ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the mechanism and targets of Shenfu Injection in regulating glycolysis to intervene in myocardial fibrosis in chronic heart failure based on the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）/ 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2，6-bisphosphatase 3 （PFKFB3） signaling pathway. MethodsA rat model of chronic heart failure was established by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol （ISO）. After successful modeling， the rats were randomly divided into the Sham group， Model group， Shenfu injection （SFI， 6 mL·kg^-1） group， and inhibitor （3PO， 35 mg·kg^-1） group， according to a random number table， and they were treated for 15 days. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography， and serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP） levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Fasting body weight and heart weight were measured， and the heart index （HI） was calculated. Pathological changes in myocardial tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and Masson staining， and the fibrosis rate was calculated. Biochemical assays were used to determine serum levels of glucose （GLU）， lactic acid （LA）， and pyruvic acid （PA）. Western blot was used to analyze the expression of proteins related to the HIF-1α/PFKFB3 signaling pathway （HIF-1α and PFKFB3）， glycolysis-related proteins （HK1， HK2， PKM2， and LDHA）， and fibrosis-related proteins ［transforming growth factor （TGF）-β₁， α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA）， and Collagen type Ⅰ α1 （ColⅠA1）］. Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of HIF-1α and PFKFB3 in myocardial tissue. ResultsCompared with the Sham group， the Model group showed significantly decreased left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）， left ventricular shortening fraction （LVFS）， interventricular septal thickness （IVSd）， and interventricular septal strain （IVSs） （P<0.05）， while left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole （LVDd） and end-systole （LVIDs） were increased （P<0.05）. Serum NT-proBNP levels were significantly increased （P<0.01）， and body weight was decreased. Heart weight was increased， and the HIT index was increased （P<0.05）. Myocardial tissue exhibited inflammatory cell infiltration and collagen fiber deposition， and the fibrosis rate was significantly increased （P<0.05）. Serum GLU was decreased （P<0.05）， while LA and PA levels were increased （P<0.05）. Protein expressions of HIF-1α， PFKFB3， HK1， HK2， PKM2， LDHA， TGF-β₁， α-SMA， and ColⅠA1， as well as the mRNA expression of HIF-1α and PFKFB3 were increased （P<0.05）. Compared with the Model group， both the SFI group and 3PO groups showed significant improvements in LVEF， LVFS， IVSd， and IVSs （P<0.05） and decreases in LVDd， LVIDs， and NT-proBNP levels （P<0.05）. Body weight was significantly increased. Heart weight was significantly decreased， and the HIT index was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Inflammatory cell infiltration， collagen fiber deposition， and the fibrosis rate were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Serum GLU levels were significantly increased （P<0.05）， while LA and PA levels were decreased （P<0.05）. Expressions of glycolysis-related proteins， fibrosis-related proteins， and HIF-1α/PFKFB3 pathway-related proteins and mRNAs were significantly suppressed （P<0.05）. ConclusionSFI improves cardiac function in chronic heart failure by downregulating the expression of HIF-1α/PFKFB3 signaling pathway-related proteins， regulating glycolysis， and inhibiting myocardial fibrosis.

The liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue are central energy-metabolizing organs and insulin-sensitive tissues, playing a crucial role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. As the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria not only regulate insulin secretion but also oversee the oxidative phosphorylation and β-oxidation of fatty acids, processes vital for the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, as well as the synthesis of ATP. The mitochondrial quality control system is of paramount importance for sustaining mitochondrial homeostasis, achieved through mechanisms such as protein homeostasis, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and biogenesis. Evidence suggests that dysfunctional mitochondria may significantly contribute to insulin resistance and ectopic fat storage in the liver, offering new insights into the strong correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction and the development of obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This manuscript aims to delve into the precise mechanisms by which imbalances in mitochondrial quality control lead to metabolic disorders in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, the 3 major insulin-sensitive organs. In the liver, mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to disturbances in glucose and lipid metabolism, resulting in insulin resistance and fat accumulation—a key factor in the development of NAFLD. In skeletal muscle, reduced mitochondrial function can decrease ATP production, weakening the muscle’s ability to uptake glucose, thereby exacerbating insulin resistance. In adipose tissue, mitochondrial dysfunction can impair adipocyte function, leading to lipotoxicity and inflammatory responses,which further contribute to insulin resistance and the onset of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the interorgan crosstalk among these 3 tissues is essential for overall metabolic homeostasis. For instance, hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose utilization in skeletal muscle are both influenced by the health status of their respective mitochondrial populations. The conversion between different types of adipose tissue and the ability to store lipids depend on normal mitochondrial function to avert ectopic fat accumulation in other organs. In summary, this manuscript emphasizes the critical role of mitochondrial quality control in maintaining the metabolic stability of the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. It elucidates the specific mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction in these organs contributes to the development of metabolic diseases, providing a foundation for future research and the development of therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction.

