Objective:To investigate the molecular mechanism of autophagy and apoptosis induced by ultrafine carbon black in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells), and to study the intervention effect and mechanism of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on ultrafine carbon black-induced oxidative damage in BEAS-2B cells.Methods:In March 2023, BEAS-2B cells were used as research object, an in vitro airway model exposed to ultrafine carbon black was constructed. A control group and three carbon black exposure groups (50, 100, 200 μg/ml) were set up, and the cells were treated with corresponding concentrations of ultrafine carbon black for 24 hours. In addition, the experiment was divided into control group, NAC+ control group, 100 μg/ml carbon black exposure group and NAC+ exposure group. The corresponding groups were treated with 2 mmol/L NAC for 1 h and 100 μg/ml ultrafine carbon black for 24 h, respectively. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was detected by chemical fluorescence method. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), as well as the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected by colorimetry. The mRNA and protein expressions of autophagy-related genes[Atg5, Atg7, Beclin1, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B), p62 and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) ] and apoptosis-related genes [B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Caspase3, Caspase9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) ] were determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry.Results:Compared with the control group, the relative survival rates of BEAS-2B cells in 50, 100, 200 μg/ml carbon black exposure groups were significantly decreased, the levels of ROS and MDA were significantly increased, and the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). The relative survival rate, ROS and MDA levels, SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were significantly correlated with the exposure dose of ultrafine carbon black ( rs=-0.755, 0.826, 0.934, -0.810, -0.880, -0.840, P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the relative expression levels of Atg5, Atg7, Beclin1, LC3B, p62, LAMP2, Bax, Caspase3, Caspase9, PARP1 mRNA and Atg5, Atg7, Beclin1, LC3BⅡ, p62, LAMP2, Bax, cleaved Caspase3 (C-Caspase3), cleaved Caspase9 (C-Caspase9), cleaved PARP1 (C-PARP1) protein and the ratio of LC3BⅡ/LC3BⅠ in 50, 100 and 200 μg/ml carbon black exposure groups were significantly increased, while the relative expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). The changes of the above indexes were significantly correlated with the exposure dose of carbon black ( rs=0.892, 0.879, 0.944, 0.892, 0.828, 0.880, 0.814, 0.794, 0.931, 0.918, 0.813, 0.866, 0.774, 0.695, 0.918, 0.761, 0.794, 0.944, 0.833, 0.866, 0.905, -0.886, -0.748, P<0.05). Compared with 100 μg/ml carbon black exposure group, the relative survival rate, the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT in NAC+exposure group were significantly increased, while the levels of ROS and MDA were significantly decreased, and the relative expression levels of LC3B, p62 and Caspase3 mRNA and protein as well as the ratio of LC3BⅡ/LC3BⅠ were significantly decreased, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the apoptosis rates of BEAS-2B cells in 50, 100, 200 μg/ml carbon black exposure groups were significantly increased ( P<0.05), and there was a significant positive correlation between ultrafine carbon black exposure dose and cell apoptosis rate ( rs=0.944, P<0.05). While compared with 100 μg/ml carbon black exposure group, the apoptosis rate of NAC+exposure group was significantly decreased, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:Cell autophagy and apoptosis may be important pathophysiological mechanisms of ultrafine carbon black-induced oxidative damage in BEAS-2B cells. NAC can alleviate the occurrence of BEAS-2B cell damage caused by ultrafine carbon black by regulating oxidative stress and the cascading autophagy and apoptosis pathways.

