Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in myopia control research through the application of diffuse optical technology(DOT)spectacle lenses. Myopia has emerged as a global public health challenge, affecting nearly half of the world's population, with childhood and adolescent myopia rates continuing to rise. DOT lenses represent an innovative myopia control intervention based on retinal contrast signal theory. These lenses incorporate micro-light scattering dots distributed across the lens surface to reduce retinal imaging contrast and modulate the influence of visual input on axial elongation, thereby slowing myopia progression. The core mechanism operates through refractive index differences between the lens substrate(1.53)and scattering dots(1.50), which generate optical scattering effects. This design maintains clear vision through a central 5 mm optical zone while effectively reducing contrast signal intensity in the peripheral retina. Large-scale randomized controlled trials, including the CYPRESS study, have demonstrated significant myopia control efficacy in children aged 6-10 years: 12-month follow-up data revealed a 74% reduction in myopia progression and a 50% reduction in axial elongation, with sustained safety and visual quality maintained over 4-year long-term follow-up. However, several aspects of DOT technology remain contentious and require further clinical validation, including its applicability across different age groups, optimal scattering dot density configurations, combined application effects with other myopia control methods, and long-term visual adaptation during extended use. This review systematically examines the theoretical foundations, design characteristics, clinical application progress, and future development directions of DOT technology, providing scientific evidence for clinical myopia prevention and control strategy formulation.

Pulpitis is a common infective oral disease in clinical situations. The regulatory mechanisms of immune defense in pulpitis are still being investigated. Osteomodulin (OMD) is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan family member distributed in bones and teeth. It is a bioactive protein that promotes osteogenesis and suppresses the apoptosis of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). In this study, the role of OMD in pulpitis and the OMD-induced regulatory mechanism were investigated. The OMD expression in normal and inflamed human pulp tissues was detected via immunofluorescence staining. Intriguingly, the OMD expression decreased in the inflammatory infiltration area of pulpitis specimens. The cellular experiments demonstrated that recombined human OMD could resist the detrimental effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. A conditional Omd knockout mouse model with pulpal inflammation was established. LPS-induced inflammatory impairment significantly increased in conditional Omd knockout mice, whereas OMD administration exhibited a protective effect against pulpitis. Mechanistically, the transcriptome alterations of OMD overexpression showed significant enrichment in the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Interleukin-1 receptor 1 (IL1R1), a vital membrane receptor activating the NF-κB pathway, was significantly downregulated in OMD-overexpressing hDPSCs. Additionally, the interaction between OMD and IL1R1 was verified using co-immunoprecipitation and molecular docking. In vivo, excessive pulpal inflammation in Omd-deficient mice was rescued using an IL1R antagonist. Overall, OMD played a protective role in the inflammatory response via the IL1R1/NF-κB signaling pathway. OMD may optimize the immunomodulatory functions of hDPSCs and can be used for regenerative endodontics.
Pulpitis/metabolism* ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Animals ; Signal Transduction ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Dental Pulp/metabolism* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Lipopolysaccharides

