This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Postoperative infection of internal fixation of closed fractures the lower limbs in adults represents a devastating complication, characterized by diagnostic challenges, prolonged treatment duration and high disability rates. Current management of these infections faces multiple challenges, such as difficulties in early accurate diagnosis, and various controversies about the treatment plan, leading to poor overall diagnosis and treatment results. To address these issues, based on evidence-based medicine and principles with emphasis on scientific rigor, clinical applicability and innovation, the Trauma Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Orthopedic Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Orthopedics Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Trauma Orthopedics and Polytrauma Group of the Resuscitation and Emergency Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association have collaboratively organized a panel of relevant experts to develop the Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of infection after internal fixation of closed lower limb fractures in adults ( version 2025). The guideline proposed 10 recommendations, aiming to provide a foundation for standardized diagnosis and treatment of postoperative infection in adults with closed lower limb fractures.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Postoperative infection of internal fixation of closed fractures the lower limbs in adults represents a devastating complication, characterized by diagnostic challenges, prolonged treatment duration and high disability rates. Current management of these infections faces multiple challenges, such as difficulties in early accurate diagnosis, and various controversies about the treatment plan, leading to poor overall diagnosis and treatment results. To address these issues, based on evidence-based medicine and principles with emphasis on scientific rigor, clinical applicability and innovation, the Trauma Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Orthopedic Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Orthopedics Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Trauma Orthopedics and Polytrauma Group of the Resuscitation and Emergency Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association have collaboratively organized a panel of relevant experts to develop the Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of infection after internal fixation of closed lower limb fractures in adults ( version 2025). The guideline proposed 10 recommendations, aiming to provide a foundation for standardized diagnosis and treatment of postoperative infection in adults with closed lower limb fractures.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the serum chemical composition of rats after intragastric administration of water extract of crude Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-crude Phellodendri Chinensis and salted Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-salted Phellodendri Chinensis based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)technology,predict the effect of salt processing on the treatment of type 2 dia-betes in Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Pheellodendri Chinensis combined with network pharmacology,and preliminarily verify it through in vitro experiments.METHODS Rats were continuously intragastrically administered with crude Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-crude Phello-dendri Chinensis drug pair and salted Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-salted Phellodendri Chinensis drug pair water extract twice,with an in-terval of 1 h.After 60 min of the last administration,the blood was taken from the abdominal aorta,and the protein was precipitated by methanol.After dissolution,the chromatographic column was Shim-pack GIST C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm);the mobile phase A was 0.1%formic acid water,and the mobile phase B was 0.1%formic acid-acetonitrile;gradient elution,positive and negative ion full scan mode,mass scan range 100-1 500 m/z.Combined with the secondary spectrum of the database and literature,the blood compo-nents of crude Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-crude Phellodendri Chinensis drug pair and salted Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-salted Phellodendri Chinensis drug pair were analyzed and identified.The disease targets of type 2 diabetes were retrieved,and the protein interaction net-work analysis,GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed on the intersection targets of blood components and diseases.The"blood components-targets"network diagram was constructed,and the selected core components and core targets were verified by molecular docking using AutoDock software.In the verification experiment,HepG2 cells were used as the experimental ob-ject,and the insulin resistance model was induced by high insulin and high glucose.CCK8 method was used to test the effect of Rhizo-ma Anemarrhenae-Phellodendri Chinensis on cell proliferation before and after salt processing.Western blot was used to detect the ex-pression of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway-related proteins.RESULTS 15 prototype components and 1 mangiferin metabolic compo-nent were identified in the serum of rats.17 prototype components and 1 mangiferin metabolite were identified in the rat serum of the water extract of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis after salt processing.The contents of mangiferin,berberine and 3-isobutylglutaric acid in the blood components after salt-processing were higher than those in the raw products.According to the results of KEGG and GO,the treatment of type 2 diabetes may be related to the transcriptional regulation of RNA polymerase,inflammatory re-sponse,AGE-RAGE,PI3K-AKT pathway and insulin resistance.Cell experiments showed that the ratio of p-PI3K/PI3K,p-AKT/AKT and GLUT4 protein expression could be up-regulated before and after salt processing,and the effect of salt processing group was better than that of the crude group.CONCLUSION This experiment preliminarily revealed the components of Anemarrhenae Rhizo-ma-Phellodendri Chinensis drug pair entering the blood before and after salt exposure,and suggested that ferulic acid,berberine,ber-berrubine,mangiferin,mTOR,SIRT1,EGFR and PPARA may be the main components and targets of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae-Phel-lodendri Chinensis after salt processing to enhance the therapeutic effect of type 2 diabetes.The mechanism may be to enhance the role of PI3K-AKT and other related signaling pathways,providing an important reference for the pharmacodynamic material basis and clini-cal application of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis before and after salt processing.