Objective:To investigate the molecular mechanism of autophagy and apoptosis induced by ultrafine carbon black in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells), and to study the intervention effect and mechanism of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on ultrafine carbon black-induced oxidative damage in BEAS-2B cells.Methods:In March 2023, BEAS-2B cells were used as research object, an in vitro airway model exposed to ultrafine carbon black was constructed. A control group and three carbon black exposure groups (50, 100, 200 μg/ml) were set up, and the cells were treated with corresponding concentrations of ultrafine carbon black for 24 hours. In addition, the experiment was divided into control group, NAC+ control group, 100 μg/ml carbon black exposure group and NAC+ exposure group. The corresponding groups were treated with 2 mmol/L NAC for 1 h and 100 μg/ml ultrafine carbon black for 24 h, respectively. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was detected by chemical fluorescence method. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), as well as the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected by colorimetry. The mRNA and protein expressions of autophagy-related genes[Atg5, Atg7, Beclin1, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B), p62 and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) ] and apoptosis-related genes [B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Caspase3, Caspase9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) ] were determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry.Results:Compared with the control group, the relative survival rates of BEAS-2B cells in 50, 100, 200 μg/ml carbon black exposure groups were significantly decreased, the levels of ROS and MDA were significantly increased, and the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). The relative survival rate, ROS and MDA levels, SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were significantly correlated with the exposure dose of ultrafine carbon black ( rs=-0.755, 0.826, 0.934, -0.810, -0.880, -0.840, P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the relative expression levels of Atg5, Atg7, Beclin1, LC3B, p62, LAMP2, Bax, Caspase3, Caspase9, PARP1 mRNA and Atg5, Atg7, Beclin1, LC3BⅡ, p62, LAMP2, Bax, cleaved Caspase3 (C-Caspase3), cleaved Caspase9 (C-Caspase9), cleaved PARP1 (C-PARP1) protein and the ratio of LC3BⅡ/LC3BⅠ in 50, 100 and 200 μg/ml carbon black exposure groups were significantly increased, while the relative expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). The changes of the above indexes were significantly correlated with the exposure dose of carbon black ( rs=0.892, 0.879, 0.944, 0.892, 0.828, 0.880, 0.814, 0.794, 0.931, 0.918, 0.813, 0.866, 0.774, 0.695, 0.918, 0.761, 0.794, 0.944, 0.833, 0.866, 0.905, -0.886, -0.748, P<0.05). Compared with 100 μg/ml carbon black exposure group, the relative survival rate, the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT in NAC+exposure group were significantly increased, while the levels of ROS and MDA were significantly decreased, and the relative expression levels of LC3B, p62 and Caspase3 mRNA and protein as well as the ratio of LC3BⅡ/LC3BⅠ were significantly decreased, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the apoptosis rates of BEAS-2B cells in 50, 100, 200 μg/ml carbon black exposure groups were significantly increased ( P<0.05), and there was a significant positive correlation between ultrafine carbon black exposure dose and cell apoptosis rate ( rs=0.944, P<0.05). While compared with 100 μg/ml carbon black exposure group, the apoptosis rate of NAC+exposure group was significantly decreased, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:Cell autophagy and apoptosis may be important pathophysiological mechanisms of ultrafine carbon black-induced oxidative damage in BEAS-2B cells. NAC can alleviate the occurrence of BEAS-2B cell damage caused by ultrafine carbon black by regulating oxidative stress and the cascading autophagy and apoptosis pathways.

Objective:To study the complete genome characterization of Human Astrovirus (HAstV) in Shandong Province.Methods:Stool samples from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in Shandong Province from 2020 to 2022 were collected, and HAstV nucleic acid was examined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was conducted for the positive samples to obtain complete genome sequences and identify the genotype. Homology comparison and phylogenetic analysis were performed by using BioEdit and Mega software.Results:A total of 667 samples were examined by qPCR, of which 14 were HAstV-positive (2.1%), including HAstV-1 ( n=6), MLB1 ( n=6), MLB2 ( n=1), and VA2 ( n=1). The complete genome sequences were obtained from 11 samples. The six HAstV-1 sequences of this study had 98.2% to 99.9% nt similarities with each other and 87.6% to 98.6% with those from other regions. The four MLB1 sequences of this study had 99.1% to 99.9% nt similarities with each other and 92.2% to 99.4% with those from other regions. The VA2 sequence of this study had 96.0% to 96.3% nt similarities with those from other regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF2 region showed that the local HAstV-1 sequences were most closely related to Japanese strains, and had distinct topology with phylogenies based on ORF1a and ORF1b regions. Conclusion:The complete genome sequences of 11 HAstV strains are obtained, and the VA2 complete genome is found.

Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the most important saponins in ginseng. It has a wide range of pharmacological activities. It is considered to be a powerful neuroprotective agent. It has neuroprotective effects such as anti-neuroinflammation, anti-oxidative stress, anti-neuronal apoptosis, and enhancing memory. Rg1 shows a good application prospect in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and mental diseases such as depression. This paper reviews the research on the neuroprotective mechanism of Rg1 at home and abroad in recent years, in order to provide new research ideas for the clinical treatment of nervous system diseases.