Objective To explore the correlation between serum residual lipoprotein cholesterol(RLP-C)and triglyceride glucose(TyG)index in postmenopausal type 2 diabetes(T2DM)patients.Methods A total of 389 postmenopausal T2DM patients who attended Ruili People's Hospital from May 2019 to May 2023 were included.RLP-C and TyG index were calculated,and the study subjects were divided into the low TyG index group(n=194)and the high TyG index group(n=195)based on the median of TyG index(9.23).Differences in general clinical data and metabolism-related indexes between the two groups of patients were compared,and Spearman rank correlation was performed to explore their correlation.Single-factor and multivariate Logistic regressions were used to explore their influencing factors,and ROC curve was used to analyze their diagnostic value.Results Compared with the low TyG index group,the history of hypertension(79.49%vs 70.62%),hyperlipidemia(22.05%vs 13.40%),hemoglobin(Hb)(120.34±19.96g/L vs 114.97±21.32g/L),fasting blood glucose(FBG)[3.97(3.03,5.10)mmol/L vs 3.64(2.99,4.74)mmol/L],total cholesterol(TC)[5.00(4.40,5.95)mmol/L vs 4.36(3.78,5.30)mmol/L],triacylglycerol(TG)[2.11(1.60,3.00)mmol/L vs 1.20(0.91,1.54)mmol/L],low-density lipoprotein(LDL-C)[[2.99(2.43,3.93)mmol/L vs 2.71(2.13,3.38)mmol/L],non-high-density lipoprotein(nonHDL-C)[3.94(3.22,4.82)mmol/L vs 3.15(2.53,3.94)mmol/L]and RLP-C concentration[0.76(0.52,1.08)mmol/L vs 0.44(0.29,0.59)mmol/L]of the high TyG index group were higher,while high-density lipoprotein(HDL-C)concentration was lower,and the differences were statistically significant(x2=4.09,4.99;t=-2.56;Z=-2.34,-5.15,-12.08,-3.04,-6.23,-9.15,-3.99,all P<0.05).Spearman correlation analysis showed that TyG in all samples was positively correlated with TC,TG,LDL-C,RLP-C and nonHDL-C(r=0.304,0.769,0.179,0.386,0.571,all P<0.001),but was negatively correlated with HDL-C(r=-0.306,P<0.001).The correlations between TyG and TC,LDL-C in the high TyG index group were not significant(all P>0.05).Single-actor logistic regression analysis showed that history of hypertension,hyperlipidemia,HDL-C,LDL-C,and RLP-C were the factors influencing TyG levels[OR(95%CI)=1.61(1.01～2.57),1.83(1.07～3.12),0.28(0.14～0.54),1.21(1.02～1.43),17.58(8.11～38.11),all P<0.05],while the multivariate regression analysis showed that only RLP-C was an independent risk factor for elevated TyG[OR(95%CI)=13.17(5.71～30.37),P<0.001).ROC curves showed that the AUC(95%CI)for the diagnosis of TyG index elevation by RLP-C was 0.768(95%CI:0.721～0.816),with the cutoffvalue of 0.59 mmol/L.The sensitivity and specificity were 69.71%and 75.77%,respectively.Conclusion RLP-C is an independent risk factor for elevated TyG in postmenopausal T2DM patients,which has some clinical value in predicting insulin resistance.

Objective To investigate the changes of blood lipid and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in obese type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients and their relationship with insulin resistance (Homa-IR). Methods A total of 120 cases of T2DM newly diagnosed in Motuo County, Tibet from February to October 2022 were selected as the observation group. According to BMI, the patients were divided into diabetes normal weight group (46 cases), overweight group (43 cases) and obesity group (31 cases); 145 healthy subjects were selected as the control group. The levels of HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS), serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) were detected in the study subjects, and Homa-IR and Homa-β indices were calculated. The height, weight, and abdominal circumference were measured. The differences in the levels of the above indicators between the observation group patients and the control group, as well as among various subgroups within the observation group were compared. The influencing factors of Homa-IR in obese T2DM patients were analyzed. Results Compared with the control group, a significant increase in BMI, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, HbA1c, FBG, FINS, TC, TG, LDL-C, UA, visceral fat area, and the levels of Home-IR and Home-β was found in the observation group (all P<0.05). There were significant differences in BMI, abdominal circumference, and the levels of FINS, Homa IR, Homa-β, and HbA1c in diabetes patients with different BMI (all P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that TG levels in obese T2DM patients in the observation group were significantly correlated with HbA1c (r=0.396, P=0.027), Homa-IR (r=0.405, P=0.024), and Home-β (r=-0.401, P=0.025); LDL-C was significantly correlated with Homa-IR (r=0.411, P=0.022) and Homa-β (r=-0.412, P=0.021); HbA1c was significantly positively correlated with BMI (r=0.371, P=0.040). Conclusion Insulin resistance is closely related to TG, LDL-C, and BMI in obese T2DM patients from the Motuo ethnic minority of Tibet, suggesting that these factors may play a role in the occurrence of T2DM.