Objective:To investigate the effect of Fu-Fang-Yu-Jie(FFYJ)granules on LPS-induced inflammation model in bone marrow-derived macrophages(BMDM)and its intervention of FFYJ on nucleotide-bound oligomeric domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammatory signaling pathway in macrophages.Methods:Primary cells were extracted and isolated from the leg bone mar-row of C57BL/6 mice and BMDM macrophages were obtained after 7 days of induction with 50 ng/ml M-CSF.Groups included control group(Control),model group(LPS+ATP),FFYJ low dose group(FFYJ 50 μg/ml),FFYJ medium dose group(FFYJ 100 μg/ml),FFYJ high dose group(FFYJ 200 μg/ml)and positive drug dexamethasone group(DEX).BMDM in FFYJ treatment group and posi-tive drug group were pretreated for 1 hour before modeling.Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)release assay was used to detect the level of LDH in the supernatant of each group of cells;ELISA was used to detect the level of inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in the supernatant of each group of cells;qRT-PCR was used to detect the levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in each group of cells;protein levels of NF-κB,p-NF-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1 p45,Caspase-1 p20 and GSDMD-N in each group of cells were detected by Western blot;inverted fluorescence microscope was used to observe the cell pyroptosis of each group after Hoechst-PI staining.Results:Compared with control group,the levels of LDH,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in the supernatant of the model group were signifi-cantly higher(P<0.000 1);the mRNA levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in the model group were significantly higher(P<0.000 1);the protein levels of p-NF-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1 p20 and GSDMD-N were significantly higher(P<0.05);and the number of PI-posi-tive cells was significantly higher(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,FFYJ and DEX significantly reduced the levels of LDH,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in the supernatant of BMDMs(P<0.05);down-regulated the mRNA levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β in the cells(P<0.05);and inhibited the expressions of p-NF-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1 p20 and GSDMD-N protein expressions(P<0.05);and significantly reduced the number of PI-positive cells(P<0.05).Conclusion:FFYJ exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BMDM macrophages.

Objective To investigate whether there are sex differences in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)among the offspring of mice with IBD.Methods BALB/c female mice were randomly divided into Na?ve and DSS groups.The mice in the Na?ve group drank autoclaved water freely,and the DSS group freely drank 2％dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)for 7 days before it was replaced with autoclaved water for 10 days.A total of 3～4 cycles were applied,and the IBD female mice were paired with healthy male mice in cages.When the pups were 8 weeks old,they were divided into the Con group and IBD group.The Con group drank autoclaved water freely for 7 days,and the IBD group drank 3％DSS for 7 days.During the modeling period,disease activity index was scored by monitoring body weight,fecal consistency,and the presence of blood in stool every day.Pathological sections were taken to observe changes in goblet cells and the mucus layer of colon tissues.The concentrations of interleukin(IL)-6,IL-1β,IL-33,and IL-10 in the colon were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Real-time quantitative PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of tight-junction proteins and MUC-2 in the colon.Results Compared with female IBD mice,male IBD mice had higher DAI scores,significantly shorter colons,larger amounts of inflammatory infiltrate,more crypt abnormalities,and a higher absence of goblet cells in the colon;their relative mRNA expression of occludin mRNA was significantly reduced,levels of IL-6 and IL-33 were significantly increased,and level of IL-10 was significantly decreased.Conclusions The symptoms of colitis in the offspring of IBD mice were more severe in male than in female mice,a result that was mainly attributed to the more severely impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function in males.

