Chronic heart failure （CHF） is a group of complex clinical syndromes caused by abnormal changes in the structure and/or function of the heart due to various reasons， resulting in disorders of ventricular contraction and/or diastole. CHF is a condition where primary diseases such as coronary heart disease， hypertension and pulmonary heart disease recur frequently and persist for a long time， presenting blood stasis in meridians and collaterals， stagnation of water and dampness， and accumulation of Qi in collaterals. Its pathogenesis is complex and may involve myocardial energy metabolism disorders， oxidative stress responses， myocardial cell apoptosis， autophagy， inflammatory responses， etc. According to the theory of restraining hyperactivity to acquire harmony， we believe that under normal circumstances， the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK） signaling pathway functions normally， maintaining human physiological activities and energy metabolism. Under pathological conditions， the AMPK signaling pathway is abnormal， causing energy metabolism disorders， inflammatory responses， and myocardial fibrosis. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） can regulate the AMPK signaling pathway through multiple mechanisms， targets， and effects， effectively curbing the occurrence and development of CHF. It has gradually become a research hotspot in the prevention and treatment of this disease. Guided by the theory of TCM， our research group， through literature review， summarized the relationship between the AMPK pathway and CHF and reviewed the research progress in the prevention and control of CHF with TCM active ingredients， TCM compound prescriptions， and Chinese patent medicines via regulating the AMPK pathway. The review aims to clarify the mechanism and targets of TCM in the treatment of CHF by regulating the AMPK pathway and guide the clinical treatment and drug development for CHF.

Chronic heart failure （CHF） refers to a clinical syndrome in which the function or structure of the heart is changed due to damage to the original myocardium， resulting in reduced pumping and/or filling functions of the heart. In recent years， the mechanisms， pathways， and targets of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the treatment of CHF have been continuously confirmed， and the application of TCM theories in guiding the syndrome differentiation and precise treatment of CHF is currently a research hotspot. On the basis of the syndrome differentiation and treatment in TCM， Professor LI Candong innovatively proposed the thinking of five differentiation： Disease differentiation， syndrome differentiation， pathogenesis differentiation， symptom differentiation， and individual differentiation. This article explores the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CHF from this thinking， emphasizing comprehensive syndrome differentiation， objective analysis， dynamic assessment， and individualized treatment. In terms of diagnosis， the first is to identify the disease name， cause， location， severity， and type of CHF， determine the type and its evolution， and clarify the process of transmission and transformation between deficiency and excess. Secondly， it is necessary to distinguish the authenticity， severity， primary and secondary， urgency and complexity of CHF syndromes， providing scientific guidance for syndrome differentiation and treatment. Thirdly， according to the symptoms and the principles of deficiency and excess， the physician should identify the core pathogenesis of CHF from the perspectives of Qi， blood， Yin， Yang， deficiency， stasis， phlegm， water， and toxins. Fourthly， from the macro， meso and micro levels， the physician should carefully distinguish the presence or absence， severity， authenticity， and completeness of the symptoms to guide the diagnosis and treatment process of CHF. Finally， personalized medication for CHF should be promoted based on the patient's gender， age， constitution， and living habits. In terms of treatment， based on the thinking of five differentiation， we propose that the treatment of CHF should integrate the disease and syndrome， clarify the pathogenesis， and apply precise treatment. The treatment should be people-oriented， staged， and typed， and the medication should be adjusted according to symptoms. This diagnostic and therapeutic approach is based on the holistic concept and syndrome differentiation and treatment， and combines the three causes for appropriate treatment， providing new ideas and insights for the diagnosis and treatment of CHF.

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of interleukin （IL）-17A in acute inhalational pneumonia induced by the highly drug-resistant and hypervirulent Staphylococcus aureus strain USA300-R in mice. MethodsAn acute inhalational pneumonia model was established in mice using an aerosolized pulmonary delivery technique. RNA sequencing （RNA-seq） and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） were employed to examine the expression dynamics of Il17a mRNA and IL-17A protein， respectively， in the lungs of infected mice. Il17a knockout （Il17a^-/-） mice were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. The survival rate， body weight， bacterial load in lung tissue， and histopathological changes were compared between Il17a^-/- and wild-type （WT） mice following inhalational infection with USA300-R. Results12 hours after USA300-R infection， compared to pre-infection， the expression level of Il17a mRNA in lung tissue and the level of IL-17A protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） increased by approximately 50-fold （P<0.01） and 6-fold （P<0.001）， respectively. Compared to WT mice， Il17a^-/- mice exhibited approximately 10-fold higher bacterial loads in lung tissue at both 12 and 24 hours post-infection （P<0.001， P<0.05）. However， they showed significantly attenuated lung histopathological injury， reduced alveolar wall thickening， markedly decreased neutrophil infiltration， and an approximately 50% improvement in survival rate （P<0.05）. ConclusionIn acute Staphylococcus aureus USA300-R inhalational pneumonia， IL-17A contributes to bacterial clearance by recruiting neutrophils； however， excessive neutrophil infiltration exacerbates pulmonary inflammation and injury， reduces survival rates， and represents a potential therapeutic target.