Fifteen compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the whole plant of Elephantopus tomentosus L. by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, MCI column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC methods. Their structures were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties, and spectral data (UV, IR, NMR, MS and CD) analysis as tomenlephanlide A (1), molephantinin (2), molephantin (3), 8-O-methacryloylelephanpane (4), apigenin (5), tricin (6), 2-phenyl acetamide (7), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester (8), caffeic acid methyl ester (9), caffeic acid ethyl ester (10), (+)-(4S)-(2E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid (11), E-4-hydroxyhex-2-enoic acid (12), 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid (13), 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (14) and isohematinic acid (15). Among them, compound 1 is a new germacrene-type sesquiterpenoid, 5-15 were obtained from E. tomentosus L. for the first time. It was the first time the absolute configuration of compound 2 was reported. Compound 1 showed weak cytotoxicity against gastric cancer cells (SGC-7901).

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of Huangqin Tang(HQT) on the NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway in mice with DSS-induced ulcerative colitis(UC). C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a blank group, a model group(DSS group), and low-, medium-and high-dose HQT groups(HQT-L, HQT-M, and HQT-H), and western medicine mesalazine group(western medicine group). The UC model was induced in mice. Subsequently, the mice in the HQT-L, HQT-M, HQT-H groups, and the western medicine group were given low-, medium-, high-dose HQT, and mesalazine suspension by gavage, respectively, while those in the blank and DSS groups were given an equal volume of distilled water by gavage. After 10 days of administration, the body weight, DAI scores, and colonic histopathological score of mice in each group were determined. The levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α in serum were determined by ELISA. The mRNA expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 in colon tissues was determined by RT-qPCR. The protein expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 in colon tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that compared with the blank group, the DSS group showed decreased body weight of mice and increased DAI scores and intestinal histopathological score. Compared with the DSS group, the HQT groups and the western medicine group showed improved DAI scores, especially in the HQT-M, HQT-H, and the western medicine groups(P<0.05). The intestinal histopathological scores of the HQT groups and the western medicine group significantly decreased, especially in the HQT-M, HQT-H, and the western medicine groups(P<0.05). In addition, compared with the blank group, the DSS group showed elevated expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 in colon tissues, increased serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and decreased IL-10 level. Compared with the DSS group, the HQT groups and the western medicine group displayed decreased expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 in colon tissues, reduced serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and increased IL-10 level. The improvement was the most significant in the HQT-H group and the western medicine group(P<0.01). In conclusion, HQT may reduce the expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 in colon tissues, reduce the se-rum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and increase the expression of IL-10 by regulating the classic pyroptosis pathway of NLRP3/Caspase-1, thereby improving the symptoms of intestinal injury and inflammatory infiltration of intestinal mucosa in DSS mice to achieve its therapeutic effect.
Animals ; Mice ; Caspase 1/genetics* ; Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics* ; Colon ; Dextran Sulfate/adverse effects* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Interleukin-10/genetics* ; Interleukin-6/genetics* ; Mesalamine/pharmacology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics* ; Scutellaria baicalensis/chemistry* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology*

This study comprehensively analyzed the active components of Sanhan Huashi Formula using qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometry techniques, laying the foundation for understanding its pharmacological substance basis. UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and GC-MS technologies were used to analyze and identify the volatile and non-volatile components in Sanhan Huashi Formula. UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS technology was used to simultaneously determine the content of 27 major active components in the formula. The results showed that 308 major chemical components were identified in Sanhan Huashi Formula, among which 60 compounds were identified by comparing with reference standards, mainly including alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, triterpenoid saponins, amino acids, and nucleosides. GC-MS technology preliminarily identified 52 volatile compounds, with γ-eudesmol and β-eudesmol as the main components. The quantitative results demonstrated good linearity(r>0.99) for the 27 active components, indicating the stability, simplicity, and reliability of the established method. Among them, amygdalin, nodakenin, arecoline, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine had relatively high content and were presumably the main pharmacologically active substances. In conclusion, this study systematically and comprehensively characterized the major chemical components and patterns in Sanhan Huashi Formula, providing a basis for understanding its pharmacological mechanisms and clinical applications.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Reproducibility of Results ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry*

The achievements of the national health informatization of China have been remarkable while still facing various challenges,including infrastructure,overall coordination,technical specifications,network security,and public health risks.By conducting a comparative study of the information management of the top 5 best hospitals in the world in 2021,it identifies that for the future of hospital information construction,there is a need for deepening the application of core scenarios such as electronic medical records,mobile medical care,and telemedicine.Further-more,there is a need to expand technology development at the terminal layer,network layer and platform layer.The key to accelerating the construction of national health information is closely integrating the application require-ments of hospital information management with the development trend of intelligent technology.

