherapy is primarily affected by radiation-induced damage to normal tissues and the resistance of tumor cells to radiotherapy. It has been found that tsRNAs plays a significant role in radiation-induced cellular damage, as well as the modulation of radiation sensitivity and resistance. This highlights their potential as promising therapeutic targets in radiotherapy for tumors. This study reviews the origins, classification, biological functions of tRFs, as well as the advances in research on their role in tumor formation and progression and their applications in radiotherapy for tumors. This study aims to explore the research value of tRFs and their potential for application in radiotherapy for tumors.

tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs)—small RNA fragments derived from transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA)—fall into the category of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs). They can be categorized into two major types: tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) and tRNA-derived stress-induced small RNAs (tiRNAs). With the rapid advancement in high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatics, tsRNAs have been involved in a variety of biological processes, including gene expression, signal transduction, and epigenetic inheritance, while also playing a significant role in tumor progression. The efficacy of radiotherapy is primarily affected by radiation-induced damage to normal tissues and the resistance of tumor cells to radiotherapy. It has been found that tsRNAs plays a significant role in radiation-induced cellular damage, as well as the modulation of radiation sensitivity and resistance. This highlights their potential as promising therapeutic targets in radiotherapy for tumors. This study reviews the origins, classification, biological functions of tRFs, as well as the advances in research on their role in tumor formation and progression and their applications in radiotherapy for tumors. This study aims to explore the research value of tRFs and their potential for application in radiotherapy for tumors.

Optogenetics combines optics and genetic engineering to control specific gene expression and biological functions and has the advantages of precise spatiotemporal control,noninvasiveness,and high efficiency.Genetically modified photosensory sensors are engineered into proteins to modulate conformational changes with light stimulation.Therefore,optogenetic techniques can provide new insights into oral biological processes at different levels,ranging from the subcellular and cellular levels to neural circuits and behavioral models.Here,we introduce the origins of optogenetics and highlight the recent progress of optogenetic approaches in oral and craniofacial research,focusing on the ability to apply optogenetics to the study of basic scientific neural mechanisms and to establish different oral behavioral test models in vivo(orofacial movement,licking,eating,and drinking),such as channelrhodopsin(ChR),archaerhodopsin(Arch),and halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis(NpHR).We also review the synergic and antagonistic effects of optogenetics in preclinical studies of trigeminal neuralgia and maxillofacial cellulitis.In addition,optogenetic tools have been used to control the neurogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in translational studies.Although the scope of optogenetic tools is increasing,there are limited large animal experiments and clinical studies in dental research.Potential future directions include exploring therapeutic strategies for addressing loss of taste in patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),studying oral bacterial biofilms,enhancing craniomaxillofacial and periodontal tissue regeneration,and elucidating the possible pathogenesis of dry sockets,xerostomia,and burning mouth syndrome.

Objective:To quantify any correlation between the severity of spinal curvature of an adolescent with idiopathic scoliosis and their cardiopulmonary exercise endurance.Methods:The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) results and the full-length spinal X-rays in a standing position of 64 adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis were reviewed retrospectively. Independent t-tests were used to compare the two datasets obtained from those with left or right thoracic scoliosis. The correlation between the Cobb angle and cardiopulmonary exercise endurance was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients, multiple factor linear regression and two-stage linear regression.Results:After adjusting for gender, age, height and weight, the multiple linear regression analysis showed that the Cobb angle was significantly negatively correlated with maximum tidal volume (β=-0.013) and significantly positively correlated with the rate of respiration (β=0.421). The relationship between the Cobb angle and cardiopulmonary exercise endurance was non-linear. With a Cobb angle > 34°, a 1° increase reduces cardiopulmonary exercise endurance by a factor of 1.4 on average. At smaller Cobb angles the corresponding increase is about 0.87 times.Conclusions:The Cobb angle is a negative predictor of ventilation during exercise among adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. The more severe a patient′s spinal curvature, the lower the cardiopulmonary exercise endurance is likely to be.

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of specific exercise therapy on spinal deformity and joint hypermobility of idiopathic scoliosis. MethodsFrom April to October, 2021, 100 children with idiopathic scoliosis in the Scoliosis Rehabilitation Center of Xinhua Hospital were divided into control group (n = 50) and experimental group (n = 50), who accepted routine exercise therapy or scoliosis-specific exercise therapy in accordance with their wishes, for six months. The maximum Cobb angle and bone mineral density were measured, and they were assessed with Beighton Scale and Chinese version of the Scoliosis Research Society-22 Questionnaire Scores (SRS-22) before and after treatment. ResultsThe change of the maximum Cobb angle was more in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.202, P < 0.05) after treatment, and the incidence of respondent was more (χ² = -2.405, P < 0.05). The bone mineral density decreased in the experimental group after treatment (|Z| > 2.127, P < 0.05). For SRS-22, the total scores increased in both groups after treatment (F_time = 106.57, P < 0.001), and increased more in the experimental group than in the control group (F = 4.969, P < 0.05); the scores of function domain and self-image domain increased in the experimental group (|Z| > 2.149, P < 0.05), while the mental health domain score decreased in the control group (Z = -2.096, P < 0.05); and the mental health domain score was more in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.260, P < 0.05). ConclusionThe scoliosis-specific exercise therapy is effective on spinal deformity and quality of life for children with idiopathic scoliosis, but less helpful for joint hypermobility and bone mineral density, which need to further improve.