"Pattern identification by formula" originates from the formula-pattern correspondence theory in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with its core being the reverse inference of the pattern attributes of models through pharmacodynamic responses after formula intervention. With the advancement of TCM modernization， stable and reliable pattern models have become an important bridge connecting basic research and clinical practice， and "pattern identification by formula" has provided a feasible approach to enhance the authenticity and clinical translational value of these models. In recent years， notable progress has been achieved in its application to single-pattern models （such as phlegm-stasis pattern， Yang deficiency pattern， and spleen-Qi deficiency pattern） as well as disease-pattern combination models involving the respiratory， digestive， circulatory， and nervous systems. It has not only verified the pattern attributes of the models but also revealed the pattern differentiation regularity of "different diseases with the same pattern" and "the same pattern treated with different formulas". On this basis， this study further conducts a commonality analysis of pattern models， summarizes them into two major categories （deficiency patterns and excess patterns）， and embodies the pathological connotation of "deficiency results from essence-Qi consumption， and excess arises from pathogen abundance". This not only reveals the internal connections between different models but also provides a basis for the summary of formula-pattern rules and research on pattern standardization. However， current studies still suffer multiple problems such as non-standardized naming of patterns， lack of rationality in modeling methods， simplified design of control experiments， and insufficient description of macroscopic patterns in evaluation indicators， which affect the scientific rigor and reproducibility of the research. Future research needs to promote the unification of nomenclature and evaluation criteria of patterns， optimize modeling methods， strengthen the design of control experiments， and establish a multi-dimensional model evaluation system integrating macro- and micro-level indicators. This aims to improve the rigor and strength of evidence for "pattern identification by formula" studies， strengthen interdisciplinary integration and clinical feedback， and promote the development of TCM pattern models towards standardization and scientification. This study not only provides theoretical reference and methodological support for improving the system of TCM pattern animal models but also offers an important pathway for the experimental interpretation and modernization of TCM theories.

Based on ancient and modern literature， this paper systematically elucidates the concept， physiological characteristics， and reproductive significance of tiangui （天癸）， and further reviews its theoretical connotation throughout the entire process of male reproductive function， covering its onset， maturation， maintenance， disorder， and decline. In terms of its physiological foundation， tiangui is rooted in kidney essence and regulates male reproductive function through the coordination of zang-fu （脏腑） organs. It possesses characteristics of being time-limited， rhythmic， relatively independent， targeted， and functionally diverse. The occurrence of male reproductive diseases is closely related to the abnormality of tiangui， which primarily manifests as tiangui deficiency and dysregulation of tiangui timing. In clinical practice， treatment should follow the principle of "supplementing its deficiency and regulating its timing"， so as to restore the operating rhythm of tiangui.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Hei Xiaoyaosan in improving the cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease （AD） from cell apoptosis mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） signaling pathway. MethodsFour-month-old SD male rats were randomly assigned into a blank group， a sham group， a model group， a donepezil hydrochloride （0.45 mg·kg^-1） group， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （15.30， 7.65， and 3.82 g·kg^-1， respectively） Hei Xiaoyaosan groups， with 10 rats in each group. The sham group received bilateral hippocampal injection of 1 μL normal saline， while the other groups received bilateral hippocampal injection of 1 μL beta-amyloid 1-42 （Aβ_1-42） solution for the modeling of AD. Rats were administrated with corresponding agents once a day for 42 consecutive days. The Morris water maze test was carried out to assess the learning and memory abilities of rats. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was employed to observe pathological changes in the hippocampus of rats. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to measure the levels of cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3 （Caspase-3）， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of PI3K， Akt， and NF-κB. A cell model of AD was established by co-culturing Aβ_1-42 and PC12 cells in vitro. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected by the cell-counting kit 8 （CCK-8） assay and flow cytometry （FC）， respectively. ResultsAnimal experiments showed that compared with the blank group， the model group had a prolonged escape latency （P<0.01）， a reduced number of crossing platforms （P<0.01）， disarrangement and a reduced number of hippocampal neurons， up-regulated expression of Bax and Caspase-3， down-regulated expression of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）， decreased p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt levels， and an increased p-NF-κB/NF-κB level （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， donepezil hydrochloride and high- and medium-dose Hei Xiaoyaosan shortened the escape latency and increased the number of crossing platforms （P<0.05， P<0.01）， improved the arrangement and increased the number of hippocampal neurons， down-regulated the expression levels of Bax and Caspase-3， up-reguated the expression level of Bcl-2 （P<0.05， P<0.01）， increased the p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt levels （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and reduced the p-NF-κB/NF-κB level （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Cell experiments showed that compared with the blank group， the model group exhibited an increased apoptosis rate （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the serum containing Hei Xiaoyaosan at various doses improved the cell viability （P<0.01）， and the serum containing Hei Xiaoyaosan at the high dose decreased the cell apoptosis （P<0.01）. ConclusionHei Xiaoyaosan may improve the learning and memory abilities of AD model rats by regulating cell apoptosis， while increasing the vitality and reducing the apoptosis rate of AD model cells via the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway.