【Objective】 To generate reference values for inspiratory muscle of preschool children in Nanjing, so as to provide a reference index for evaluating children′s lung function and exercise performance. 【Methods】 A total of 236 preschool children were selected from the main urban area of Nanjing by stratified cluster sampling.The inspiratory muscles were evaluated by breath link respiratory function evaluation system to obtain the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and inspiratory peak flow rate.Pearson analysis was used to determine the correlation of MIP and inspiratory peak flow rate with gender, age, height and weight.Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis was used to obtain the formula of MIP and inspiratory peak flow rate. 【Results】 Differences in MIP and peak inspiratory flow rate were not significant between boys and girls (P>0.05), but were statistically significant among different age groups and showed an increasing trend with age (F=13.660, 33.581, P<0.001).MIP and peak inspiratory flow rate were positively correlated with children′s age, height and weight (P<0.001).The regression model, proved to be statistically significant(F=12.913、22.398, P<0.08), indicated that height was the best predictor of MIP and age was the best predictor of inspiratory peak flow rate. 【Conclusions】 This study is the first study on the predicted value of inspiratory muscle in preschool children in China.The predicted value formula can provide a reference for clinical inspiratory muscle evaluation.

OBJECTIVE To investigate a method for dynamic monitoring of drug consumption （DMDC） based on statistical process control （SPC）， aiming to improve the macro-supervisory capacity in the process of drug utilization. METHODS The lists of key monitoring drug varieties in our hospital were established based on drug cost and relevant national documents. Monthly consumption data of key monitoring drug varieties in the entire hospital， outpatient pharmacy and inpatient pharmacy were taken as monitoring objects，and the DMDC model was established using SPC’s X control chart， moving range control chart， and exponentially weighted moving-average control chart， monitoring from three dimensions： single-month consumption， range variation， and consumption trend. Rosuvastatin， metoprolol and meropenem were taken as examples to demonstrate the monitoring capabilities of the DMDC model. RESULTS Lists of key monitoring drug varieties were established for entire hospital， outpatient pharmacy and inpatient pharmacy， containing 203， 167 and 200 varieties， respectively. After excluding drug varieties that could not be modeled and for which modeling failed， 179， 116 and 172 DMDC models were successfully established for these three drug consumption areas， respectively. During the first four months of 2024， these three groups of model separately warned 54， 32 and 62 drug varieties. The DMDC model successfully monitored the monthly consumption of drugs，such as rosuvastatin throughout the hospital， metoprolol in outpatient pharmacy， and meropenem in inpatient pharmacy. Compared with the previously used floating rate ranking method in our hospital， the application of the DMDC model significantly improved the scope and depth of drug monitoring， with the monitored drug varieties greatly expanded from about 50 to 179， and the monitoring dimensions increased from a single dimension to three. CONCLUSIONS The DMDC model based on SPC is effective and feasible，suitable for monitoring drug varieties with stable monthly consumption.

Radiotherapy (RT) can potentially induce systemic immune responses by initiating immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells. However, RT-induced antitumor immunologic responses are sporadic and insufficient against cancer metastases. Herein, we construct multifunctional self-sufficient nanoparticles (MARS) with dual-enzyme activity (GOx and peroxidase-like) to trigger radical storms and activate the cascade-amplified systemic immune responses to suppress both local tumors and metastatic relapse. In addition to limiting the Warburg effect to actualize starvation therapy, MARS catalyzes glucose to produce hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which is then used in the Cu⁺-mediated Fenton-like reaction and RT sensitization. RT and chemodynamic therapy produce reactive oxygen species in the form of radical storms, which have a robust ICD impact on mobilizing the immune system. Thus, when MARS is combined with RT, potent systemic antitumor immunity can be generated by activating antigen-presenting cells, promoting dendritic cells maturation, increasing the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, the synergistic therapy of RT and MARS effectively suppresses local tumor growth, increases mouse longevity, and results in a 90% reduction in lung metastasis and postoperative recurrence. Overall, we provide a viable approach to treating cancer by inducing radical storms and activating cascade-amplified systemic immunity.