OBJECTIVE Based on fibroblast activation protein(FAP)gene promoter as the response element,to develop a new dual luciferase reporting system for the screening of drugs related to myocardial fibrosis.METHODS The promoter fragment of mouse FAP gene was synthesized in vitro and cloned into plasmid psiCHECK2 to replace HSV-TK promoter,and then a new recombinant plasmid psiCHECK2-FAP was obtained.After the recombinant plasmid psiCHECK2-FAP was digested by restriction endonucliase Hind Ⅲ,the product digested was identified by agar-gel electrophoresis and sequencing.After psiCHECK2-FAP was transient transfected into mouse cardiac fibroblasts(MCFs),and continued cultured for 24 h,and MCFs were treated with Ransforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1,5 μg·L-1)or angiotensinⅡ(Ang Ⅱ,1 μmol·L-1)or palmitic acid(PA,100 μmol·L-1)for 0,12,24,48 h,respectively,the double luciferase reporter gene assay was used to detect luciferase activity;After psiCHECK2-FAP was transient transfected into MCFs,the cells were pretreated with Dapa(1 μmol·L-1)for 1 h,and supplemented with TGF-β1(5 μg·L-1)or AngⅡ(1 μmol·L-1)or PA(100 μmol·L-1),continued treatment for 24 h,the double luciferase reporter gene assay was used to detect luciferase activity,and the expression of collagenⅠand collagen Ⅲ protein was detected with Western blotting.RESULTS The recombinant plasmid psiCHECK2-FAP was digested into two fragments by Hind Ⅲ with the expected strip size,and the sequencing results were completely consistent with the theoretical sequence;Compared with control group,the collagenⅠand collagen Ⅲ protein expression were significantly increased by TGF-β1 or Ang Ⅱ or PA in MCFs(P<0.05,P<0.01).However,compared with TGF-β1 or Ang Ⅱ or PA group,the intervention of Dapa significantly alleviated the promoter activity of FAP gene and the expression of collagenⅠand collagen Ⅲ protein(P<0.05,P<0.01);Compared with control group,luciferase activity was significantly increased by TGF-β1 or Ang Ⅱ or PA(P<0.05,P<0.01),reaching the peak at 24 h.Compared with TGF-β1 or AngⅡ or PA group,the intervention of Dapa significantly decreased luciferase activity(P<0.05,P<0.01).CONCLUSSION Based on the promoter of FAP gene as the response element,a noval dual luciferase reporter gene system was established and showed a good sensitivity to the promyocardial fibrosis factor in MCFs,which can provide strategies for the development of antimyocar-dial fibrosis drugs.

  Objective  To establish a model that can predict the occurrence of acute kidney disease (AKD) in liver cirrhotic patients and evaluate its performance.  Methods  Liver cirrhotic patients who hospitalized in the department of gastroenterology of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from January 2017 to January 2022 were retrospectively included. They were divided into AKD and non-AKD groups according to whether they were combined with AKD during hospitalization, and were randomized into training and validation sets in a 7∶3 ratio. The clinical data of patients in the two groups were collected, and LASSO regression and multifactorial Logistic regression were used to screen the influencing factors for the occurrence of AKD in patients with liver cirrhosis and to establish a prediction model. The model was then evaluated by using the receiver operating characteristic curve, the calibration curve and the clinical decision curve.  Results  A total of 796 cases of liver cirrhotic patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Among them, 103 cases were in the AKD group and 693 cases were in the non-AKD group; 561 cases were in the training set and 235 cases were in the validation set. The results of LASSO regression and multifactorial Logistic regression showed that a history of diabetes (OR=2.922, 95% CI: 1.290-6.564, P=0.009), hepatic encephalopathy (OR=6.210, 95% CI: 2.278-17.479, P < 0.001), gastrointestinal bleeding (OR=2.501, 95% CI: 1.236-5.073, P=0.011), ascites (OR=3.219, 95% CI: 1.664-6.539, P < 0.001), male (OR=0.477, 95% CI: 0.254-0.879, P=0.019), hemoglobin (OR=0.987, 95% CI: 0.975-0.999, P=0.044), albumin (OR=0.952, 95% CI: 0.911-0.991, P=0.023), and prothrombin time (OR=0.865, 95% CI: 0.779-0.920, P < 0.001) were the independent influences on the occurrence of AKD in liver cirrhotic patients, and were used to construct a prediction model. The area under the curve of the model in the training set and validation set for predicting the occurrence of AKD in liver cirrhotic patients was 0.895 (95% CI: 0.865-0.925) and 0.869 (95% CI: 0.807-0.930), respectively. The calibration curves showed that the model had good fit and consistency and the clinical decision curves showed that the use of the model for predicting the risk of AKD could benefit liver cirrhotic patients overall.  Conclusions  A prediction model for the occurrence of AKD in liver cirrhotic patients was established based on eight influencing factors, including gender, history of diabetes, and hepatic encephalopathy. It was validated to have good discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility, and is expected to assist in the clinical early screening and identification of liver cirrhosis-associated AKD.