Objective: To investigate the genetic characteristics of varicella zoster virus (VZV) in Shandong province from 2020 to 2021. Methods: From April 2020 to December 2021, 85 herpes fluid samples from suspected varicella patients in Shandong province were collected. The qPCR was used to detect viral DNA and screen suspected samples. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ORF22 fragment and ORF38 fragment in positive samples were examined via PCR and Sanger sequencing to identify the viral genotypes. Four SNPs of ORF38 and ORF62 were examined to identify the vaccine and wild-type strains. The sequences were analyzed with Sequencher and MEGA7 software, using the VZV reference strain sequences from GenBank. Results: In the 85 samples suspected of varicella, 80 were VZV positive and wild-type strains belonging to Clade 2. Compared with clade 2 representative strains, the nucleotide and amino acid similarities of ORF22 fragment were 99.5%-100% and 98.5%-100%, respectively. SD20-1, SD20-5, SD20-6, SD20-8, SD20-9, SD20-10, SD20-11, SD20-12, SD20-13, SD20-30 and SD20-31 had a A➝G nucleotide mutation at 37990, causing amino acid change from glutamine to arginine. SD21-1 had a C➝A nucleotide mutation at 38059, causing threonine to asparagine during coding. Conclusions: From 2020 to 2021, all VZV strains in Shandong province are the wild-type strains belonging to Clade 2.
Amino Acids/genetics* ; Chickenpox ; Chickenpox Vaccine/genetics* ; Herpes Zoster ; Herpesvirus 3, Human/genetics* ; Humans ; Nucleotides ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

OBJECTIVE: To explore the incidence of ischemic stroke after the onset of type 2 diabetes, and further analyze the risk factors, so as to provide a basis for further research. METHODS: The data were obtained from the database of the Beijing Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance Database. The study used a prospective design to describe the incidence of ischemic stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes. In our study, these patients were followed up for seven years. Multivariate Logistic regression models were used to analyze the risk factors of ischemic stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: A total of 185 813 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients were enrolled, with an average age of (58.5±13.2) years, and 49.0% of them were males. A total of 10 393 patients with newly diagnosed ischemic stroke occurred in 7 years, with a cumulative incidence of 5.6% and an incidence density of 8.1/1 000 person-years. Ischemic stroke occurred in all age groups in patients with type 2 diabetes. The cumulative incidence was 1.5% (95%CI: 1.3%-1.6%) in group ≤44 years old, 3.6% (95%CI: 3.4%-3.7%) in group 45-54 years old, 5.4% (95%CI: 5.2%-5.5%) in group 55-64 years old, and 9.2% (95%CI: 9.0%-9.4%) in group ≥65 years old, and the cumulative incidence increased with age (P < 0.05). Cumulative incidence rate of the males (6.8%, 95%CI: 6.7%-7.0%) was higher than the females (4.4%, 95%CI: 4.3%-4.6%). Among the patients < 80 years old, the cumulative incidence rate of the males was higher than that of the females in all the age groups. In the patients ≥80 years of age, the cumulative incidence was higher in the females (9.2%) than in the males (7.9%). Further analysis revealed that complications, such as coronary heart disease (OR=3.18, 95%CI: 2.72-3.72), heart failure (OR=1.53, 95%CI: 1.32-1.79) and kidney failure (OR=1.45, 95%CI: 1.20-1.75) were associated with ischemic stroke in the patients with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION The incidence level of ischemic stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes is high. It is necessary to strengthen the management of risk factors in elderly patients, screen the complications of type 2 diabetes as early as possible, and take active preventive and control measures.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Beijing/epidemiology* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Ischemic Stroke ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Stroke/etiology*