Objective:To explore the clinicopathological characteristics of primary bladder mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALToma).Methods:A retrospective case series study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 9 primary bladder MALToma patients diagnosed and underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumors at the Fujian Provincial Hospital, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital, Mindong Hospital of Ningde City, Zhangzhou Second Hospital and Fuzhou Taijiang Hospital from December 2008 to December 2021 were collected. Paraffin-embedded surgical specimens were collected for HE staining, immunohistochemical staining and genetic testing, the clinicopathological characteristics of patients were summarized, and the literature was reviewed.Results:Of the 9 cases, 8 were female and 1 was male, the age was (59± 11) years old (range: 39-74 years old). Two cases had 3 lesions, 3 cases had 2 lesions, and 4 cases had single lesion. The maximum diameter of the mass was (3.2±1.9) cm (range: 0.3-7.0 cm). The follow-up time was 6-127 months, 4 cases lost to follow-up, 4 cases were disease-free survival, and 1 case was survival with tumor. Pathomorphologically, the bladder tissue consisted of diffusely infiltrating small-to-medium sized lymphocytes, with moderate amounts of pale-staining cytoplasm, without obvious nucleoli, some of them were translucent, and the mitosis was rare. Large cell proliferation in some areas was observed in 1 case, with prominent nucleoli and mitotic figures. Tumor cells in all 9 patients expressed CD20; bcl-2, CD43 and CD38 were positive in some cells in 4 cases, and CD138 was positive in a few cells in 2 cases; κ was positive in 4 cases, and scattered positive in 5 cases; λ was positive in 4 cases, and scattered positive in 5 cases. B-cell receptor gene clonal rearrangement was positive in all 8 cases who underwent the assay. No break-apart signal was observed in all 6 cases who underwent the fluorescence in situ hybridization assay with MALT1 gene segregation probe.Conclusions:Primary bladder MALToma is a rare low-grade B-cell lymphoma that is more commonly found in elderly women. There is no abnormal change in MALT1 gene.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological features of pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALToma).Methods:A retrospective case series study was conducted. A total of 41 cases of pulmonary MALToma who were admitted to multiple centers from April 2002 to August 2023 were collected, including 33 cases from Fujian Provincial Hospital, 5 cases from Binzhou People's Hospital, 1 case from the Second Hospital of Zhangzhou, 1 case from the People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and 1 case from Jinjiang Hospital. The results of pathological morphological examination, immunohistochemical examination and genetic testing of patients were summarized, their clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed, and the relevant literature was reviewed.Results:Among the 41 patients, there were 24 males and 17 females, aged (58±13) years (range: 36-81 years). The longest diameter of the tumor under the gross macroscopic examination was (2.8±2.0) cm, with a range of 0.8-9.7 cm. Under the microscope, diffuse, flakelike and nodular patterns of lymphoid tissue were seen in the lung tissue with small- to medium-sized lymphoid cells including small lymphocytes, centrocyte-like cells, mononuclear cells and plasma cells. A small number of activated cells were noted, and the lymphoid cells grew along the alveoli. In some areas, the lymphoid cells invaded the bronchi, and lymphatic follicular implantation was rare; 1 case was accompanied by large cell transformation. Tumor cells expressed CD20, Pax-5, bcl-2, and CD43, with Ki-67 proliferation index of 2%-20%, and 50% in some areas of 1 case. The positive rate of clonal B-cell receptor gene rearrangement was 100.00% (29/29); the positive rate of MALT1 gene was 18.75% (3/16), and the positive rate of API2-MALT1 fusion was 66.67% (2/3). The treatment methods included surgery, anti-inflammatory therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Follow-up for 4-143 months showed that 43.90% (18/41) had disease-free survival, 21.95% (9/41) had tumor bearing survival, 9.76% (4/41) died, and 24.39%, (10/41) were lost to follow-up. The progression-free survival of patients aged ≥ 60 years was worse than that of patients aged < 60 years ( χ2 = 5.39, P = 0.020). Conclusions:Pulmonary MALToma belongs to indolent B-cell lymphoma, and its diagnosis requires a combination of clinical imaging, pathology and immunophenotyping. If necessary, genetic testing can be used to assist in the diagnosis. The differential diagnosis should be made from pneumonia, low-grade B-cell lymphoma, and extrapulmonary MALToma with lung involvement. The treatment methods include anti-inflammatory therapy, surgical resection and chemotherapy, and the prognosis is good.