Objective: The status of masked obesity in female college students and the related factors were investigated to provide a theoretical reference for instructing the physical health education of female college students and improving their physical exercises. Methods: Body composition tests were performed on 2 975 female college students, selected from 3 colleges in North China by using cluster sampling method during October to December in 2018, and their basic information and lifestyle were investigated using questionnaires. Results: The incidence of masked obesity among female college students was 33.18%, of which 2.53% came from low-weight people. The difference in the incidence of masked obesity among female college students with different take-out frequencies was statistically significant (χ2=21.98, P<0.01). Compared with those who never take takeaway, people who take takeaway every day have an increased risk of masked obesity (OR=1.49, 95%CI=0.76-2.91). The difference in the incidence of masked obesity with the frequency of eating midnight snack was statistically significant (χ2=20.80, P<0.05). The difference in the incidence of masked obesity among female college students with different exercise time was statistically significant (χ2=18.49, P<0.01). Compared with exercise time above 60 min/d, female college students who are not exercising have an increased risk of masked obesity (OR=3.20, 95%CI=1.63-6.30). The difference in the incidence of masked obesity among female college students with different weight satisfaction was statistically significant (χ2=217.54, P<0.01). Compared with female college students who were satisfied with weight, female college students who were not satisfied with weight had an increased risk of masked obesity (OR=3.47, 95%CI=1.91-6.31). The difference in the incidence of masked obesity in different weightdown plans is statistically significant (χ2=186.40, P<0.01). Those who want to lose weight have a higher risk of developing masked obesity than those who want to gain weight (OR=18.11, 95%CI=5.54-50.13). Conclusion Female college students who drink a small amount of water, eat takeaways often, eat midnight snacks, do not exercise, and are not satisfied with their weight are more likely to develop masked obesity.

Objective To obtain the detection method and reference constants of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP ) and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP)in military pilots and to provide reference basis for evaluating pilot,s otolith function in aeromedical assessment. Methods Thirty-three (6 6 ears )healthy male active duty fighter pilots were selected as study subj ects.They were between the age of 25 to 42 years old (30.3 ± 4.8 years). cVEMP and oVEMP were induced unilaterally by means of 500 Hz air-conducted tone burst stimulation.The VEMPs threshold of each ear was examined and the reference range of amplitude, latency and wave interval were calculated. Results The composite wave of cVEMP and oVEMP was observed in 33 pilots.The evoked rate was 100%.The latency of p13 and n23,p13-n23 interval,peak-to-peak p1 3-n2 3 amplitude and asymmetry ratio of cVEMP in these pilots were (1 3 .94 ± 1 .5 9 )ms, (20.95±1.59)ms,(7.01 ± 1.34)ms,(224.70 ±66.15)μV,(0.1 1±0.10).The amplitude had slight difference between the ears while the cVEMP p1 3 latency,n23 latency and wave interval showed very small difference between the ears.The latency of N1 and P1 ,N1-P1 interval,peak-to-peak N1-P1 amplitude and asymmetry ratio of oVEMP in the pilots was (1 1 .1 ± 0.9 9 )ms,(1 5 .41 ± 0.85 )ms, (4.31±0.84)ms,(2.23±0.59)μV,(0.10 ±0.08)respectively.The amplitude of oVEMP,latency of N1 ,latency and wave interval of P1 showed unobvious difference between left and right ears. Conclusions This study has established the conventional detection methods and constants of cVEMP and oVEMP of military pilots and these provide the obj ective reference to evaluate the functions of utricle and sacculus in aeromedical assessment.

Objective To obtain the detection method and reference constants of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP ) and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP)in military pilots and to provide reference basis for evaluating pilot,s otolith function in aeromedical assessment. Methods Thirty-three (6 6 ears )healthy male active duty fighter pilots were selected as study subj ects.They were between the age of 25 to 42 years old (30.3 ± 4.8 years). cVEMP and oVEMP were induced unilaterally by means of 500 Hz air-conducted tone burst stimulation.The VEMPs threshold of each ear was examined and the reference range of amplitude, latency and wave interval were calculated. Results The composite wave of cVEMP and oVEMP was observed in 33 pilots.The evoked rate was 100%.The latency of p13 and n23,p13-n23 interval,peak-to-peak p1 3-n2 3 amplitude and asymmetry ratio of cVEMP in these pilots were (1 3 .94 ± 1 .5 9 )ms, (20.95±1.59)ms,(7.01 ± 1.34)ms,(224.70 ±66.15)μV,(0.1 1±0.10).The amplitude had slight difference between the ears while the cVEMP p1 3 latency,n23 latency and wave interval showed very small difference between the ears.The latency of N1 and P1 ,N1-P1 interval,peak-to-peak N1-P1 amplitude and asymmetry ratio of oVEMP in the pilots was (1 1 .1 ± 0.9 9 )ms,(1 5 .41 ± 0.85 )ms, (4.31±0.84)ms,(2.23±0.59)μV,(0.10 ±0.08)respectively.The amplitude of oVEMP,latency of N1 ,latency and wave interval of P1 showed unobvious difference between left and right ears. Conclusions This study has established the conventional detection methods and constants of cVEMP and oVEMP of military pilots and these provide the obj ective reference to evaluate the functions of utricle and sacculus in aeromedical assessment.