Objective To evaluate the ability of the ratio of peripheral blood white blood cell(WBC)counts to platelet counts to predict the onset of radiation-induced thymic lymphoma(TL)in a mouse model.Methods Mice were subjected to fractionated total-body irradiation(TBI)to established a TL model before the changes of the WBC-to-platelet ratio during the development and progression of TL were investigated.Four-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomized into the normal(non-irradiation)group and radiation exposure group that was subjected to 1.8 Gy TBI once weekly for four consecutive weeks.The survival and TL-incidence of those two groups were compared within 370 days of TBI.Histomorphology and hematoxylin & eosin(H&E)staining of the thymus were used for definite diagnosis of TL while flow cytometry was adopted to detect the frequency changes of T cells in the thymus,bone marrow and spleen.Peripheral blood(PB)cell counts were measured to analyze the changes of peripheral hemogram during TL pathogenesis.Results No mice in the normal group were diagnosed with TL while 83％of the irradiated mic suffered from TL within 370 days of fractionated TBI(P＜0.0001).Using histopathologic technology,medium-sized tumor cells were observed in the thymus of irradiated mice diagnosed with TL.Cytometric analysis showed decreased frequencies of CD4 mono-positive cells and increased frequencies of CD8 mono-positive cells in the thymus,bone marrow and spleen of mice diagnosed with TL.PB analysis displayed a significant increase in the WBC-to-platelet ratio one week prior to the TL-caused death in the irradiated mice(P＜0.01).Conclusion Elevation of the peripheral blood WBC-to-platelet ratio can help predict the onset of IR-induced TL of mice.

Eleven compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the stems of Dendrobium officinale after water extraction by various modern chromatographic techniques, such as silica gel column chromatography(CC), octadecyl-silica(ODS) CC, Sephadex LH-20 CC, preparative thin layer chromatography(PTLC) and preparative high performance liquid chromatography(PHPLC). According to spectroscopic analyses(MS, 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR) combined with optical rotation data and calculated electronic circular dichroism(ECD), their structures were identified as dendrocandin Y(1), 4,4'-dihydroxybibenzyl(2), 3-hydroxy-4',5-dimethoxybibenzyl(3), 3,3'-dihydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl(4), 3-hydroxy-3',4',5-trimethoxybibenzyl(5), crepidatin(6), alternariol(7), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxypropiophenone(8), 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxypropiophenone(9), auriculatum A(10) and hyperalcohol(11). Among them, compound 1 was a new bibenzyl derivative; compounds 2 and 7-11 have not been previously reported from Dendrobium plants; compound 6 was reported from D.officinale for the first time. Compounds 3-6 exhibited potent antioxidant activity with IC_(50) values of 3.11-9.05 μmol·L~(-1) in ABTS radical scavenging assay. Compound 4 showed significant inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, with IC_(50) value of 17.42 μmol·L~(-1), indicating that it boasted hypoglycemic activity.
Dendrobium ; Biological Assay ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Bibenzyls

In this study, ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer-MS^E (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS^E) combined with UNIFI analysis platform was used to rapidly analyze and identify the metabolites of hederagenins 3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-α-L-arabopyranoside (Pulsatilla saponin D) and oleanolic acid 3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-α-L-arabopyranoside (Pulsatilla saponin B₇) and hederagenins 3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabopyranoside (Pulsatilla saponin BD) in plasma and colonic tissue of normal and ulcerative colitis (UC) rats. The database and analysis methods were established based on the precise molecular weight of compounds, retention time, neutral loss and reported data, and then the final data were obtained by comparing with the blank control group, combining with the deviation and the cracking rule of the compound. The results showed that the glucoses, hydroxylation and dehydroxylation, methylation and demethylation, dehydrogenation, decarboxylation and hydrolysis of saponin D, B₇ and BD occurred in the plasma and colon tissues of normal and UC model rats. This study will clarify the metabolic transformation of Pulsatilla saponins D, B₇ and BD in rats, determine the prototype components and their metabolites that enter the body, and whether colon injury will affect their metabolism in vivo, so as to explore the possible anti-colitis effective components in the prototype or metabolites of Pulsatilla saponins D, B₇ and BD. This experiment was approved by Animal Ethics Committee of Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University (approval number: Y202227).

The number of patients with periodontal disease in China is large, and the ratio of doctors to patients is seriously imbalanced, especially in the insufficient number of periodontal specialists and periodontal teachers. Strengthening the cultivation of professional postgraduates in periodontology can effectively solve this problem. This paper summarizes the experiences of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology in the teaching of periodontal postgraduate students for more than 30 years, in cluding teaching objectives formulation, teaching resources allocation and enhancement of the quality control system of clinical teaching, for ensuring that the periodontal professional postgraduates could reach the expected level after training. This formed the current "Peking University Model". There are both opportunities and challenges in clinical teaching of periodontal postgraduates in domestic stomatology community. The authors hope that the continuous exploration and improvement of this teaching system will promote the vigorous development of clinical teaching for the postgraduates majoring in periodontology in China.