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of Hei Xiaoyaosan on the learning and memory abilities of Alzheimer's disease model mice （APP/PS1 mice）， and to explore its mechanism through the inflammatory cascade mediated by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 （NLRP3）/cysteine aspartate-specific protease （Caspase-1）/gasdermin D （GSDMD） signaling pathway. MethodsSPF-grade 4-month-old APP/PS1 mice were randomly divided into the model group， MCC950 group， and Hei Xiaoyaosan high-， medium-， and low-dose groups. C57BL/6J mice were used as the blank group. After 7 days of adaptive feeding， mice in each group were intervened. The Hei Xiaoyaosan high-， medium-， and low-dose groups were given corresponding doses by gavage （25.79， 12.90， 6.45 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， the MCC950 group was intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg·kg^-1·2 d^-1， and the blank group received the same volume of physiological saline by gavage. After 90 days of intervention， the learning and memory abilities were assessed using the Y maze and Morris water maze tests. The structural changes of hippocampal neurons were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. The expression of amyloid precursor protein （APP） in the hippocampal CA3 region was detected by immunohistochemistry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to measure the levels of interleukin （IL）-10， IL-18， and IL-1β in the hippocampus. Western blot was applied to detect the protein expression of NLRP3， Caspase-1， GSDMD， and GSDMD-N in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the co-localization of GSDMD-N and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 （Iba-1） in the hippocampus. Results① In the Y maze test， compared with the blank group， the spontaneous alternation rate of the model group was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the spontaneous alternation rate in the Hei Xiaoyaosan high- and low-dose groups was significantly increased （P<0.01）. ② In the Morris water maze test， during the 1-4 days of the location navigation test， the escape latency time of mice decreased with the extension of training time. On day 4， compared with the blank group， the model group showed a significantly increased escape latency （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the MCC950 group and the Hei Xiaoyaosan low-dose group showed significantly reduced escape latency （P<0.05）. In the spatial exploration experiment， compared with the blank group， the number of platform crossings in the model group was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Hei Xiaoyaosan low-dose group showed significantly increased platform crossings （P<0.05）. ③ HE staining showed that， compared with the blank group， the hippocampal CA3 cells of the model group were damaged， arranged loosely and irregularly， swollen， with unclear boundaries， and the nuclei were pyknotic and deeply stained. MCC950 and all doses of Hei Xiaoyaosan improved the hippocampal CA3 cell damage in APP/PS1 mice to varying degrees. ④ Immunohistochemical results indicated that， compared with the blank group， the expression of APP in the hippocampal CA3 region was significantly increased in the model group （P<0.01）. MCC950 and all doses of Hei Xiaoyaosan could reduce the expression of APP in the hippocampal CA3 region of APP/PS1 mice （P<0.01）. ⑤ ELISA results showed that the levels of IL-18 and IL-1β in the hippocampus of mice in the model group were significantly increased， and IL-10 levels were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the IL-18 levels in the MCC950 group and the Hei Xiaoyaosan medium- and low-dose groups were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. IL-1β levels in the hippocampus of the MCC950 group and Hei Xiaoyaosan high-， medium-， and low-dose groups were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The IL-10 levels in the hippocampus of the MCC950 group and the Hei Xiaoyaosan medium- and low-dose groups were increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ⑥ Western blot results showed that compared with the blank group， the protein levels of NLRP3， Caspase-1， GSDMD， and GSDMD-N in the hippocampus of the model group were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the content of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 in the hippocampus of the treated groups was decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The content of GSDMD in the hippocampus of the Hei Xiaoyaosan high-， medium-， and low-dose groups was reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the content of GSDMD-N in the hippocampus of the Hei Xiaoyaosan medium- and low-dose groups was decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ⑦ Immunofluorescence results showed that， compared with the blank group， the co-expression of GSDMD-N and Iba-1 in the hippocampus of the model group was significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the co-expression of GSDMD-N and Iba-1 in the treated groups was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. ConclusionHei Xiaoyaosan may regulate the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway to affect the release of inflammatory factors， alleviate neuroinflammation，improve hippocampal histopathological changes，and improve learning and memory deficits，thus providing potential therapeutic benefits for Alzheimer's disease.