Aim To investigate how the long non-cod-ing RNA uc.48+(lncRNA uc.48+)affected calci-tonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)in the trigeminal ganglion(TG)of rats with trigeminal neuralgia(TN)and its potential mechanism.Methods Chronic con-striction injury of the infraorbital nerve(CCI-ION)in rats was used to create the animal model for trigeminal neuralgia.After modeling,uc.48+siRNA was injec-ted locally via the infraorbital foramen to knock down lncRNA uc.48+,and uc.48+plasmid was transfect-ed into normal rats to over-express lncRNA uc.48+.The face mechanical pain threshold(MWT)of each group was measured by behavioral test,and the content and changes of CGRP in rat TG were observed using qPCR and protein blotting.The change in serum in-flammatory cytokine 1L-1β was determined using ELISA.Results The MWT in TN rats treated with the uc.48+siRNA increased significantly,but the protein and mRNA levels of CGRP in TG decreased significantly(P＜0.01),and the level of 1L-1β de-creased as well(P＜0.01).In addition,the MWT of normal rats transfected with uc.48+plasmid was sig-nificantly diminished,and the mRNA and protein lev-els of CGRP in TG were markedly elevated(P＜0.01),as were the levels of 1L-1β(P＜0.01),compared to normal rats.Conclusions Knocking out uc.48+in TN rats reduces pain,while overexpressing uc.48+exacerbates pain transmission in trigeminal neuralgia.The mechanism by which uc.48+small in-terference inhibits trigeminal neural pathology pain may be through decreasing CGRP expression in TG of rats with TN,therefore ameliorating mechanical pain sensi-tivity.

Tigliane type macrocyclic diterpenoids with special structures and diverse bioactivities are mainly extracted from plants of Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae. According to the different functional groups, they can be classified into types of phorbol esters, C-4 deoxyphorbol esters, C-12 deoxyphorbol esters, C-16 or C-17 substituted phorbol esters and others. Most of them present promising antiviral activities and cytotoxic activities and are expected to be developed as candidates for anti-AIDS, anti-tuberculosis, and anti-tumor clinical trials, demonstrating great potential for the application in healthcare. This paper reviews 115 novel tigliane-type diterpenoids discovered since 2013 and summarize their chemical structures and bioactivities, aiming to lay a foundation for further development and utilization of these compounds and provide new ideas for the development of clinical drugs.
Phorbols ; Molecular Structure ; Diterpenes/chemistry* ; Antiviral Agents ; Phorbol Esters

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of 8 clusters of coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） in Chenzhou City， and provide scientific basis for epidemic prevention and control. Methods:Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted for 8 COVID-19 clusters， comparing and analyzing the differences of infection rates among close contacts within and outside the family， and emphatically describing two typical cases. Results:8 COVID-19 clusters were reported in Chenzhou with a total of 31 cases from January to February， 2020. The main source of infection of the family index cases was Hubei Province. Cough symptoms were observed in 67.74% of the cases， followed by fever （54.84%）. The infection rate of close contacts within the family （55.00%） was higher than that outside the family （2.56%）， and the difference was statistically significant （χ²=28.177， P<0.001）. The infection rate of spouse of the family index cases was 85.71%， higher than that of parents （77.78%）， other family members （44.44%） and children （40.00%）， and the difference was not statistically significant （χ²=6.004， P=0.120）. Two typical cases suggested that both COVID-19 pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic patients have the potential to excrete the virus from the body and become sources of infection. Conclusion:Effective family prevention and control measures and early sampling and screening of people in key epidemic areas are conducive to early detection， early isolation and early treatment of infected people， so as to avoid the occurrence and spread of family clusters.

In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)pandemic,thousands of health care wor- kers (HCWs)worldwide infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),some even have lost their lives.At the early stage of the epidemic,some Chinese HCWs were infected.Owing to limited knowledge of characteristics of SARS-CoV-2,more than 3,000 HCWs in Hubei Province contracted SARS-CoV-2 at the early stage of the outbreak.Due to overloaded work of HCWs in local hospitals,more than 42,000 HCWs (including HCWs from the military)were dispatched to Hubei Province from all over the country.At the peak of epidemic,one in 10 intensive care HCWs in China were working in Wuhan.During fighting against COVID-19 in China,although a certain number of HCWs were infected with SARS-CoV-2 at the early stages of the epidemic, effective prevention was achieved through timely adoption of prevention measures,including fast diagnosis,timely isolation of patients,strengthening of HCWs'safety,intensified training on basic protective knowledge and unified management of HCWs,there was no report about infection among the 42,632 members of the national medical teams sent to Hubei,and the number of COVID-19 cases among HCWs in local hospitals also significantly de- creased,thereby indicating that healthcare-associated infection (HAI)of COVID-19 among HCWs are fully pre- ventable.This paper explores how to prevent HCWs from contracting SARS-CoV-2 through effective measures during the epidemic in Wuhan,China.

Plant breeding is well recognized as one of the most important means to meet food security challenges caused by the ever-increasing world population. During the past three decades, plant breeding has been empowered by both new knowledge on trait development and regulation (e.g., functional genomics) and new technologies (e.g., biotechnologies and phenomics). Gene editing, particularly by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) and its variants, has become a powerful technology in plant research and may become a game-changer in plant breeding. Traits are conferred by coding and non-coding genes. From this perspective, we propose different editing strategies for these two types of genes. The activity of an encoded enzyme and its quantity are regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional, as well as translational and post-translational, levels. Different strategies are proposed to intervene to generate gene functional variations and consequently phenotype changes. For non-coding genes, trait modification could be achieved by regulating transcription of their own or target genes via gene editing. Also included is a scheme of protoplast editing to make gene editing more applicable in plant breeding. In summary, this review provides breeders with a host of options to translate gene biology into practical breeding strategies, i.e., to use gene editing as a mechanism to commercialize gene biology in plant breeding.