Reproductive system diseases are among the primary contributors to the decline in social fertility rates and the intensification of aging, posing significant threats to both physical and mental health, as well as quality of life. Recent research has revealed the substantial potential of the gut microbiota in improving reproductive system diseases. Under healthy conditions, the gut microbiota maintains a dynamic balance, whereas dysfunction can trigger immune-inflammatory responses, metabolic disorders, and other issues, subsequently leading to reproductive system diseases through the gut-gonadal axis. Reproductive diseases, in turn, can exacerbate gut microbiota imbalance. This article reviews the impact of the gut microbiota and its metabolites on both male and female reproductive systems, analyzing changes in typical gut microorganisms and their metabolites related to reproductive function. The composition, diversity, and metabolites of gut bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Firmicutes, including short-chain fatty acids, 5-hydroxytryptamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and bile acids, are closely linked to reproductive function. As reproductive diseases develop, intestinal immune function typically undergoes changes, and the expression levels of immune-related factors, such as Toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β), also vary. The gut microbiota and its metabolites influence reproductive hormones such as estrogen, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone, thereby affecting folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis. Additionally, the metabolism and absorption of vitamins can also impact spermatogenesis through the gut-testis axis. As the relationship between the gut microbiota and reproductive diseases becomes clearer, targeted regulation of the gut microbiota can be employed to address reproductive system issues in both humans and animals. This article discusses the regulation of the gut microbiota and intestinal immune function through microecological preparations, fecal microbiota transplantation, and drug therapy to treat reproductive diseases. Microbial preparations and drug therapy can help maintain the intestinal barrier and reduce chronic inflammation. Fecal microbiota transplantation involves transferring feces from healthy individuals into the recipient’s intestine, enhancing mucosal integrity and increasing microbial diversity. This article also delves into the underlying mechanisms by which the gut microbiota influences reproductive capacity through the gut-gonadal axis and explores the latest research in diagnosing and treating reproductive diseases using gut microbiota. The goal is to restore reproductive capacity by targeting the regulation of the gut microbiota. While the gut microbiota holds promise as a therapeutic target for reproductive diseases, several challenges remain. First, research on the association between gut microbiota and reproductive diseases is insufficient to establish a clear causal relationship, which is essential for proposing effective therapeutic methods targeting the gut microbiota. Second, although gut microbiota metabolites can influence lipid, glucose, and hormone synthesis and metabolism via various signaling pathways—thereby indirectly affecting ovarian and testicular function—more in-depth research is required to understand the direct effects of these metabolites on germ cells or granulosa cells. Lastly, the specific efficacy of gut microbiota in treating reproductive diseases is influenced by multiple factors, necessitating further mechanistic research and clinical studies to validate and optimize treatment regimens.

In recent decades,the incidence of human papillomavirus(HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(OPSCC)has shown a marked increase.Significant changes have also occurred in the OPSCC diagnosis and treatment paradigm.Deter-mining HPV status prior to treatment is now essential,and radiotherapy/chemotherapy,immunotherapy,and minimally invasive surgical techniques have progressively emerged as key modalities for managing OPSCC.However,alongside these paradigm shifts,a comprehen-sive technical consensus guiding the entire diagnostic and therapeutic process for OPSCC patients is currently lacking.Given China's large population base and the rising incidence of OPSCC,an expert panel convened to develop a clinical technical consensus on OPSCC diagno-sis and management tailored to China's specific context.This consensus aims to further enhance and standardize understanding of OPSCC management techniques among relevant healthcare professionals.

Thoracic anesthesia with spontaneous respiration represents a form of precision anesthesia meticulously customized to individual patients.Considering the more stringent requirements this anesthesia approach imposes on the regulation of respiratory function,the writing group of the"Consensus of Experts on the Management of Thoracic Anesthesia with Spontaneous Respiration"has formulated elaborate guidelines regarding indications and contraindications,preoperative evaluation,anesthesia implementation,common complications,and treatment strategies.This was accomplished by referencing relevant domestic and international literature and integrating it with actual clinical requirements.The objective is to standardize the rational application of this anesthesia method.